SlideShare a Scribd company logo

163 ch 01_lecture_presentation

Download as PPT, PDF
G
gwrandall

This document discusses an introduction to anatomy and physiology. It covers the basic functions of living organisms, the relationship between anatomy and physiology, the levels of organization in the human body, the 11 organ systems and their major functions, homeostasis, and homeostatic regulation. The key points are that anatomy refers to structure, physiology refers to function, and homeostasis refers to maintaining stable internal conditions through feedback loops involving receptors, control centers and effectors.

Health & MedicineTechnology
1 of 73
Downloaded 163 times
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
Most read
40
Most read
41
Most read
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Meg Flemming Austin Community College C H A P T E R An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology 1
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 1 Learning Outcomes • 1-1 • Describe the basic functions of living organisms. • 1-2 • Explain the relationship between anatomy and physiology, and describe various specialties of each discipline. • 1-3 • Identify the major levels of organization in living organisms. • 1-4 • Identify the 11 organ systems of the human body and contrast their major functions.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 1 Learning Outcomes • 1-5 • Explain the concept of homeostasis. • 1-6 • Describe how negative feedback and positive feedback are involved in homeostatic regulation. • 1-7 • Use anatomical terms to describe body sections, body regions, and relative positions. • 1-8 • Identify the major body cavities and their subdivisions.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Common Functions of All Living Things (1-1) • Responsiveness • Growth • Reproduction • Movement • Metabolism
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Responsiveness and Growth (1-1) • Responsiveness • Also called irritability • An organism changes in response to its environment • Longer term change is called adaptation • Growth • An increase in size, number of cells, complexity of cells, or all three • The process of developing a variety of cells is called differentiation
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Reproduction and Movement (1-1) • Reproduction • Creation of new generations of similar organisms • Movement • Ability to transport things within the internal environment of the organism • Ability to transport the organism through the external environment
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Metabolism (1-1) • The sum total of all the chemical reactions in the organism • Uses resources absorbed from the environment • Uses respiration for cellular production of energy • Organism excretes any waste products left over from the chemical reactions
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Checkpoint (1-1) 1. How are vital functions such as responsiveness, growth, reproduction, and movement dependent on metabolism?
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Anatomy (1-2) • The word anatomy means "a cutting open" • The structure of things or how things are built • Specifics of: • Where things are • What they are made of • Physical relationships between parts
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Gross Anatomy (1-2) • Also called macroscopic anatomy • Studies visible structures • Includes: • Surface anatomy • Study of general form and superficial markings • Regional anatomy • Study of all the superficial and internal features of a specific region of the body • Systemic anatomy • Study of the structure of major organ systems
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microscopic Anatomy (1-2) • Studies structures that cannot be seen without magnification • Includes: • Cytology • Study of internal structure of individual cells • Histology • Study of tissues, groups of specialized cells and cell products that work together to perform specific functions
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Physiology (1-2) • The function of the anatomical structures • Specifics of: • How structures, organs, and systems work separately and together
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Physiology (1-2) • Human physiology specialties include: • Cell physiology • Study of the functions of living cells • Special physiology • Study of the physiology of specific organs • Systemic physiology • Study of all aspects of the function of specific organ systems • Pathological physiology or pathology • Study of the effects of diseases on organ or system functions
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Checkpoint (1-2) 2. Describe how anatomy and physiology are closely related. 3. Would a histologist more likely be considered a specialist in microscopic anatomy or gross anatomy? Why?
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Levels of Organization (1-3) • Chemical level • Atoms are the smallest stable units of matter • Atoms combine to form molecules • Molecular shape defines function • Cellular level • Combination of molecules, atoms, and organelles to perform a specific function in a cell
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Levels of Organization (1-3) • Tissue level • A collection of cells working together to perform a specific function • Organ level • Two or more tissues working together to perform specific functions
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Levels of Organization (1-3) • Organ system level • Two or more organs working together to perform specific functions • Organism level • Multiple organ systems working together to maintain health
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Organism Level All the organ systems must work together for a person to remain alive and healthy. Organ System Level (Chapters 5–20) Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive The cardiovascular system includes the heart, blood, and blood vessels. The heart is a complex organ composed of different tissues. Organ Level Tissue Level (Chapter 4) Cardiac muscle tissue makes up the bulk of the walls of the heart. Cellular Level (Chapter 3) Interlocking heart muscle cells form cardiac muscle tissue. Chemical Level (Chapter 2) Contractile protein fibers are structures within a heart muscle cell. Molecules join to form complex contractile protein fibers. Atoms interact to form molecules. Figure 1-1 Levels of Organization.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Checkpoint (1-3) 4. Identify the major levels of organization of the human body from the simplest to the most complex.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The 11 Organ Systems of the Human Body (1-4) 1. Integumentary 2. Skeletal 3. Muscular 4. Nervous 5. Endocrine 6. Cardiovascular
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The 11 Organ Systems of the Human Body (1-4) 7. Lymphatic 8. Respiratory 9. Digestive 10.Urinary 11.Reproductive
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Integumentary System Protects against environmental hazards; helps control body temperature Hair Skin Nails Figure 1-2 The Organ Systems of the Human Body. (1 of 12)
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1-2 The Organ Systems of the Human Body. (2 of 12) The Skeletal System Provides support; protects tissues; stores minerals; forms blood cells AXIAL SKELETON APPENDICULAR SKELETON Skull Sternum Ribs Vertebrae Sacrum Supporting bones (scapula and clavicle) Upper limb bones Pelvis (supporting bones plus sacrum) Lower limb bones
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1-2 The Organ Systems of the Human Body. (3 of 12) The Muscular System Allows for locomotion; provides support; produces heat Axial muscles Appendicular muscles Tendons
