Seed production Technology

Welcome
To
Experiential Learning Programme [ELP] Module
Academic Session = 2022 -23

Shri Vaishnav Institute of
Agriculture
B.Sc. (Hons) Agriculture
Experiential Learning Programme [ELP] Module
Course code – BAG802
Course Title - Seed Production And
Technology
Submitted To :-
Module Incharges
Dr. Ashish Bankar
Dr. Anu Naruka
ELP coordinator :-
Dr. P.K. Prajapati
Submitted By :-
Nikhil Patidar
1915BSCH4AG05107
VIII Semester / 4th year

SHRI VAISHNAV VIDYAPEETH VISHWAVIDYALAYA
SHRI VAISHNAV INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE
A. General information of Wheat
1. Introduction
2. Classification of Wheat
3. Types of Wheat
4. Morphology of Wheat
5. Growth stage of Wheat crop
6. Floral biology of Wheat
7. Nutritional value of Wheat
8. Current scenario of Wheat production in
India and Madhya Pradesh
B. Certified Seed production of
Wheat
1. Definition of Seed , Seed Technology ,Seed Quality
2. Role of Seed Technology
B.1. Agronomical Practices
1. Preparation of land
2. Sowing method
3. Bed measurement
4. Fertilizer application
5. Irrigation
6. Weed management
7. Roughing
8. Plant Protection
9. Harvesting, threshing, field day , tagging of
bed
10. Cost of Cultivation
Content

WHEAT 🌾🌾
1. It is the most important human food grain and ranks
second in total production as a cereal crop behind
maize and the third being rice.
2.Wheat is the staple food.
3.Wheat provides nourishment to 35% of world
population
4. The major Wheat production State are Uttar Pradesh, Punjab,
Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Bihar, Maharashtra,
Gujarat, Karnataka, West Bengal, Uttaranchal, Himachal
Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir.
Introduction
General information of wheat

1. Botnical Name : Triticum
aestivum
2. Chromosome no. : 2n=6x=42
3. Variety : HD2932 (Hybrid Delhi
4. Origin :- South West Asia
5. Gene responsible for dwarfnes
– Norin 10
6. Climate :- Temperature (20 -
25° c)
7. Crop season : Rabi
8. Isolation distance :-3 m
9. Yield : 35-45 quintal/hactare
10.Row – Row Spacing : 20Cm.
11.Plant –to –plant :-5 cm
Classification of Wheat
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Monocotyledonae
Order: Cyperales
Family: Poaceae
Genus: Triticum
Species: Triticum aestivum
Introduction
:-

Types of
Wheat Triticum Spp:-
S.No. Cultivated Species of
Wheat
Chromosome No. General Information
1. Triticum aestivum
(90 % Area )
2n = 6x = 42 High glutein content,
good flour yield, water
absorption & better
bread making quality.
2 Triticum vulgare 2n = 6x = 42 Tall wheat for Rainfed
condition.
3. Triticum durum (8%
Area)
2n = 4x = 28 •Greater hardiness,
used to make paratha
& noodles
•Also known as Durum
wheat/ Macaroni wheat
4. Triticum dicoccum
(2%Area)
2n = 4x = 28 Emmer wheat, used for
preparation of
“UPPUMAV”,
5. Triticum
spherococum
2n = 2x = 14 Indian dwarf/Club
wheat, very short &
compact heads

Morphology of Wheat
1. Habit : Erect, annual which grows from 30 to 120
cm.
2. Roots : Mostly adventitious and fibrous.
3. Stem : Cylindrical with distinct nodes and
internodes. Nodes are swollen and internodes are
hollow. Usually there are six internodes and the
sixth is the spike bearing one.
4. Leaves : Simple, alternate in distichous alternate
leaves arranged to right and left side of the stem
on one plane arrangement, long, linear lamina
with leaf sheath covering the internodes.
5. Inflorescence : It is called as head, spikes or ear.
Often 13 – 23 spikelets are borne on rachis in a
zigzag shape.
6. Fruit (grain) : Dry one seed known as
caryopsis having oval shape. The apex of the
grain has tufts of hairs called bush.

