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Sushila Devi Bansal College of Technology Indore Practicing “C” Skills Prepared By Mr. Tejalal Choudhary Lect. CS/IT Deptt.

Note: All the programs are tested under Turbo C/C++ compilers. It is assumed that, Programs run under DOS environment, Program is compiled using Turbo C/C++ compiler. The program output may depend on the information based on this assumptions (for example sizeof(int) == 2 may be assumed).

Pointer pointers are variable that contain addresses, addresses are always whole numbers, pointers would always contain whole numbers

Pointer int a=5 Reserve space in memory to hold the integer Associate the name a with this location Store the value 5 at this location a 65524 & Operator &a -65524 Printf(“address of a=%u”,&a); Printf(“value of a=%d”,a); 5

Scanf(“%d%d”,&a,&b); Value at address/indirection operator ( * ) Address of operator ( & ) Printf(“value of a=%d” *(&a) ); output-5 Pointer delcaration Int *b; b=&a; a b 65524 65522 5 65524

Int *b would mean, the value at address contained in b is an int. Printf(“%u”,&a); Printf(“%u”,b); Printf(“%u”,&b); Printf(“%d”,*(&a)); Printf(“%d”,*b);

Pointer to pointer Int a=5 Int *b; Int **c; b=&a; c=&b; A b c 65524 65522 65520 5 65524 65522

&a b *c &b c &c b c *(&a) *b **c

&a - 65524 b- - 65524 *c - 65524 &b - 65522 c - 65522 &c - 65520 b - 65524 c - 65522 *(&a) - 5 *b - 5 **c - 5

//Find Output void fun(int *i,int *j){ *i=*i**i; *j=*j**j; } void main(){ int i=5,j=2; fun(&i,&j); printf("%d%d",i,j); getch(); }

Passing array elements to function One by one int marks[ ]={10,20,30,40}; for(i=0;i<=3;i++) display(marks[i]); Display(int n) { printf(“marks=%d”,n); }

Call by reference int marks[ ]={10,20,30,40}; for(i=0;i<=3;i++) display( & marks[i]); Display(int *n ) { printf(“marks=%d”, *n ); }

Find Output int i=10,*x; Float f=10.5,*y; Char c=‘k’ *z, x=&I; y=&f; z=&c; x++; y++; z++; What will be the values of x,y and z ?

Every time a pointer variable is incremented it points to the immediately next location of its type. Pointer variable can also be decremented.

//Find Output Int a[]={10,20,30,40,50,60,70}; Int *I,*j; J=&a[1]; K=&[5]; printf (“ %d %d”, j-I, *j-*i); base address is 65502

Each integer in the array occupies 2 bytes. i and j are pointing to locations that are 4 integer apart. *j - *I would be 40

Don’t try on pointer Addition of two pointer Multiplication of a pointer with constant Division of pointer with a constant

Accessing array with pointer int a[]={10,20,30,40,50,60}’ j=&a[0]; for(i=0;i<=5;i++) { printf(“%d”,*j); j++; }

Passing entire array to a function Int a[]={10,20,30,40,50,60}; display(&a[0],6); or display(a,6);

Real thing *a is equivalent to *(a+0) When we say a[i] C compiler internally converts it to *(a + i) below all notations are valid a[i] *(a+i) *(i+a) i[a]

2D array and pointer int a[][4]={100,10 200,20 300,30 400,40 }; a[0] will give the address of the zeroth 1D array a[1] will give the address of the first 1D array…. How to print a[2][1] element of array using pointer?

Memory map 65508 -100 65510 -10 65512 -200 65514 -20 65516 -300 65518 -30 65520 -400 65522 -40

a[2] would give the address 65516 So 65516+1 would give the address 65518 Or (a[2]+1) will give the same result 65518 So to find value ?

We know that a[i] is equivalent to *(a+i) So *(a[2]+1) is equivalent to *(*(a+2)+1) Or a[2][1] *(a[2]+1)

Int a[]={10,20,30,40,50} for(i=0;i<=4;i++) printf(“%d”,*(a+i)); Find output

Find output Int a[]={10,20,30,40,50}; Int I, j, m, K=1; i=++a[1]; j=a[1]++; m=a[i++]; Value of I, j, m ?

Find output void main() { int const * p=5; printf("%d",++(*p)); }

Answer: Compiler error : Cannot modify a constant value. Explanation : p is a pointer to a "constant integer". But we tried to change the value of the "constant integer".

Find output main() { static int var = 5; printf("%d ",var--); if(var) main(); }

Answer: 5 4 3 2 1 Explanation: When static storage class is given, it is initialized once. The change in the value of a static variable is retained even between the function calls. Main is also treated like any other ordinary function, which can be called recursively.

Find output main() { int c[ ]={2.8,3.4,4,6.7,5}; int j,*p=c,*q=c; for(j=0;j<5;j++) { printf(" %d ",*c); ++q; } For(j=0;j<5;j++){ printf(" %d ",*p); ++p; } }

Answer: 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 6 5 Explanation: Initially pointer c is assigned to both p and q . In the first loop, since only q is incremented and not c , the value 2 will be printed 5 times. In second loop p itself is incremented. So the values 2 3 4 6 5 will be printed.

