![Like this
• Man [+noun] [+concrete] [+animate]
[+human] [+male] [+old]
• Woman [+noun] [+concrete] [+animate]
[+human] [-male] [+old]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/sem3-161013045750/85/Semantics-Third-180-320.jpg)
![Meaning elements?
• Man [+concrete] [+animate] [+human]
[+male] [+old]
• Woman [+concrete] [+animate] [+human] [-
male] [+old]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/sem3-161013045750/85/Semantics-Third-182-320.jpg)
![Tatami
• [+floor covering]
• [+made of straw]
• [+native to Japan]
• [+rectangular]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/sem3-161013045750/85/Semantics-Third-189-320.jpg)
Semantics Third
- 1. • A furry animal with four legs that goes “miaow” • A cat • The actual cat • Your idea of a cat
- 2. • An animal with a foot but no legs • A snail
- 3. Your idea of a snail • ?????????????????????????????
- 4. It has a foot but no legs
- 5. This is a picture of a snail
- 6. Your idea of “snail” is not this picture
- 7. And this picture is NOT the actual snail
- 8. SNAIL • The word “snail” • Your idea of “snail” • A picture of the snail • The actual snail
- 9. Signs • A word is a sign (Form: letters or sound) • Meaning: your idea • A picture is a sign (Form: lines, color etc) • An actual, real thing in the world
- 10. How about this question?
- 11. What is at the end of a rainbow? • ??????????????????
- 12. What is at the end of a rainbow?
- 13. A pot of gold
- 15. There’s a pot of gold at the end of a rainbow
- 16. “A rainbow” • What is at the end of a rainbow? • The letter w
- 17. Rainbow is a word • When you read the word or hear the word … • … you get an idea. • That’s YOUR idea of rainbow • Think about that
- 18. A picture of a rainbow
- 19. The picture is different from the real rainbow
- 21. Isn’t a rainbow an optical illusion?
- 23. Rainbow (the band) • ??????????
- 24. Rainbow (the band) • No idea?
- 25. Rainbow
- 26. Terrible British band from the 1970s
- 27. This is a picture of the band
- 28. But they were real
- 29. Unfortunately
- 30. The picture and the actual band is not the same thing
- 31. Carrot • ?????
- 32. Carrot • The word carrot • Your idea of carrot • A picture of a carrot • An actual carrot
- 33. Water • The word water • Your idea of water • A picture of water • Actual water
- 34. A sign •WATER
- 35. Another sign
- 36. Another sign
- 37. Another sign
- 38. Another sign
- 39. Emotions
- 40. Emoticons
- 41. Emoji
- 42. Emoji
- 43. A sign
- 44. A sign has FORM (the picture)
- 45. And MEANING
- 46. The meaning is …?
- 47. The meaning is …?
- 48. Feeling puzzled
- 49. Feeling confused
- 50. Feeling unsure
- 53. The picture (the form)
- 54. Your idea of its meaning
- 56. I think you’re so great
- 57. I think you’re so great
- 58. I think you’re so great
- 59. I think you’re so great
- 60. I think you’re so great
- 62. Strange animal
- 63. Strange animal
- 64. Strange animal
- 65. Strange animal
- 66. Strange animal • Funny beast • Weird biological organisms
- 67. Unicorn • The word unicorn (Form: writing or sound) • Your idea of unicorn (meaning) • A picture of a unicorn (Form: a picture) • An actual unicorn (a real thing in the world)
- 69. There are no actual unicorns
- 70. And unicorns don’t have wings
- 71. Who cares? There are no actual unicorns
- 72. That’s just YOUR IDEA of a unicorn
- 73. Maybe MY idea has wings
- 74. What is the difference between a unicorn and a carrot?
- 75. A unicorn is a funny beast
- 76. A carrot is a bunny feast
- 77. Bunny
- 78. Bunny eating a carrot
- 79. Bunny enjoying a feast
- 80. A carrot is a bunny feast
- 81. Other fields influenced by Semantics
- 82. Semantics is important in other fields
- 83. Computer science
- 84. Model of a word: dog
- 85. Sound: dog Grammar: Noun; needs a determiner Meaning: “an animal with four legs that goes bow wow” Model of a word
- 86. Grammar bit: a noun
- 87. Grammar: the word needs another word
- 88. Meaning bit
- 89. Sound bit
- 90. Model of word she
- 91. Sound bit
- 92. PHON = phonology
- 94. Grammar bit
- 95. Meaning bit
- 96. Form-meaning pair Sound: dog Grammar: Noun; needs a determiner Meaning: “an animal with four legs that goes bow wow”
- 97. Phonological form-meaning pair Sound: dog Grammar: Noun; needs a determiner Meaning: “an animal with four legs that goes bow wow”
- 99. de Saussure (Linguist from Switzerland)
- 100. 1857 - 1913
- 101. Theory of signs
- 102. Language: sign system expressing ideas
- 103. A sign expressing an idea Sound: dog Grammar: Noun; needs a determiner Meaning: “an animal with four legs that goes bow wow”
- 104. Philosophy
- 105. Psychology
- 106. Cognitive science
- 108. Semiotics
- 109. We communicate meaning to machines via code
- 110. Does Pepper really think and feel?
- 111. How is meaning in Pepper’s brain different from meaning in your brain?
