Seed Quality Enhancement
- 1. SEED QUALITY ENHANCEMENT K. VANANGAMUDI vanangamudi.tnau@gmail.com 09894904745
- 2. WHY? Time from sowing to seedling establishment is crucial Exposed to wide range of environmental stresses Harmful micro-organisms Destruction by seed, soil and air borne pathogens Damage by insects Cold, frost, temperature and moisture effects Monsoon failure, severe drought Problem soils, competition from weeds and toxic effects of chemicals present in soil
- 3. Dormancy breaking treatments Soaking in water Hot water soaking Leaching of inhibitors Wetting and thawing Alternate wetting and drying Mechanical scarification Acid scarification Bioscarification Scorching/Burning Warm stratification Cold stratification Electrical treatment Treatment with growth stimulants Treatment with growth retardtants Types What is SQE? Application of physical, physiological, biological & chemical agents to seed in order to enhance physical, physiological, genetical, biochemical and health qualities
- 4. Germination augmenting treatments Seed fortification Seed infusion Pre-germination Osmopriming Osmoconditioning Seed invigouration Solid matrix priming Seed conditioning Fluid drilling Dry permeation Seed hardening Seed priming Pre-hydration Irradiation Magnetic treatment Electrical treatment Biofertilizer treatment Treatment with bioinoculants Mid – term storage treatment Hydration – dehydration treatment
- 5. Seed coating treatments Seed pelleting Seed coating Seed colouring Seed film technology Protective seed treatment Seed dressing with insecticide (Both dry and slurry treatments) Seed dressing with fungicide (Both dry and slurry treatment) Botanical seed treatment Biocontrol agents
- 7. What is it? Process of hydrating the seed to initiate the pre-germinative metabolism followed by dehydration which fixes the biochemical events. Why it is done? To impart resistance against stress conditions viz., drought and cold to the emerging seedlings.
- 8. Dry seed Imbibition Permits initial process of germination (An advancement in germination processes) Dehydration Prevent cell and radicle emergence Shade and sun drying to bring back to its original water content or weight Stops the germination process Hardened seed
- 9. Sowing of Hardened seed Remember the germination process where it had stopped Rapid germination and quick establishment of seedling (survival) with available soil moisture Increased growth and productivity
- 10. Crops Chemicals & concentration Methodology Bajra 2% Potassium chloride Dissolve 20g of salt in 1000 ml of water. Soak 1kg of seed in 650ml of this solution for 10h & dry back to original moisture. Sorghum 2%Potassium dihydrogen phosphate Cotton 2% Potassium chloride
- 11. Crops Chemicals & concentration Methodology Sunflower 2% Potassium chloride Dissolve 20g of salt in 1000ml of water. Soak 1kg of seed in 650ml of solution for 12h and dry back to original moisture. Black gram Green gram 100ppm Zinc sulphate 100ppm manganese sulphate Dissolve 100mg of salt in 100ml of water. Soak 1kg of seeds in 350ml for 3h & dry back to original weight. Before soaking, precondition seeds for 1h by keeping in between two moist gunny bags
- 12. FLUID DRILLING
- 13. What is it? Pregerminate in water or an osmoticum. Add to a fluid drilling matrix such as laponite in water or agrigel in water Slurry the seeds in a fluid drilling matrix Deliver to the growing area
- 14. Encapsulation with gel-Method 1 Sodium alginate concentration 1 to 10% W (g)/V (ml) in water Seed 1 to 50 seeds/ml Complexing agents 1 to 1000 ml molar(CaCl2,FeCl2,CaNO3,CuSO4) Fluid drilled seed(seed+gel+complexing agent) Species Source Stage of development Add Singulated or dispersed
- 15. Time of gel formation Temperature of the gelling solution (Gel+Complexing agent) Interrelated
- 16. Method 2 Seed Complexing agent (CaCl2-0.6 to 2.0 for 2- 10min.) Additves (Pesticide 0.002 to 0.300ml; Fertilizer 0.1 to 1000mg; Microorganisms 1 to 10 nos.; Carbon source 1 ton 500mg per ml of gel) Complexing agent-treated seed Gel (Sodium alginate 0.6 to 10% W (g)/V (ml))
- 17. DRY PERMEATION
- 18. Various chemicals were applied to seeds thro organic solvents (ACETONE, DCM,PEG). Chemicals reach embryo thro seed coat. Amount of chemicals penetrating in to seeds depends on the ability of applied chemical, seed type, permeation time and concentration Chemicals reaching embryo should be biologically effective. What is dry permeation?