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1-2 The Organ Systems of the Human Body. (4 of 12) The Nervous System Directs immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Brain Spinal cord PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Peripheral nerves
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1-2 The Organ Systems of the Human Body. (5 of 12) The Endocrine System Directs long-term changes in activities of other organ systems Parathyroid gland Adrenal gland Ovary in female Pineal gland Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Thymus Pancreas Testis in male
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1-2 The Organ Systems of the Human Body. (6 of 12) The Cardiovascular System Transports cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, and gases Artery Vein Heart Capillaries
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1-2 The Organ Systems of the Human Body. (7 of 12) The Lymphatic System Defends against infection and disease; returns tissue fluid to the bloodstream Thymus Lymph nodes Spleen Lymphatic vessel
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1-2 The Organ Systems of the Human Body. (8 of 12) The Respiratory System Delivers air to sites where gas exchange can occur between the air and circulating blood; produces sound Pharynx Lung Diaphragm Nasal cavity Sinus Larynx Trachea Bronchi
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Digestive System Processes food and absorbs nutrients Pharynx Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Small intestine Anus Salivary gland Mouth and teeth Esophagus Stomach Large intestine Figure 1-2 The Organ Systems of the Human Body. (9 of 12)
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Urinary System Eliminates excess water, salts, and waste products Urinary bladder Urethra Kidney Ureter Figure 1-2 The Organ Systems of the Human Body. (10 of 12)
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1-2 The Organ Systems of the Human Body. (11 of 12) The Male Reproductive System Produces sex cells and hormones Prostate gland Seminal gland Ductus deferens Urethra Epididymis Testis Penis Scrotum
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Female Reproductive System Produces sex cells and hormones; supports embryonic and fetal develop- ment from fertilization to birth Mammary gland Uterine tube Ovary Uterus Vagina External genitalia Figure 1-2 The Organ Systems of the Human Body. (12 of 12)
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Checkpoint (1-4) 5. Identify the organ systems of the body and list their major functions. 6. Which organ system includes the pituitary gland and directs long-term changes in the activities of other systems?
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Homeostasis (1-5) • The maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment • The result of interdependence of organ systems functioning together
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Homeostatic Regulation (1-5) • The adjustments in physiological systems that preserve homeostasis • A typical homeostatic loop contains: • A receptor that receives a stimulus • A control center that processes and integrates information from the receptor • An effector that responds to the control center to change the body's response
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Normal condition disturbed RECEPTOR Thermometer Information affects STIMULUS: Room temperature rises HOMEOSTASIS Normal room temperature RESPONSE: Room temperature drops Normal condition restored EFFECTOR Air conditioner turns on Sends commands to CONTROL CENTER (Thermostat) 20 8 30 8 40 8 Figure 1-3 The Control of Room Temperature.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Checkpoint (1-5) 7. Define homeostasis. 8. Why is homeostatic regulation important to an organism?
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Negative Feedback (1-6) • Corrects deviations from normal • Most common form of feedback loop • Variations from the norm that are increases are brought back down • Variations from the norm that are decreases are brought back up
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Negative Feedback: Thermoregulation (1-6) • If body temperature drops too low: • The brain sends signals to skeletal muscles to start shivering • And to blood vessels in the skin to vasoconstrict • Bringing the temperature back up • If body temperature is too high: • The brain sends a message to the skin to vasodilate and sweat • Bringing temperature back down
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Positive Feedback (1-6) • Reinforces or exaggerates deviations from normal • Variations from the norm that are increases are further increased • Fairly rare occurrence and must have an "off switch"
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Positive Feedback: Blood Clotting (1-6) • If blood vessels are damaged: • Chemicals are released to attract platelets • Platelets release more chemicals • Which start a cascade of reactions that lead to clot formation • Each step enhances the next step • Repair of the damaged vessels stops the first chemical secretion
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. RECEPTORS Body's temperature sensorsSTIMULUS Body temperature rises above 37.2°C (99°F) RESPONSE Increased blood flow to skin Increased sweating Stimulus removed Homeostasis restored Negative feedback EFFECTORS Blood vessels and sweat glands in skin Sends commands to Thermoregulatory center in brain If body temperature climbs above 37.2°C (99°F), heat loss is increased through enhanced blood flow to the skin and increased sweating. Information affects CONTROL CENTER Control mechanism when body temperature rises Sends commands to EFFECTORS Blood vessels and sweat glands in skin Skeletal muscles Negative feedback If body temperature falls below 36.7°C (98°F), heat loss is decreased through reduced blood flow to the skin and sweating, and heat is produced by shivering. Control mechanism when body temperature falls Decreased blood flow to skin Decreased sweating Shivering Stimulus removed Homeostasis restored RESPONSE STIMULUS Body temperature falls below 36.7°C (98°F) Information affects RECEPTORS Body's temperature sensors Figure 1-4 Negative Feedback in Thermoregulation.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1-4a Negative Feedback in Thermoregulation. RECEPTORS Body's temperature sensorsSTIMULUS Body temperature rises above 37.2°C (99°F) RESPONSE Increased blood flow to skin Increased sweating Stimulus removed Homeostasis restored Negative feedback EFFECTORS Blood vessels and sweat glands in skin Sends commands to If body temperature climbs above 37.2°C (99°F), heat loss is increased through enhanced blood flow to the skin and increased sweating. Information affects Control mechanism when body temperature rises Thermoregulatory center in brain CONTROL CENTER
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1-4b Negative Feedback in Thermoregulation. Thermoregulatory center in brain CONTROL CENTER Sends commands to EFFECTORS Blood vessels and sweat glands in skin Skeletal muscles Negative feedback If body temperature falls below 36.7°C (98°F), heat loss is decreased through reduced blood flow to the skin and sweating, and heat is produced by shivering. Control mechanism when body temperature falls RESPONSE STIMULUS Information affects RECEPTORS Body's temperature sensors Decreased blood flow to skin Decreased sweating Shivering Stimulus removed Homeostasis restored Body temperature falls below 36.7°C (98°F)
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chemicals Damage to cells in the blood vessel wall releases chemicals that begin the process of blood clotting. The chemicals start chain reactions in which cells, cell fragments, and dissolved proteins in the blood begin to form a clot. As clotting continues, each step releases chemicals that further accelerate the process. This escalating process is a positive feedback loop that ends with the formation of a blood clot, which patches the vessel wall and stops the bleeding. Chemicals Blood clot Clotting accelerates Positive feedback loop Figure 1-5 Positive Feedback.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chemicals Damage to cells in the blood vessel wall releases chemicals that begin the process of blood clotting. Figure 1-5 Positive Feedback. (1 of 4)