Find output main() { char *p; printf("%d %d ",sizeof(*p),sizeof(p)); }

Answer: 1 2 Explanation: The sizeof() operator gives the number of bytes taken by its operand. P is a character pointer, which needs one byte for storing its value (a character). Hence sizeof(*p) gives a value of 1. Since it needs two bytes to store the address of the character pointer sizeof(p) gives 2.

void f(int *,int); void main(){ int a[5],i,b=16; for(i=0;i<5;i++) a[i]=2*i; f(a,b); for(i=0;i<5;i++) printf("\n%d",a[i]); printf("\n%d",b); getch(); } void f(int *x,int y){ int i; for(i=0;i<5;i++) *(x+i)+=2; y+=2; }

Find output main() { int i=3; switch(i) { default:printf("zero"); case 1: printf("one"); break; case 2:printf("two"); break; case 3: printf("three"); break; } }

Answer : three Explanation : The default case can be placed anywhere inside the loop. It is executed only when all other cases doesn't match.

Find output main() { int i=-1,j=-1,k=0,l=2,m; m=i++&&j++&&k++||l++; printf("%d %d %d %d %d",i,j,k,l,m); }

Answer: 0 0 1 3 1 Explanation : Logical operations always give a result of 1 or 0 . And also the logical AND (&&) operator has higher priority over the logical OR (||) operator. So the expression ‘ i++ && j++ && k++’ is executed first. The result of this expression is 0 (-1 && -1 && 0 =0). Now the expression is 0 || 2 which evaluates to 1 (because OR operator always gives 1 except for ‘0 || 0’ combination- for which it gives 0). So the value of m is 1. The values of other variables are also incremented by 1.

Find output main() { int c=- -2; printf("c=%d",c); }

Answer: c=2; Explanation: Here unary minus (or negation) operator is used twice. Same maths rules applies, ie. minus * minus= plus. Note: However you cannot give like --2. Because -- operator can only be applied to variables as a decrement operator (eg., i--). 2 is a constant and not a variable.

Find output #define int char main() { int i=65; printf("sizeof(i)=%d",sizeof(i)); }

Answer: sizeof(i)=1 Explanation: Since the #define replaces the string int by the macro char

Find output main() { int i=10; i=!i>14; Printf ("i=%d",i); }

Find output Answer: i=0 Explanation: In the expression !i>14 , NOT (!) operator has more precedence than ‘ >’ symbol. ! is a unary logical operator. !i (!10) is 0 (not of true is false). 0>14 is false (zero).

#include<stdio.h> main() { char s[]={'a','b','c','\n','c','\0'}; char *p,*str,*str1; p=&s[3]; str=p; str1=s; printf("%d",++*p + ++*str1-32); }

Answer: 77 Explanation: p is pointing to character '\n'. str1 is pointing to character 'a' ++*p. "p is pointing to '\n' and that is incremented by one." the ASCII value of '\n' is 10, which is then incremented to 11.The value of ++*p is 11. ++*str1, str1 is pointing to 'a' that is incremented by 1 and it becomes 'b'. ASCII value of 'b' is 98. Now performing (11 + 98 – 32), we get 77("M"); So we get the output 77 :: "M" (Ascii is 77).

Find output main() { int i=5; printf("%d%d%d%d%d",i++,i--,++i,--i,i); }

Answer: 4 5 5 4 5 Explanation: The arguments in a function call are pushed into the stack from left to right. The evaluation is by popping out from the stack. and the evaluation is from right to left, hence the result.

Find output #define square(x) x*x main() { int i; i = 64/square(4); printf("%d",i); }

Answer: 64 Explanation: the macro call square(4) will substituted by 4*4 so the expression becomes I = 64/4*4 . Since / and * has equal priority the expression will be evaluated as (64/4)*4 i.e. 16*4 = 64

Find output include <stdio.h> #define a 10 main() { #define a 50 printf("%d",a); }

Answer: 50 Explanation: The preprocessor directives can be redefined anywhere in the program. So the most recently assigned value will be taken.

Find output #define clrscr() 100 main() { clrscr(); printf("%d\n",clrscr()); }

Answer: 100 Explanation: Preprocessor executes as a separate pass before the execution of the compiler. So textual replacement of clrscr() to 100 occurs

Find output enum colors {black,red,green}; main() { printf("%d..%d..%d",black,red,green); return(1); }

Answer: 0..1..2 Explanation: enum assigns numbers starting from 0, if not explicitly defined.

Find output main() { int i=0; for(;i++;printf("%d",i)) ; printf("%d",i); }

Answer: 1 Explanation: before entering into the for loop the checking condition is "evaluated". Here it evaluates to 0 (false) and comes out of the loop,and i is incremented (note the semicolon after the for loop).

Find output main() { show(); } void show() { printf("I'm the greatest"); }

Answer: Compier error: Type mismatch in redeclaration of show. Explanation: When the compiler sees the function show it doesn't know anything about it. So the default return type (ie, int) is assumed. But when compiler sees the actual definition of show mismatch occurs since it is declared as void. Hence the error. The solutions are as follows: 1. declare void show() in main() . 2. define show() before main(). 3. declare extern void show() before the use of show().

What will be the o/p of next program.

main( ) { static int a[ ] = {0,1,2,3,4}; int *p[ ] = {a,a+1,a+2,a+3,a+4}; int **ptr = p; ptr++; printf(“\n %d %d %d”, ptr-p, *ptr-a, **ptr); *ptr++; printf(“\n %d %d %d”, ptr-p, *ptr-a, **ptr); *++ptr; printf(“\n %d %d %d”, ptr-p, *ptr-a, **ptr); ++*ptr; printf(“\n %d %d %d”, ptr-p, *ptr-a, **ptr); }

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