- 19. PREGERMINATION
- 20. PREGERMINATION: GROUNDNUT 1. Soak 1kg seeds in 650 ml of 0.5% CaCl2 for 6h 2. After 6h, spread seeds over moist gunny bag and covered with another moist gunny bag for 20-24h 3. After 24h, remove sprouted seeds with radicle (just visible expression of radicle) 4. For every 2h interval, separate germinated seeds for 2-3 times 5. Dry seeds in shade. 6. Separate viable and dead seeds 7. Sow the pregerminated seeds immediately
- 22. What Pelleting is ? It is the process of packaging effective quantities of foreign materials To increase a standard size, shape and weight of the seed Precision sowing / Mechanical sowing
- 24. Filler material Seed Stamping of seed with adhesive Coating of filler material by sprinkling on stamped seeds Adhesive Shade drying Pelleted seeds Sowing Rolling of seeds for uniformity Ingredients Method of seed pelleting
- 25. Types Ingredients Inoculant pelleting Biofertilizers:Rhizobium,Phosphobacter, Azospirillum, Azatobactor,VAM,Azophos Protective pelleting Biocontrol agents:Pseudomonas, Trichodermma, Rhizobacteria, Bacillus, Streptomyces,insecticides, fungicides Herbicide pelleting Filler antitode or absorbent coating. Herbicide antitode like 1,8 napthalic anhydride (NA) Types of seed pelleting
- 26. Types Ingredients Nutrient pelleting Coating with micro and macronutrients Hydrophilic coating (Water stress condition) Starch graft polymers, magnesium carbonate Oxygen supplier coating (Flooded condition) Peroxides of zinc and calcium Organic pelleting Leaf powders ( arappu, pungam, acacias) & rhizome powders ( turmeric, Acorus) Cont…
- 27. Advances in seed pelleting
- 29. WHY USE COLOURANTS ON SEED? Identifying treated seed - prevent accidental consumption Differentiating seed from competitor – marketing Strategy Unlimited options to uniquely branding technology. Identifying unique seed technologies - segregate technologies. Eg.Herbicide treated seeds or Variety differentiation (A / B line) Seed Enhancement - Improving plantability, stand establishment, seed flow in seed planters etc.
- 30. Uniform distribution of the pesticides on the seeds. Prevents dusting off chemicals by strong binding Reduces pollution of pesticides at the processing plant and also at farm level Freeze sensitive seed coatings - useful for fall planting in cold climates User friendly and environmentally safer technology
- 31. Commercial Formulations Polymer + Colouring pigments + binder + a.i Seed film coating Value added seed STEPS IN FLIM COATING
- 32. VALUE ADDED SEED
- 33. POLYKOTE ON MAIZE cv CO 1 •Pink polykote @ 3g / kg of seed (Little’s Balm Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Chennai) •Improved the germination and seedling vigour •Storage Potential Pink polykote @ 3g/kg of seed + Thiram 2g + Imidacloprid 1ml Maintained higher germination potential and vigour over a period of 4 monthsstorage
- 38. Polykote on maize germination: Petriplate method Uncoated Dry dressing Slurry treatment
- 39. Uncoated Dry dressing Slurry treatment Early and rapid germination
- 40. Uncoated Slurry treatment Polykote on maize germination: Inclined plate method Early germination & high seedling vigour
- 42. Seed Priming
- 43. What is seed priming? Controlled hydration of seeds To a level that permits pre-germinative metabolic activity to proceed Prevents actual emergence of the radicle. All biochemical reactions are FIXED Increases the speed and uniformity of germination (Heydecker et al., 1973)
- 44. How it is done? o Seeds are soaked in various inorganic salts, sugars and polyethylene glycol (PEG) a chemically inert, high molecular weight compounds o Temperature suggested is between 10oC – 15oC. o Duration varies with the crop from 1 day (sorghum) to 23 days (onion). o Seeds are then rinsed and redried to original water content.
- 45. Methods of Priming Hydropriming Henkel (1964) Osmopriming (Heydecker, 1973) Matric priming Taylor et al. (1988) Halopriming Haigh and Barlow (1987) Drumpriming Henkel (1964) Biopriming Henkel (1964)
- 46. Physiological events during Germination Seed imbibition Phase I and II represent process of germination and foundation for successful priming Phase I Rapid initial water uptake Repair of DNA and mitochondria Phase II Lag phase: No water uptake Synthesis of mitochondria and proteins Phase III Rapid intake of water Resumption of radicle growth
- 47. Seedgermination
- 48. 2 The aleurone responds by synthesizing and secreting digestive enzymes that hydrolyze stored nutrients in the endosperm. One example is -amylase, which hydrolyzes starch. Aleurone Endosperm Water Scutellum (cotyledon) GA GA -amylase Radicle Sugar 1 After a seed imbibes water, the embryo releases gibberellin (GA) as a signal to the aleurone, the thin outer layer of the endosperm. 3 Sugars and other nutrients absorbed from the endosperm by the scutellum (cotyledon) are consumed during growth of the embryo into a seedling.