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The chemicals start chain reactions in which cells, cell fragments, and dissolved proteins in the blood begin to form a clot. Figure 1-5 Positive Feedback. (2 of 4)
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. As clotting continues, each step releases chemicals that further accelerate the process. Chemicals Clotting accelerates Positive feedback loop Figure 1-5 Positive Feedback. (3 of 4)
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. This escalating process is a positive feedback loop that ends with the formation of a blood clot, which patches the vessel wall and stops the bleeding. Blood clot Figure 1-5 Positive Feedback. (4 of 4)
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Checkpoint (1-6) 9. Explain the function of negative feedback systems. 10.Why is positive feedback helpful in blood clotting but unsuitable for the regulation of body temperature? 11.What happens to the body when homeostasis breaks down?
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Anatomical Terminology (1-7) • Medical terminology • Describes body regions, anatomical positions and directions, and body sections • Surface anatomy • Sectional anatomy
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Anatomical Landmarks (1-7) • Anatomical position • Hands at the sides with the palms facing forward and feet together • Supine (face up) • Prone (face down)
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Forehead (frontal) Cranium or skull (cranial) Face (facial) Cephalon or head (cephalic) Oris or mouth (oral) Chin (mental) Axilla or armpit (axillary) Brachium or arm (brachial) Antecubitis or front of elbow (antecubital) Antebrachium or forearm (antebrachial) Carpus or wrist (carpal) Palm (palmar) Pollex or thumbDigits (phalanges) or fingers (digital or phalangeal) Patella or kneecap (patellar) Leg (crural) Tarsus or ankle (tarsal) Digits (phalanges) or toes (digital or phalangeal) Hallux or great toe Nasus or nose (nasal) Oculus or eye (orbital or ocular) Auris or ear (otic) Cheek (buccal) Cervicis or neck (cervical) Thoracis or thorax, chest (thoracic) Mamma or breast (mammary) Abdomen (abdominal) Umbilicus or navel (umbilical) Pelvis (pelvic) Manus or hand (manual) Groin (inguinal) Pubis (pubic) Femur or thigh (femoral) Pes or foot (pedal) Trunk Anterior view in the anatomical position Figure 1-6a Anatomical Landmarks.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1-6b Anatomical Landmarks. Cephalon or head (cephalic) Cervicis or neck (cervical) Shoulder (acromial) Dorsum or back (dorsal) Olecranon or back of elbow (olecranal) Lumbus or loin (lumbar) Gluteus or buttock (gluteal) Popliteus or back of knee (popliteal) Calf (sural) Calcaneus or heel of foot (calcaneal) Planta or sole of foot (plantar) Lower limb Upper limb Posterior view in the anatomical position
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Anatomical Regions (1-7) • Major regions of the body • Two methods to map the surface of the abdomen and pelvis 1. Abdominopelvic quadrants 2. Abdominopelvic regions
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) Abdominopelvic quadrants. The four abdominopelvic quadrants are formed by two perpendicular lines that intersect at the navel (umbilicus). The terms for these quadrants, or their abbreviations, are most often used in clinical discussions. Figure 1-7a Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1-7b Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions. Right hypochondriac region Right lumbar region Right inguinal region Left hypochondriac region Left lumbar region Left inguinal region Epigastric region Umbilical region Hypogastric (pubic) region Abdominopelvic regions. The nine abdominopelvic regions provide more precise regional descriptions.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Liver Gallbladder Large intestine Small intestine Appendix Stomach Spleen Urinary bladder Anatomical relationships. The relationship between the abdominopelvic quadrants and regions and the locations of the internal organs are shown here. Figure 1-7c Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Anatomical Directions (1-7) • Provide an orientation of structures relative to anatomical position • Left and right always refer to the left and right sides of the subject, not the observer
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Posterior or dorsal Cranial Anterior or ventral Caudal A lateral view. Superior Right Left Lateral Proximal Medial Proximal Distal DistalInferior An anterior view. Arrows indi- cate important directional terms used in this text; definitions and descriptions are given in Table 1-1. Figure 1-8 Directional References.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1-1 Directional Terms
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Sectional Anatomy (1-7) • A "slice" through the body in three primary sectional planes 1. Transverse plane • Divides body into superior and inferior portions 2. Frontal plane • Divides body into anterior and posterior portions • Sagittal plane • Divides body into left and right portions
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Frontal plane Transverse plane Sagittal plane Figure 1-10 Planes of Section.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1-2 Terms That Indicate Sectional Planes
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Checkpoint (1-7) 12. What is the purpose of anatomical terms? 13. Describe an anterior view and a posterior view in the anatomical position. 14. What type of section would separate the two eyes?
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Body Cavities (1-8) • Protect internal organs • Allow organs to change shape
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Ventral Body Cavity (1-8) • Contains viscera • Organs of the respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems • Cavities are lined (parietal layer) and organs are enclosed (visceral layer) by serous membranes • Two major divisions 1. Thoracic cavity 2. Abdominopelvic cavity
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Thoracic Cavity (1-8) • Three internal chambers • One pericardial cavity and two pleural cavities • Each cavity is defined by a serous membrane
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Pericardial Cavity of the Thoracic Cavity (1-8) • Contains the heart, and is found in the mediastinum • Defined by serous membrane, pericardium • Visceral pericardium is the layer covering the heart • Parietal pericardium is the outer layer • In between two layers is serous fluid to reduce friction
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Pleural Cavities of the Thoracic Cavity (1-8) • Each lung is found within its own pleural cavity • Serous membrane is the pleura • Visceral pleura is the layer covering the lung • Parietal pleura defines the edge of the mediastinum and lines the inner surface of the chest wall
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Abdominopelvic Cavity (1-8) • Subdivided into superior abdominal cavity and inferior pelvic cavity • Contains the peritoneal cavity, lined with peritoneum • Visceral peritoneum covers internal organs • Parietal peritoneum lines inner surface of body wall
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Checkpoint (1-8) 15.Describe two essential functions of body cavities. 16.Identify the subdivisions of the ventral body cavity. 17.If a surgeon makes an incision just inferior to the diaphragm, what body cavity will be opened?

