SEM 5 -T.T- Week 3
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This document discusses technology transfer models for developing nations. It describes several key challenges for developing countries, including lack of technological resources and skills. Effective technology transfer requires overcoming obstacles such as cultural differences, low incomes, and political instability. The success of transfers depends on long-term cooperation between host and home nations and stimulating marginal improvements. Developing nations must consider both internal and external factors to build appropriate technological infrastructure, orientation, skills, and production capacity through transfers.
SEM 5 -T.T- Week 3
- 1. TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER TO DEVELOPING COUNTRY 1 This particular chapter describes The role of R&D, Technological development in developed country, Critical factors of performance The model for developing nation for technology transfer.
- 2. Issues In Developing Country 2 According to UNESCO, Around 60 per cent of the total world output, Only 11 industrially developed countries known as the inventor of technology, produce product relating to science and technology.
- 3. Qualification 3 Technological level Technical capability Absorption Assimilation Sub-process of internalize transfers
- 4. Mastery Of The Technology 4 The mastery of foreign technology do not arise in exchanges between industrialized countries in the same way as for developing countries Issues Upon technology transfer, can host nation attain the same? Between the industrialized countries Industrialized countries to developing countries It can range from mere transfer of production to complete process.
- 5. Factor Affecting Technology Transfer To Developing 5 Country Financial Language Technological resources Religion and caste Low per capita income Political instability Gross national product (GNP) Labor strikes Unfair income distribution Transportation Lack of hard currency Telecommunication and Political conditions communication systems Ineffective bureaucracies Unmodernized educational systems Illiteracy Research facilities Riots Insufficient professional Social violence institutions for technologies and researchers
- 6. Obstacle 6 Technology transfer is a sophisticated process, the structure of which is beyond the control of developing countries. Socially and culturally. Eg: adaptation and diffusion The technological output of technology transfer is so fundamentally strange or unfamiliar
- 7. Caused Of Failure (1) 7 These factors are not easily transferred: Knowledge Know-how Science and technology Management Intensifying global competition, that require, Investment capabilities Dynamic learning capabilities Organizational-operational capabilities Economic characteristics such as, Market size, degree of tariff protection, level of personal income, market and information distortions
- 8. Caused Of Failure (2) 8 Availability of skills Political stability Substantial differences Widening gap in science and technology capabilities Import of technologies requires resources capabilities HR skills Technical knowledge Information networks As a result – selection of appropriate technology
- 9. How To Overcome Failure 9 In order to overcome the failure of technology transfer, it is very important that: Long term interaction between host and home country can be maintain so that it will ensure the continuous co-operation from both host nation and home nation. Marginal technology transfer can be stimulated to a positive response.
- 10. Role Of Research and 10 Development (R&D) Technological innovation, which may take the form of technology transfer and/or interchange, can be characterized as responding to both technology-push and demand-pull influences in order to meet the local or international conditions. Technology-push: Response to reduce costs through making changes to scientific and engineering knowledge for new product Demand pull: Respond to the exceed cost of production when there are market for innovation to expands.
- 11. Technological Development In 11 Developed Country Basically the common characteristics of technological development in developed country are: Present in the smooth linkages Every new step is incremental over the period of time Needs to be supported by the material Knowledge based Knowledge-intensive societies New technology input requirement supplied by host country
- 12. Critical Factors Of 12 Performance Four main factors appear critical to the performance of nations in the international market for technology-intensive products as follows: National orientation A nation’s use of directed action to enhance technology-oriented production Socio-economic infrastructure The social and economic institutions that support and maintain the physical, human, organizational and financial resources essential to the functioning of modern, technology-based industrial nation. Technological infrastructure The institution and resources (physical and information-based) needed to apply technology-intensive manufacturing process and to develop, manufacture and market technology-intensive products. Product capacity The physical and human resources committed to manufacturing and the efficiency with which these are used.
- 13. Developing nation: 13 “People’s technology transfer” via formal and informal channel. Through products, process, techniques and materials Expatriate Technical assistance Physical transfer
- 14. Model for developing nation 14 Considering external and internal factors Never based purely on internal interest Any technology transfer process is driven by mutual forces (external and internal) elements In industrialised country, innovation process free from outside forces Three groups of actors involve interlinked internal and external relationship First group: Developing countries: Constitute the demand side Second and third group: Develop countries and international agencies Constitute the supply side
- 15. Model for Developing Nation 15