- 50. Cell-signal processing CELL WALL CYTOPLASM 1 Reception 2 Transduction 3 Response Receptor Relay molecules Activation of cellular responses Hormone or environmental stimulus PLASMA MEMBRANE
- 51. 1 Reception 2 Transduction 3 Response CYTOPLASM PLASMA MEMBRANE Phytochrome activated by light Cell wall Light cGMP Second messenger produced Specific protein kinase 1 activated Transcription factor 1 NUCLEUS P P Transcription Translation De-etiolation (greening) response proteins Ca2+ Ca2+ channel opened Specific protein kinase 2 activated Transcription factor 2 An example of signal transduction in plants 1 The light signal is detected by the phytochrome receptor, which then activates at least two signal transduction pathways. 2 One pathway uses cGMP as a second messenger that activates a specific protein kinase.The other pathway involves an increase in cytoplasmic Ca2+ that activates another specific protein kinase. 3 Both pathways lead to expression of genes for proteins that function in the de-etiolation (greening) response.
- 52. Expansin CELL WALL Cell wall enzymes Cross-linking cell wall polysaccharides Microfibril H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ ATP PLASMA MEMBRANE Plasma membrane Cell wall Nucleus Vacuole Cytoplasm H2O CYTOPLASM Cell elongation in response to auxin 1 Auxin increases the activity of proton pumps. 4 The enzymatic cleaving of the cross-linking polysaccharides allows the microfibrils to slide. The extensibility of the cell wall is increased. Turgor causes the cell to expand. 2 The cell wall becomes more acidic. 5 With the cellulose loosened, the cell can elongate. 3 Wedge-shaped expansins, activated by low pH, separate cellulose microfibrils from cross-linking polysaccharides. The exposed cross-linking polysaccharides are now more accessible to cell wall enzymes.
- 53. Cell cycle 1. G1 - Cell grows and becomes larger. 2. S - DNA-synthesis takes place. DNA replicates and a copy of each chromosome is formed. 3. G2 - Prepares for cell division. 4. M - Chromosomes separate and cell divides into two daughter cells. After division, cells back to G1 Cell cycle: Series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division & duplication.
- 54. Hydropriming on germination in maize hybrid and its parents 10h hydropriming increased speed of germination, germination and vigour index (Ananthi, 2008)
- 55. Halopriming on germination of hybrid maize and its parents Best halopriming for UMI 61 was KNO3 3%, while for UMI 285 and COH (M) 5 was KH2PO4 1% for 10h
- 56. Crop Seed priming technique Germin. improvement (%) Initial Storage (6 mon) Tomato Hydropriming (48 h) 24 25 Brinjal Sand matric 80% (3 days) 63 65 Chillies Sand matric 80% (3 days) 52 66 Onion Sand matric 80% (24 h) 22 29 (4th month) Carrot Hydropriming (36 h) 11 - Beet root Hydropriming (12 h) 15 26 Bhendi Sand matric 80% (3 h) 27 16 Radish Hydropriming (12 h) 47 62 Mustard Hydropriming (12 h) 33 53 Iimprovement in germination immediately and 6 months of priming
- 57. Controversies in storability YES NO Argerich and Bradford (1989) Tarquis and Bradford (1992) Bruggink et al.(1999) Savino et al.(1979), Dearman et al., (1986) Georghiou et al., (1987) . Yougging et al. (1996) endoduplication of nuclear DNA Mc Donald (1999) – reversal of seed deterioration Saracco et al. (1995) DNA replication. Ie, G2 (after DNA synthesis) were more sensitive Osborne ( 1983) repair of DNA damage Siveritepe and Dourado (1994) - decreased chromosomal aberrations. Siveritepe and Dourado (1994) Membrane repaired
- 58. Effect of seed priming on seedling vigour 60%Sand 3 h
- 59. Seedling vigour in Beetroot due to priming treatment
- 60. Biopriming
- 61. Biopriming in maize Trichoderma viride – 80% 6h Speed of germination (Day 4) Control 80% 6h
- 62. Pseudomonas fluorescens – 80% 12h Speed of germination (Day 4) Control 80%12h
- 63. Azospirillum 20% 12h Speed of germination (Day 4) Control 20% 12h
- 64. Phosphobacteria 20% 12h Speed of germination (Day 4) Control 20% 12h
- 65. Vigour index Control 20% 12h
- 67. MOLECULAR (12, 24, 36 & 48h)
- 68. ANATOMICAL STUDIES Control P.f 80% 12h
- 69. 30 DAS A - Nonprimed B - Hydropriming 12h C - T.viride 80% 6h D - P.fluorescens 80% 12h E - Azospirillum20% 12h F - Phosphobacteria 20% 12h
- 70. STRESS STUDY LOW temperature stress Control P.f 80% 12h @ 100C
- 71. NaCl salt stress Control P.f 80% 12h 0.25% NaCl 1% NaCl A - Nonprimed B - Hydropriming 12h C - T.viride 80% 6h D - P.fluorescens 80% 12h E - Azospirillum20% 12h F - Phosphobacteria 20% 12h
- 72. Water holding capacity A - Nonprimed B - Hydropriming 12h C - T.viride 80% 6h D - P.fluorescens 80% 12h E - Azospirillum20% 12h F - Phosphobacteria 20% 12h
- 73. STORAGE STUDIES Vigour index Control P.f 80% 12h
- 74. Seed health Control P.f 80% 12h