More Related Content

PPT
163 ch 10_lecture_presentation
gwrandall
 
PPT
163 ch 04_lecture_presentation
gwrandall
 
PPT
163 ch 02_lecture_presentation
gwrandall
 
PPT
Endocrine System
whitchur
 
PPT
07 [chapter 7 the skeletal system the axial skeleton]
Sompoch Thanachaikan
 
PDF
Bone limb lower..osteology of lower limb
AnbroseKisuvi
 
PPT
Introduction to Anatomy
Sarang Suresh Hotchandani
 
PPTX
Lower respiratory disorders
Jamilah AlQahtani
 
163 ch 10_lecture_presentation
gwrandall
 
163 ch 04_lecture_presentation
gwrandall
 
163 ch 02_lecture_presentation
gwrandall
 
Endocrine System
whitchur
 
07 [chapter 7 the skeletal system the axial skeleton]
Sompoch Thanachaikan
 
Bone limb lower..osteology of lower limb
AnbroseKisuvi
 
Introduction to Anatomy
Sarang Suresh Hotchandani
 
Lower respiratory disorders
Jamilah AlQahtani
 

What's hot (20)

PPT
163 ch 03_lecture_presentation
gwrandall
 
PPT
163 ch 07_lecture_presentation
gwrandall
 
PDF
Skeletal System POWERPOINT LECTURE 5-6 Lesson
acebeaumont0
 
PPT
163 ch 05_lecture_presentation
gwrandall
 
PPT
163 ch 06_lecture_presentation
gwrandall
 
PPT
163 ch 09_lecture_presentation
gwrandall
 
PPT
163 ch 08_lecture_presentation
gwrandall
 
PPT
163 ch 12_lecture_presentation
gwrandall
 
PPT
163 ch 18_lecture_presentation
gwrandall
 
PPT
163 ch 15_lecture_presentation
gwrandall
 
PPT
163 ch 16_lecture_presentation
gwrandall
 
PPT
Anatomy and Physiology
Bernadette Siarot
 
PPT
Chapter 3 Cells
sgossett5757
 
PPT
169 Ch 24_lecture_presentation
gwrandall
 
PPT
163 ch 14_lecture_presentation
gwrandall
 
PDF
Chapter 5 Tissues
sgossett5757
 
PDF
CHAPTER 3: Anatomy and Physiology- Cells and Tissue
ImmanuelCapurcosDuab
 
PPT
Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System
sgossett5757
 
PPTX
_ch_01_lecture_presentation.pptx
ssuserf88c98
 
PPTX
Chapter 4 - Skin and Body Membranes
mpattani
 
163 ch 03_lecture_presentation
gwrandall
 
163 ch 07_lecture_presentation
gwrandall
 
Skeletal System POWERPOINT LECTURE 5-6 Lesson
acebeaumont0
 
163 ch 05_lecture_presentation
gwrandall
 
163 ch 06_lecture_presentation
gwrandall
 
163 ch 09_lecture_presentation
gwrandall
 
163 ch 08_lecture_presentation
gwrandall
 
163 ch 12_lecture_presentation
gwrandall
 
163 ch 18_lecture_presentation
gwrandall
 
163 ch 15_lecture_presentation
gwrandall
 
163 ch 16_lecture_presentation
gwrandall
 
Anatomy and Physiology
Bernadette Siarot
 
Chapter 3 Cells
sgossett5757
 
169 Ch 24_lecture_presentation
gwrandall
 
163 ch 14_lecture_presentation
gwrandall
 
Chapter 5 Tissues
sgossett5757
 
CHAPTER 3: Anatomy and Physiology- Cells and Tissue
ImmanuelCapurcosDuab
 
Chapter 8 Joints of the Skeletal System
sgossett5757
 
_ch_01_lecture_presentation.pptx
ssuserf88c98
 
Chapter 4 - Skin and Body Membranes
mpattani
 
Ad

Viewers also liked (14)

PPT
169 Ch 29_lecture_presentation
gwrandall
 
PPT
163 ch 17_lecture_presentation
gwrandall
 
PPT
163 ch 11_lecture_presentation
gwrandall
 
PPT
163 ch 19_lecture_presentation
gwrandall
 
PPT
169 Ch 20_lecture_presentation
gwrandall
 
PPT
163 ch 13_lecture_presentation
gwrandall
 
PPT
163 ch 20_lecture_presentation
gwrandall
 
PPT
169 Ch 28_lecture_presentation
gwrandall
 
PPT
169 Ch 21_lecture_presentation
gwrandall
 
PPT
169 Ch 19_lecture_presentation
gwrandall
 
PPT
169 Ch 22_lecture_presentation
gwrandall
 
PPT
169 Ch 18_lecture_presentation
gwrandall
 
PPTX
Female rprdctive
MBBS IMS MSU
 
PPT
Hema practical 05 hema staining
MBBS IMS MSU
 
169 Ch 29_lecture_presentation
gwrandall
 
163 ch 17_lecture_presentation
gwrandall
 
163 ch 11_lecture_presentation
gwrandall
 
163 ch 19_lecture_presentation
gwrandall
 
169 Ch 20_lecture_presentation
gwrandall
 
163 ch 13_lecture_presentation
gwrandall
 
163 ch 20_lecture_presentation
gwrandall
 
169 Ch 28_lecture_presentation
gwrandall
 
169 Ch 21_lecture_presentation
gwrandall
 
169 Ch 19_lecture_presentation
gwrandall
 
169 Ch 22_lecture_presentation
gwrandall
 
169 Ch 18_lecture_presentation
gwrandall
 
Female rprdctive
MBBS IMS MSU
 
Hema practical 05 hema staining
MBBS IMS MSU
 
Ad

Similar to 163 ch 01_lecture_presentation (20)

PPT
Ch1 Human body Part A
mstish38
 
PPT
Ch01lecturepresentation 140913123202-phpapp02
Cleophas Rwemera
 
PPTX
Ap chap 1
poopin' !!!
 