1. Pre establishment stage :-
a. Pre emergence
b. Emergence
2. Vegetative stage :-
a.Seedling
b.Crown root stage
c.Tillering
d.Jointing
3.Reproductive stage :-
a. Booting
b.Heading
c.Flowering
4.Post anthesis stage
a Filling
b.Maturity
Growth Stage of Wheat
crop

The inflorescence of wheat is called Ear or Head. In
botanical terms it is called as spike.
• The unit of spike is called spikelet.
•The Primary axis of spike is called as rachis which bears two
opposite rows of lateral spikelets and single terminal spikelet and
has zigzag appearance.
•Wheat inflorescence (spike) contains 13-23 spikelets.
• Each floret consists of lemma, palea, stamen and carpel.
• Flowers are bisexual and zygomorphic.
•Each floret consists of outer parianth called the lemma and thin
two-keeled parianth called the palea
• Sexual organs consist of 3 stamens and single pistil.
•Pistil consists of monocarpellary superior one ovary
• Wheat stamens are small and produce about 1000-4000 pollen
Floral biology of
Wheat

Nutritional value of Wheat
grain

Current scenario of Wheat production in India and
M.P.
1. India is the world’s second-largest wheat producer.
2. 106.41 million tonnes of Wheat Production in year
2021-22
3. Madhya Pradesh ranks 2nd in Wheat production
having 128 lakh metric tone in 2021-22 according
to Article of Vishwa Mohan in a Times of India
newspaper.
Source : FMT magzine Source : Times of India

Production of Wheat
Certified Seed

Seed: Any plant part used for raising the
crop is seed. Seed includes true seed,
seedling cutting, rhizome, grafts, roots, etc.
used for propagation.
Definitions of Seed Technology:
Cowan (1973) identified seed technology as
“that discipline of study having to do with
seed production, maintenance, quality and
preservation”.
Feistritzer (1975) defined seed technology
as “the science dealing with the methods of
Seed Production And
Technology

• Role of seed technology:
1.A carrier of new technologies.
2. A basic tool for secured food supply.
3.The principal means to secure crop yields
in less favourable areas of production.
4.A medium for rapid rehabilitation of
agriculture in cases of natural disaster.
• Seed Quality: The seeds that possess high
genetic purity, high germination percentage,
good health (free from diseases) and
physiological purity (viability and vigour), high
physical purity (minimum of inert matter, weed
and other crop seeds) and other attributes are
Role of Seed Technology , Seed Quality

Land requirement: Land to be used for
seed production should be free from
volunteer plant.
There should not be wheat crop in the
previous year.
• Location:-Shri Vaishnav Institute of
Agriculture on “Demonstration cum
Experimental Farm” near Village Magar
kheda Indore (M.P.)
• Soil type:- medium to heavy soil, soil
with clay loam or loam texture , good
structure and moderate water holding
capacity are ideal for wheat seed
production plot
Agronomical practice for Wheat crop

1. PREPARATION
OF
LAND:
Primary Tillage :-
1. Ploughing: –
• It is the process of loosening and turning of
soil.
• Remove of weeds and unwanted plant from
the field .
• Destroyed insect larva are found in soil.
• 2 time of Shallow ploughing in field.
2. 1 times rotavator in a field.
3. Bed making – To uniform irrigate the bed of
wheat

• Name of crop :- Wheat
• Scientific name :- Triticum aestivum
• Source of Seed:- Foundation seed
• Wheat Seed purchase from :- IARI Regional Wheat
Research Station Indore (M.P.)
• Variety of Seed:- HD 2932
Seed
• Time of sowing:- 3rd week of January ( 23/01/2023)
• Quantity of Seed used :-25 kg for as plot size 2190 sq2area
• Price of Seed :- Rs 6200/quantal
• Spacing:- Row to row distance is 20 cm and plant to plant is 5 cm
• Seed rate:- 85-100 kg/ha
• Recommended area :- M.P. , chhatisgarh, Gujrat ,kota ,and
• Udaipur division of Rajasthan, Jhansi, U.P,
Maharashtra
• Characteristics of variety:- It has high zinc content , wider adaptiblity.
It matures in 105- 110 days. ( Late variety)

• Hand sowing and drilling method is applied.
• Sown seed at depth of 4-5 cm .
• In 2160 m2 plot we used 25 kg Of wheat seed .
• It is a late variety
Sowing method of
Wheat

Plot is measured than divided in 16 bed to
distributed
For plot we require :-
1. Pen and copy for calculation
2. Measuring tape
Bed measurement

Fertilizer :- A fertilizer is any material of natural or
synthetic origin that is applied to soils or to plant tissues
to supply one or more plant nutrients essential to the
growth of plants.
• Role of fertilizer :-
• Fertilisers improve the water holding capacity of the plants and
increase root depth.
• The potassium content present in the fertilisers strengthens the
straws and stalks of the plants.
• The phosphorus present in the fertilisers helps in faster
development of roots and formation of seeds in plants.
• Nitrogen in the fertilisers promotes plant growth which is seen in
the green colour of the plants
The recommended dose of fertilizer are :-
80-120 kg/ha Nitrogen
50-60 kg /ha Phosphorus
40kg /ha Potassium
Fertilizer Application