- 112. Remember, we don’t know what meaning is like in our own brains!
- 113. Is our brain like a computer?
- 114. Can we create consciousness?
- 115. Even though we don’t know what consciousness is?
- 116. Linguists don’t worry about what meaning is or where it came from.
- 117. Linguists just make MODELS of meaning.
- 118. For example, like this
- 119. A female individual
- 120. NOT a very good model
- 121. But philosophers DO ask these questions
- 122. • How is it possible… • …for anything… • …to mean anything?
- 123. • If X means Y … • …what is the connection … • … between X and Y
- 125. • Can we really talk about a Language of Thought … • …if we never think about the nature of meaning?
- 126. How do we know thought is in a Language? • Maybe our brains are not like computers.
- 128. Strongly connected with language- learning • What is meaning in the mind? • What happens when we communicate? • What happens in our brains when we say a sentence? • What happens in our brains when we understand a sentence? • How do children acquire meaning?
- 129. Semiotics
- 130. Semiotics: the study of signs
- 131. Language is just one kind of sign
- 132. • What is the relationship between … • … a sign … • … and the thing itself?
- 133. Cognitive Science
- 134. Knowledge in the human mind
- 135. Mind as computer
- 136. What are our goals? • Describe words and sentences in isolation and in context. • Explain why these meanings are different in different situations. • Give a clear explanation of complex meanings.
- 137. Frames • Words connect with ideas
- 138. Frames • Take an example: • How about the word “hospital” • 病院 • What ideas do you get when you hear or read that word?
- 139. Just a picture?
- 140. If you are from Fujiyoshida, maybe this image
- 141. Hospital frame • Other ideas come with the word • You go to hospital when you’re sick • Or you have an accident • You have to be admitted • You probably have to give the hospital workers your insurance card • The doctor examines you and gives you information • You probably have to pay money when you finish
- 142. Breaking the frame • The doctor gives YOU his medical insurance card! • You examine a nurse!
- 143. Restaurant frame (for a customer) • Wait to get seated • Waiter shows you to your seat • You look at the menu • You order food and drink • You wait for it to arrive • You eat it • You pay for it
- 145. Breaking the frame • You go into kitchen and make the food! • The waiter pays you!
- 146. Textbook • Bookshop • Use in school • Related to classes • Usually not interesting
- 147. Unicorn frame • Single horn on head • Looks like a white horse • Not real • Appears in stories
- 148. Breaking the frame • A unicorn comes into class! • A unicorn eats your textbook!
- 149. Banana • Breakfast food • Convenient • Snack food • Thick skin • Can’t eat the skin • Yellow • If it’s black, it’s not good
- 150. Personal computer • On your desk • Or maybe you carry it around • Expensive purchase • Use it for the internet • Communication • Old people usually can’t use it well
- 151. Pokemon Go • People walking around looking at their mobile phones • Mentioned on the news • Some kind of game, or something
- 152. Volcano • Can be dangerous • Eruptions • Be careful • Maybe tourist attractions
- 153. Cinema • Seeing a movie • In a building • Pay money to enter • Dark • Big screen • Popcorn
- 154. Lick • Action involving tongue • Ice cream • Candy • Dogs do it a lot • Stamps?
- 155. Do people still do this?
- 156. Do we still send letters?
- 157. Thermometer
- 159. • Measuring temperature • Of your body • Or a room • In mouth? • Under your arm?
- 160. Word Semantics
- 163. Symbol – thought -- thing
- 164. Lexical Semantics
- 165. Referential Semantics: Relates words and objects
- 166. Lexical Semantics Relates words and words
- 167. How does the word “elephant” relate to real-world elephants?
- 168. Plato: words are names for objects
- 169. Direct relationship between words and objects?
- 170. Onomatopoeia
- 171. Applying Theories of Word Meaning
- 172. How do words get meaning?
- 173. How about the Yamura Mushi?
- 174. Semantic Fields
- 175. What is in the Semantic Field for insect? • Fly • Bee • Wasp • Mosquito • Gnat • etc
- 176. What is in the Semantic Field for motor vehicle? • Car • Automobile • Truck • Van • Bus • etc
- 177. What is in the Semantic Field for food? • Bread • Rice • Cheese • Sausage • etc
- 178. Roget’s Thesaurus
- 180. Like this • Man [+noun] [+concrete] [+animate] [+human] [+male] [+old] • Woman [+noun] [+concrete] [+animate] [+human] [-male] [+old]
- 181. Chemical elements
- 182. Meaning elements? • Man [+concrete] [+animate] [+human] [+male] [+old] • Woman [+concrete] [+animate] [+human] [- male] [+old]
- 183. Meaning elements • Semantic primitives • Semantic features
- 184. What kind of things can be Semantic Primitives? • Must be binary • What does that mean? • It means on or off • It means yes or no • It means + or -
- 185. What is a bad Semantic Feature? • Number of fingers • Yes or no • What?
- 186. What kind of things can be Semantic Primitives? • Must apply to ALL the world’s cultures
- 187. What is a bad Semantic Feature? • Tatami • Why is it bad? • Because it does not apply to ALL the world’s cultures
- 188. What about a definition for tatami?
- 189. Tatami • [+floor covering] • [+made of straw] • [+native to Japan] • [+rectangular]