PPTX
INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY.pptx
Erlison Lorenz Ognilla
 
PPTX
C1 study slides
lawrencembio
 
PPTX
L1 INTRODUCTION TO PHYSIOLOGY & BODY FLUIDS COMPARTMENTS.pptx
Joseph KUNDA
 
PPTX
Introduction of Human Anatony and Physiology.pptx
Alankar Shrivastav
 
PPTX
HUMAN BODY AN OVERVIEW 1.pptx
RioRdd1
 
PPTX
L1 Introduction
Marc Potter
 
PPTX
1.3
Amo Oliverio
 
PDF
Lecture anatomical organization
ASOKEKUMARSAHOO
 
PPTX
1. Human Anatomy and Physiology introdution.pptx
KiranChoudhari6
 
PPT
Human Physiology.ppt humanity physiology
EleniNega
 
PDF
Introduction to anatomy and physiology.pdf
NswanaChingambu1
 
PDF
Human Anatomy Complete Notes
PharmoHub Pakistan
 
PPTX
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY for nurses and mid
AgabaMorisBogoya
 
PPT
Introduction-of-Anatomy and Physiology.ppt
AgabaMorisBogoya
 
PPT
introduction to anatomy and physiology
Vijay Salvekar
 
PDF
Locomotion and Movement Class 11 Biology Free Study Material in PDF
Vivekanand Anglo Vedic Academy
 
PPTX
Introduction to medical physiology MBCHB
sylviameggy78
 
Ch1 Human body Part A
mstish38
 
Ch01lecturepresentation 140913123202-phpapp02
Cleophas Rwemera
 
Ap chap 1
poopin' !!!
 
INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY.pptx
Erlison Lorenz Ognilla
 
C1 study slides
lawrencembio
 
L1 INTRODUCTION TO PHYSIOLOGY & BODY FLUIDS COMPARTMENTS.pptx
Joseph KUNDA
 
Introduction of Human Anatony and Physiology.pptx
Alankar Shrivastav
 
HUMAN BODY AN OVERVIEW 1.pptx
RioRdd1
 
L1 Introduction
Marc Potter
 
1.3
Amo Oliverio
 
Lecture anatomical organization
ASOKEKUMARSAHOO
 
1. Human Anatomy and Physiology introdution.pptx
KiranChoudhari6
 
Human Physiology.ppt humanity physiology
EleniNega
 
Introduction to anatomy and physiology.pdf
NswanaChingambu1
 
Human Anatomy Complete Notes
PharmoHub Pakistan
 
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY for nurses and mid
AgabaMorisBogoya
 
Introduction-of-Anatomy and Physiology.ppt
AgabaMorisBogoya
 
introduction to anatomy and physiology
Vijay Salvekar
 
Locomotion and Movement Class 11 Biology Free Study Material in PDF
Vivekanand Anglo Vedic Academy
 
Introduction to medical physiology MBCHB
sylviameggy78
 

Recently uploaded (20)

PPTX
Chapter-1-The-Human-Body-Orientation-Edited-55-slides.pptx
JANDIESAGAYNO2
 
PDF
Oral Aspect of Metabolic Disease_20250717_192438_0000.pdf
pandeynitin400605
 
PDF
Copy of OB - Exam #2 Study Guide. pdf
mikolwarschaw
 
PPT
ASRH Presentation for students and teachers 2770633.ppt
alpha june
 
PPTX
15.MENINGITIS AND ENCEPHALITIS-elias.pptx
wesigeGerald
 
PDF
Handout_ NURS 220 Topic 10-Abnormal Pregnancy.pdf
zuluuke
 
PPT
Management of Acute Kidney Injury at LAUTECH
popooladamilare28
 
PDF
Human Health And Disease hggyutgghg .pdf
vaishnavikumarimugha
 
PPT
Obstructive sleep apnea in orthodontics treatment
IOPARGER
 
PPTX
JUVENILE NASOPHARYNGEAL ANGIOFIBROMA.pptx
rounakuser
 
PPTX
Clinical approach and Radiotherapy principles.pptx
pierresemeko1989
 
PPT
1b - INTRODUCTION TO EPIDEMIOLOGY (comm med).ppt
YusuffDamilareAdewol
 
PPTX
Neuropathic pain.ppt treatment managment
BaharBazooyar
 
PPTX
Note on Abortion.pptx for the student note
MikeMalou
 
PPT
MENTAL HEALTH - NOTES.ppt for nursing students
iloveonlyfriday
 
PPTX
Cardiovascular - antihypertensive medical backgrounds
HaniAlzoubi1
 
PPTX
anaemia in PGJKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH...
katuvimule
 
PDF
NEET PG 2025 | 200 High-Yield Recall Topics Across All Subjects
Shivankan Kakkar
 
PPTX
Important Obstetric Emergency that must be recognised
khusyairi0
 
PPTX
ca esophagus molecula biology detailaed molecular biology of tumors of esophagus
akashdeepsohisge
 
Chapter-1-The-Human-Body-Orientation-Edited-55-slides.pptx
JANDIESAGAYNO2
 
Oral Aspect of Metabolic Disease_20250717_192438_0000.pdf
pandeynitin400605
 
Copy of OB - Exam #2 Study Guide. pdf
mikolwarschaw
 
ASRH Presentation for students and teachers 2770633.ppt
alpha june
 
15.MENINGITIS AND ENCEPHALITIS-elias.pptx
wesigeGerald
 
Handout_ NURS 220 Topic 10-Abnormal Pregnancy.pdf
zuluuke
 
Management of Acute Kidney Injury at LAUTECH
popooladamilare28
 
Human Health And Disease hggyutgghg .pdf
vaishnavikumarimugha
 
Obstructive sleep apnea in orthodontics treatment
IOPARGER
 
JUVENILE NASOPHARYNGEAL ANGIOFIBROMA.pptx
rounakuser
 
Clinical approach and Radiotherapy principles.pptx
pierresemeko1989
 
1b - INTRODUCTION TO EPIDEMIOLOGY (comm med).ppt
YusuffDamilareAdewol
 
Neuropathic pain.ppt treatment managment
BaharBazooyar
 
Note on Abortion.pptx for the student note
MikeMalou
 
MENTAL HEALTH - NOTES.ppt for nursing students
iloveonlyfriday
 
Cardiovascular - antihypertensive medical backgrounds
HaniAlzoubi1
 
anaemia in PGJKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH...
katuvimule
 
NEET PG 2025 | 200 High-Yield Recall Topics Across All Subjects
Shivankan Kakkar
 
Important Obstetric Emergency that must be recognised
khusyairi0
 
ca esophagus molecula biology detailaed molecular biology of tumors of esophagus
akashdeepsohisge
 