No. Of
irrigatio
n
Date of
Irrigatio
n
Stage
1st 23/01/23 After
Sowing
2nd 3/02/23 Crown
root
initiation
3rd 16/02/23 Late
tillering
4th 02/03/23 Flowering
• Artificially application of water in field known as irrigation .
• The most practical criteria commonly adapted for
scheduling irrigation in wheat is on the basis of
physiological growth stages, which are critical in demand
for water.
• Sown wheat after a heavy pre-sowing irrigation (10 cm)
Water management

Weed management
• Weed management :-The process of minimizing the weed
population and their growth below the level of economic injury
to the crop with minimum environmental pollution
• Control of weeds :- weed are control by two times hand
weeding.
1st hand weeding at seedlings
stage
2nd at tillering stage
• Weeds in the field :- Parthenium hysterophorus ,
Amaranthus tuberculatus,

• Chemical control :- Apply Isoproturon @ 800
g/ha as pre-emergence spraying 3 days after sowing
followed by one hand weeding on 35th day after
sowing.
• Mechanical control :- Deep summer ploughing ,
burning of weeds
Weed management

•Roughing :- Roughing refers to act of identifying
and removing of plants with undesirable
characteristic from the field
•Importance of roughing:- Timely removal of this
types of plant are essential to maintain the physical
purity of seeds
1. Two to three roughing operation may be necessary to
bring seed plot to certification standards
2.First roughing done just a head Of flowering to remove
obvious off type of plants such as plants different
height, head variation, smutted plants and early heading
plant
3.It helps the plant to Utilize all the Nutrient for proper
development of ear head
Roughing

Plant protection
S.No Disease Name Causal
organism
Control
01. Kernal bunt
(air, soil and
seed borne)
Neovossia
indica
Seed treatment
2.5 g
Thirum/Bavistin
per kg of seed,
Grow resistant
varieties
02. Loose smut
(Internally seed
borne)
Ustilago nuda
tritici
Seed treatment
with Carboxin
(Vitavax) 2.5
gm/kg of seed,
Solar heat
treatment
03. Brown /leaf rust Puccinia triticina
Puccinia
recondita
•Grow resistant
varieties like
Sonalika,
•Spray
dithiocarbamates
like zineb@0.25%
or
Mancozeb@0.25%.

• Yellow and dry straw is visual indicator
• Harvesting stage comes when normally the
plant turns golden yellow and becomes brittle.
• The grains become hard and the straw turns
dry.
• Shredding, breaking of spikes are over ripe
• Most suitable stage is grain moisture of 15-
20%
• Hand harvesting is done with the help of
sickle
• Usually manually harvested wheat bundle is
dried for 3-4 days on threshing floor and
Harvesting

Harvesting
Making
bundle
Collection of
bundle
Spreading bundle
for drying before
threshing

Threshing
• Thus the grains are dried on the threshing floor for
reducing the grain moisture percentage.
• Use tractor operated thresher with proper safety devices
to prevent accidents.

Field day
, tagging
of bed
On the 22/2/23 field day is organised by
Shri Vaishnav Institute of Agriculture in
which our vice chancellor , director , head of
department and faculty are come to visit the
field and observed the practice that getting
held on field

Cost of cultivation
Sr.No. Item of cost Unit Quantity used Price per unit(Rs) Amount (Rs.)
1. Hired human
labour
Days
2. Machine labour
Cultivator
Rotavator
Sowing
Check basin
Hour
2
1
1
1
550
1500
600
800
1100
1500
600
800
3. Seed Kg 25 62 1550
4. Fertilizer
N
P
K
Kg
Kg
Kg
45
15
6.66
7
300
105
5. Irrigation charge Rs. 5 times 300 1500
6. Incidental
charges
Rs. -
7. Totalworking
capital
Rs -
7455
8. Interest on working
capital @3% for 4
months
Rs. -
223

S.No. Item of Cost Unit Quantity used Price per unit
(Rs)
Amount (Rs)
10. COST A
(7+8+9+10)
Rs. 7698
11. Interest on Fixed
Capital
Rs. 180
12. Rental Value of
the land (1/6th
Of gross return –
land revenue)
Rs.
13. Cost B
(11+12+13)
Rs.
14. Family Labour
Charges
Days 4 250 1000
15. Supervision
Charg(10% of Cost
A)
Rs. - - -
16. Cost C
(13+14+15+16)
Rs - -

Total Output and Gross Income:
Cultivated
area
Per Ha
Total Output
(Qtl)
Rate Value (Rs) Total Output
(Qt)
Main Product
By product
Gross Income - -
Note :- Threshing is not done
yet

Tractor
Cultivato
Bed maker
Rotavato
Submersible
Pump
Bucket PIpe
Implements and tools used in Wheat crop

Thresher
Trolley
Gunny
bags
Sickle
SPADE.
Plastic
rope
Implements and tools used in Wheat crop

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