163 ch 01_lecture_presentation

  • 1. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Meg Flemming Austin Community College C H A P T E R An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology 1
  • 2. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 1 Learning Outcomes • 1-1 • Describe the basic functions of living organisms. • 1-2 • Explain the relationship between anatomy and physiology, and describe various specialties of each discipline. • 1-3 • Identify the major levels of organization in living organisms. • 1-4 • Identify the 11 organ systems of the human body and contrast their major functions.
  • 3. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 1 Learning Outcomes • 1-5 • Explain the concept of homeostasis. • 1-6 • Describe how negative feedback and positive feedback are involved in homeostatic regulation. • 1-7 • Use anatomical terms to describe body sections, body regions, and relative positions. • 1-8 • Identify the major body cavities and their subdivisions.
  • 4. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Common Functions of All Living Things (1-1) • Responsiveness • Growth • Reproduction • Movement • Metabolism
  • 5. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Responsiveness and Growth (1-1) • Responsiveness • Also called irritability • An organism changes in response to its environment • Longer term change is called adaptation • Growth • An increase in size, number of cells, complexity of cells, or all three • The process of developing a variety of cells is called differentiation
  • 6. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Reproduction and Movement (1-1) • Reproduction • Creation of new generations of similar organisms • Movement • Ability to transport things within the internal environment of the organism • Ability to transport the organism through the external environment
  • 7. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Metabolism (1-1) • The sum total of all the chemical reactions in the organism • Uses resources absorbed from the environment • Uses respiration for cellular production of energy • Organism excretes any waste products left over from the chemical reactions
  • 8. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Checkpoint (1-1) 1. How are vital functions such as responsiveness, growth, reproduction, and movement dependent on metabolism?
  • 9. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Anatomy (1-2) • The word anatomy means "a cutting open" • The structure of things or how things are built • Specifics of: • Where things are • What they are made of • Physical relationships between parts
  • 10. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Gross Anatomy (1-2) • Also called macroscopic anatomy • Studies visible structures • Includes: • Surface anatomy • Study of general form and superficial markings • Regional anatomy • Study of all the superficial and internal features of a specific region of the body • Systemic anatomy • Study of the structure of major organ systems
  • 11. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microscopic Anatomy (1-2) • Studies structures that cannot be seen without magnification • Includes: • Cytology • Study of internal structure of individual cells • Histology • Study of tissues, groups of specialized cells and cell products that work together to perform specific functions
  • 12. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Physiology (1-2) • The function of the anatomical structures • Specifics of: • How structures, organs, and systems work separately and together
  • 13. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Physiology (1-2) • Human physiology specialties include: • Cell physiology • Study of the functions of living cells • Special physiology • Study of the physiology of specific organs • Systemic physiology • Study of all aspects of the function of specific organ systems • Pathological physiology or pathology • Study of the effects of diseases on organ or system functions
  • 14. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Checkpoint (1-2) 2. Describe how anatomy and physiology are closely related. 3. Would a histologist more likely be considered a specialist in microscopic anatomy or gross anatomy? Why?
  • 15. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Levels of Organization (1-3) • Chemical level • Atoms are the smallest stable units of matter • Atoms combine to form molecules • Molecular shape defines function • Cellular level • Combination of molecules, atoms, and organelles to perform a specific function in a cell
  • 16. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Levels of Organization (1-3) • Tissue level • A collection of cells working together to perform a specific function • Organ level • Two or more tissues working together to perform specific functions
  • 17. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Levels of Organization (1-3) • Organ system level • Two or more organs working together to perform specific functions • Organism level • Multiple organ systems working together to maintain health
  • 18. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Organism Level All the organ systems must work together for a person to remain alive and healthy. Organ System Level (Chapters 5–20) Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive The cardiovascular system includes the heart, blood, and blood vessels. The heart is a complex organ composed of different tissues. Organ Level Tissue Level (Chapter 4) Cardiac muscle tissue makes up the bulk of the walls of the heart. Cellular Level (Chapter 3) Interlocking heart muscle cells form cardiac muscle tissue. Chemical Level (Chapter 2) Contractile protein fibers are structures within a heart muscle cell. Molecules join to form complex contractile protein fibers. Atoms interact to form molecules. Figure 1-1 Levels of Organization.
  • 19. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Checkpoint (1-3) 4. Identify the major levels of organization of the human body from the simplest to the most complex.
  • 20. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The 11 Organ Systems of the Human Body (1-4) 1. Integumentary 2. Skeletal 3. Muscular 4. Nervous 5. Endocrine 6. Cardiovascular
  • 21. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The 11 Organ Systems of the Human Body (1-4) 7. Lymphatic 8. Respiratory 9. Digestive 10.Urinary 11.Reproductive
  • 22. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Integumentary System Protects against environmental hazards; helps control body temperature Hair Skin Nails Figure 1-2 The Organ Systems of the Human Body. (1 of 12)
  • 23. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1-2 The Organ Systems of the Human Body. (2 of 12) The Skeletal System Provides support; protects tissues; stores minerals; forms blood cells AXIAL SKELETON APPENDICULAR SKELETON Skull Sternum Ribs Vertebrae Sacrum Supporting bones (scapula and clavicle) Upper limb bones Pelvis (supporting bones plus sacrum) Lower limb bones
  • 24. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1-2 The Organ Systems of the Human Body. (3 of 12) The Muscular System Allows for locomotion; provides support; produces heat Axial muscles Appendicular muscles Tendons
  • 25. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1-2 The Organ Systems of the Human Body. (4 of 12) The Nervous System Directs immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Brain Spinal cord PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Peripheral nerves
  • 26. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1-2 The Organ Systems of the Human Body. (5 of 12) The Endocrine System Directs long-term changes in activities of other organ systems Parathyroid gland Adrenal gland Ovary in female Pineal gland Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Thymus Pancreas Testis in male
  • 27. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1-2 The Organ Systems of the Human Body. (6 of 12) The Cardiovascular System Transports cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, and gases Artery Vein Heart Capillaries
  • 28. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1-2 The Organ Systems of the Human Body. (7 of 12) The Lymphatic System Defends against infection and disease; returns tissue fluid to the bloodstream Thymus Lymph nodes Spleen Lymphatic vessel
  • 29. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1-2 The Organ Systems of the Human Body. (8 of 12) The Respiratory System Delivers air to sites where gas exchange can occur between the air and circulating blood; produces sound Pharynx Lung Diaphragm Nasal cavity Sinus Larynx Trachea Bronchi
  • 30. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Digestive System Processes food and absorbs nutrients Pharynx Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Small intestine Anus Salivary gland Mouth and teeth Esophagus Stomach Large intestine Figure 1-2 The Organ Systems of the Human Body. (9 of 12)
  • 31. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Urinary System Eliminates excess water, salts, and waste products Urinary bladder Urethra Kidney Ureter Figure 1-2 The Organ Systems of the Human Body. (10 of 12)
  • 32. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1-2 The Organ Systems of the Human Body. (11 of 12) The Male Reproductive System Produces sex cells and hormones Prostate gland Seminal gland Ductus deferens Urethra Epididymis Testis Penis Scrotum
  • 33. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Female Reproductive System Produces sex cells and hormones; supports embryonic and fetal develop- ment from fertilization to birth Mammary gland Uterine tube Ovary Uterus Vagina External genitalia Figure 1-2 The Organ Systems of the Human Body. (12 of 12)
  • 34. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Checkpoint (1-4) 5. Identify the organ systems of the body and list their major functions. 6. Which organ system includes the pituitary gland and directs long-term changes in the activities of other systems?
  • 35. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Homeostasis (1-5) • The maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment • The result of interdependence of organ systems functioning together
  • 36. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Homeostatic Regulation (1-5) • The adjustments in physiological systems that preserve homeostasis • A typical homeostatic loop contains: • A receptor that receives a stimulus • A control center that processes and integrates information from the receptor • An effector that responds to the control center to change the body's response
  • 37. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Normal condition disturbed RECEPTOR Thermometer Information affects STIMULUS: Room temperature rises HOMEOSTASIS Normal room temperature RESPONSE: Room temperature drops Normal condition restored EFFECTOR Air conditioner turns on Sends commands to CONTROL CENTER (Thermostat) 20 8 30 8 40 8 Figure 1-3 The Control of Room Temperature.
  • 38. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Checkpoint (1-5) 7. Define homeostasis. 8. Why is homeostatic regulation important to an organism?
  • 39. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Negative Feedback (1-6) • Corrects deviations from normal • Most common form of feedback loop • Variations from the norm that are increases are brought back down • Variations from the norm that are decreases are brought back up
  • 40. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Negative Feedback: Thermoregulation (1-6) • If body temperature drops too low: • The brain sends signals to skeletal muscles to start shivering • And to blood vessels in the skin to vasoconstrict • Bringing the temperature back up • If body temperature is too high: • The brain sends a message to the skin to vasodilate and sweat • Bringing temperature back down
  • 41. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Positive Feedback (1-6) • Reinforces or exaggerates deviations from normal • Variations from the norm that are increases are further increased • Fairly rare occurrence and must have an "off switch"
  • 42. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Positive Feedback: Blood Clotting (1-6) • If blood vessels are damaged: • Chemicals are released to attract platelets • Platelets release more chemicals • Which start a cascade of reactions that lead to clot formation • Each step enhances the next step • Repair of the damaged vessels stops the first chemical secretion
  • 43. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. RECEPTORS Body's temperature sensorsSTIMULUS Body temperature rises above 37.2°C (99°F) RESPONSE Increased blood flow to skin Increased sweating Stimulus removed Homeostasis restored Negative feedback EFFECTORS Blood vessels and sweat glands in skin Sends commands to Thermoregulatory center in brain If body temperature climbs above 37.2°C (99°F), heat loss is increased through enhanced blood flow to the skin and increased sweating. Information affects CONTROL CENTER Control mechanism when body temperature rises Sends commands to EFFECTORS Blood vessels and sweat glands in skin Skeletal muscles Negative feedback If body temperature falls below 36.7°C (98°F), heat loss is decreased through reduced blood flow to the skin and sweating, and heat is produced by shivering. Control mechanism when body temperature falls Decreased blood flow to skin Decreased sweating Shivering Stimulus removed Homeostasis restored RESPONSE STIMULUS Body temperature falls below 36.7°C (98°F) Information affects RECEPTORS Body's temperature sensors Figure 1-4 Negative Feedback in Thermoregulation.
  • 44. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1-4a Negative Feedback in Thermoregulation. RECEPTORS Body's temperature sensorsSTIMULUS Body temperature rises above 37.2°C (99°F) RESPONSE Increased blood flow to skin Increased sweating Stimulus removed Homeostasis restored Negative feedback EFFECTORS Blood vessels and sweat glands in skin Sends commands to If body temperature climbs above 37.2°C (99°F), heat loss is increased through enhanced blood flow to the skin and increased sweating. Information affects Control mechanism when body temperature rises Thermoregulatory center in brain CONTROL CENTER
  • 45. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1-4b Negative Feedback in Thermoregulation. Thermoregulatory center in brain CONTROL CENTER Sends commands to EFFECTORS Blood vessels and sweat glands in skin Skeletal muscles Negative feedback If body temperature falls below 36.7°C (98°F), heat loss is decreased through reduced blood flow to the skin and sweating, and heat is produced by shivering. Control mechanism when body temperature falls RESPONSE STIMULUS Information affects RECEPTORS Body's temperature sensors Decreased blood flow to skin Decreased sweating Shivering Stimulus removed Homeostasis restored Body temperature falls below 36.7°C (98°F)
  • 46. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chemicals Damage to cells in the blood vessel wall releases chemicals that begin the process of blood clotting. The chemicals start chain reactions in which cells, cell fragments, and dissolved proteins in the blood begin to form a clot. As clotting continues, each step releases chemicals that further accelerate the process. This escalating process is a positive feedback loop that ends with the formation of a blood clot, which patches the vessel wall and stops the bleeding. Chemicals Blood clot Clotting accelerates Positive feedback loop Figure 1-5 Positive Feedback.
  • 47. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chemicals Damage to cells in the blood vessel wall releases chemicals that begin the process of blood clotting. Figure 1-5 Positive Feedback. (1 of 4)
  • 48. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The chemicals start chain reactions in which cells, cell fragments, and dissolved proteins in the blood begin to form a clot. Figure 1-5 Positive Feedback. (2 of 4)
  • 49. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. As clotting continues, each step releases chemicals that further accelerate the process. Chemicals Clotting accelerates Positive feedback loop Figure 1-5 Positive Feedback. (3 of 4)
  • 50. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. This escalating process is a positive feedback loop that ends with the formation of a blood clot, which patches the vessel wall and stops the bleeding. Blood clot Figure 1-5 Positive Feedback. (4 of 4)
  • 51. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Checkpoint (1-6) 9. Explain the function of negative feedback systems. 10.Why is positive feedback helpful in blood clotting but unsuitable for the regulation of body temperature? 11.What happens to the body when homeostasis breaks down?
  • 52. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Anatomical Terminology (1-7) • Medical terminology • Describes body regions, anatomical positions and directions, and body sections • Surface anatomy • Sectional anatomy
  • 53. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Anatomical Landmarks (1-7) • Anatomical position • Hands at the sides with the palms facing forward and feet together • Supine (face up) • Prone (face down)
  • 54. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Forehead (frontal) Cranium or skull (cranial) Face (facial) Cephalon or head (cephalic) Oris or mouth (oral) Chin (mental) Axilla or armpit (axillary) Brachium or arm (brachial) Antecubitis or front of elbow (antecubital) Antebrachium or forearm (antebrachial) Carpus or wrist (carpal) Palm (palmar) Pollex or thumbDigits (phalanges) or fingers (digital or phalangeal) Patella or kneecap (patellar) Leg (crural) Tarsus or ankle (tarsal) Digits (phalanges) or toes (digital or phalangeal) Hallux or great toe Nasus or nose (nasal) Oculus or eye (orbital or ocular) Auris or ear (otic) Cheek (buccal) Cervicis or neck (cervical) Thoracis or thorax, chest (thoracic) Mamma or breast (mammary) Abdomen (abdominal) Umbilicus or navel (umbilical) Pelvis (pelvic) Manus or hand (manual) Groin (inguinal) Pubis (pubic) Femur or thigh (femoral) Pes or foot (pedal) Trunk Anterior view in the anatomical position Figure 1-6a Anatomical Landmarks.
  • 55. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1-6b Anatomical Landmarks. Cephalon or head (cephalic) Cervicis or neck (cervical) Shoulder (acromial) Dorsum or back (dorsal) Olecranon or back of elbow (olecranal) Lumbus or loin (lumbar) Gluteus or buttock (gluteal) Popliteus or back of knee (popliteal) Calf (sural) Calcaneus or heel of foot (calcaneal) Planta or sole of foot (plantar) Lower limb Upper limb Posterior view in the anatomical position
  • 56. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Anatomical Regions (1-7) • Major regions of the body • Two methods to map the surface of the abdomen and pelvis 1. Abdominopelvic quadrants 2. Abdominopelvic regions
  • 57. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) Abdominopelvic quadrants. The four abdominopelvic quadrants are formed by two perpendicular lines that intersect at the navel (umbilicus). The terms for these quadrants, or their abbreviations, are most often used in clinical discussions. Figure 1-7a Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions.
  • 58. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1-7b Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions. Right hypochondriac region Right lumbar region Right inguinal region Left hypochondriac region Left lumbar region Left inguinal region Epigastric region Umbilical region Hypogastric (pubic) region Abdominopelvic regions. The nine abdominopelvic regions provide more precise regional descriptions.
  • 59. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Liver Gallbladder Large intestine Small intestine Appendix Stomach Spleen Urinary bladder Anatomical relationships. The relationship between the abdominopelvic quadrants and regions and the locations of the internal organs are shown here. Figure 1-7c Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions.
  • 60. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Anatomical Directions (1-7) • Provide an orientation of structures relative to anatomical position • Left and right always refer to the left and right sides of the subject, not the observer
  • 61. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Posterior or dorsal Cranial Anterior or ventral Caudal A lateral view. Superior Right Left Lateral Proximal Medial Proximal Distal DistalInferior An anterior view. Arrows indi- cate important directional terms used in this text; definitions and descriptions are given in Table 1-1. Figure 1-8 Directional References.
  • 62. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1-1 Directional Terms
  • 63. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Sectional Anatomy (1-7) • A "slice" through the body in three primary sectional planes 1. Transverse plane • Divides body into superior and inferior portions 2. Frontal plane • Divides body into anterior and posterior portions • Sagittal plane • Divides body into left and right portions
  • 64. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Frontal plane Transverse plane Sagittal plane Figure 1-10 Planes of Section.
  • 65. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1-2 Terms That Indicate Sectional Planes
  • 66. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Checkpoint (1-7) 12. What is the purpose of anatomical terms? 13. Describe an anterior view and a posterior view in the anatomical position. 14. What type of section would separate the two eyes?
  • 67. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Body Cavities (1-8) • Protect internal organs • Allow organs to change shape
  • 68. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Ventral Body Cavity (1-8) • Contains viscera • Organs of the respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems • Cavities are lined (parietal layer) and organs are enclosed (visceral layer) by serous membranes • Two major divisions 1. Thoracic cavity 2. Abdominopelvic cavity
  • 69. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Thoracic Cavity (1-8) • Three internal chambers • One pericardial cavity and two pleural cavities • Each cavity is defined by a serous membrane
  • 70. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Pericardial Cavity of the Thoracic Cavity (1-8) • Contains the heart, and is found in the mediastinum • Defined by serous membrane, pericardium • Visceral pericardium is the layer covering the heart • Parietal pericardium is the outer layer • In between two layers is serous fluid to reduce friction
  • 71. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Pleural Cavities of the Thoracic Cavity (1-8) • Each lung is found within its own pleural cavity • Serous membrane is the pleura • Visceral pleura is the layer covering the lung • Parietal pleura defines the edge of the mediastinum and lines the inner surface of the chest wall
  • 72. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Abdominopelvic Cavity (1-8) • Subdivided into superior abdominal cavity and inferior pelvic cavity • Contains the peritoneal cavity, lined with peritoneum • Visceral peritoneum covers internal organs • Parietal peritoneum lines inner surface of body wall
  • 73. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Checkpoint (1-8) 15.Describe two essential functions of body cavities. 16.Identify the subdivisions of the ventral body cavity. 17.If a surgeon makes an incision just inferior to the diaphragm, what body cavity will be opened?