SENSOR WHITEBOARDS
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Here is a flow diagram showing the steps in how a microprocessor controls the switching on and off of a street lamp: [FLOW DIAGRAM] 1. Microprocessor checks if it is night time (using light sensor input) 2. If night, microprocessor switches on street lamp 3. Microprocessor starts timer 4. Microprocessor checks timer - if not expired, lamp remains on 5. If timer expires, microprocessor checks if it is still night time 6. If still night, microprocessor resets timer and lamp remains on 7. If no longer night, microprocessor switches off street lamp 8. Microprocessor stops - no further switching of lamp
SENSOR WHITEBOARDS
- 1. 5 INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES TOUCHSCREENS SENSORS INTERACTIVE WHITEBOARDS. 8/22/2021 1
- 3. TOUCHSCREENS • The touchscreen enables the user • to interact directly • with what is • Displayed • rather than using a mouse, touchpad, other such devices ( other than a stylus, which is optional for most modern touchscreens). 8/22/2021 3
- 4. How does a touchscreen work? • In screens that rely on sound or light waves, your finger physically blocks or reflects some of the waves. Capacitive touch screens use a layer of capacitive material to hold an electrical charge; touching the screen changes the amount of charge at a specific point of contact 8/22/2021 4
- 5. Who invented touch screen? • Eric A. Johnson • 1960s to 70s: Invention • The first touchscreen was invented in 1965 by Eric A. Johnson who worked at the Royal Radar Establishment in Malvern, England. His first article, "Touch display—a novel input/output device for computers" describes his work and features a diagram of the design 8/22/2021 5
- 6. What is a touchscreen used for? • A touch screen is a display device that allows the user to interact with a computer by using their finger or stylus. They're a useful alternative to a mouse or keyboard for navigating a GUI (graphical user interface) • Advantages & Disadvantages of Touchscreen Technology • -Touchscreen devices have limited buttons that will possibly break after 3 – 4 years • -Touchscreen devices usually have more simple user interfaces Ex. Ipod Apps • -Having less or not buttons means that you can put more effort into having a big screen • –For the people worried about hygiene, most devices are easy to clean, some are even dirt, dust and grease resistant • -For people new or uncomfortable with normal desktops, touchscreens are easy to use helping more people get used to using computers 8/22/2021 6
- 7. DISADVANTAGES • • -The screen has to be big enough to be able to touch the buttons without missing • -Having a big bright screen and needing massive computing power to run this means a very low battery life • -In direct sunlight it is much less efficient and most of the time very difficult to read the screen • -If a touchscreen devise were to crash the whole screen would be unresponsive, and because of the lack of buttons revering it would be very difficult • -The screens will get very dirty • -You have to be within arms reach of the device • -They usually cost more than ordinary devices 8/22/2021 7
- 8. What is a touchscreen used for? • A touch screen is a display device that allows the user to interact with a computer by using their finger or stylus. They're a useful alternative to a mouse or keyboard for navigating a GUI (graphical user interface) • Advantages & Disadvantages of Touchscreen Technology • -Touchscreen devices have limited buttons that will possibly break after • 3 – 4 years • -Touchscreen devices usually have more simple user interfaces Ex. Ipod Apps having less or not buttons means that you can put more effort into having a big screen • –For the people worried about hygiene, most devices are easy to clean, some are even dirt, dust and grease resistant • -For people new or uncomfortable with normal desktops, touchscreens are easy to use helping more people get used to using computers 8/22/2021 8
- 9. What is the difference between resistive and capacitive touch screens? • As opposed to the resistive touchscreen, which relies on the mechanical pressure made by the finger or stylus, the capacitive touchscreen makes use of the fact that the human body is naturally conductive. Capacitive screens are made of a transparent, conductive material—usually ITO—coated onto a glass material. 8/22/2021 9
- 10. • Examples of current smartphones with resistive touchscreens include: • LG Optimus. LG GW620. Sony Ericsson Vivaz. ... • Apple iPhone 3GS and Apple iPhone 4. HTC Desire. ... • Tags smartphonesmobile phonesapple iphonetouch screenssamsung galaxy sHTC Desire. • More about AppleEricsson AustraliaFacebookGalaxyHTCLGNokiaSamsungSonySony Ericsson. 8/22/2021 10
- 11. What is an infrared touch screen? • What is an infrared touch screen? • Infrared Touch Screen Technology. Learn More. Infrared touch uses light emitting diodes and sensors that are embedded in a bezel around the display and emit and detect rows and columns of infrared light across the face of the display. •Why does capacitive touch only work with fingers? • Unlike resistive touch screens, capacitive screens do not use the pressure of your finger to create a change in the flow of electricity. Instead, they work with anything that holds an electrical charge – including human skin 8/22/2021 11
- 13. • Sensors are sophisticated devices that are frequently used to detect and respond to electrical or optical signals. • A Sensor converts the physical parameter (for example: temperature, blood pressure, humidity, speed, etc.) into a signal which can be measured electrically 8/22/2021 13
- 14. WHAT IS sensor and types of sensor? • The most frequently used different types of sensors are classified based on the quantities such as Electric current or Potential or Magnetic or Radio sensors, • Humidity sensor, Fluid velocity or Flow sensors, Pressure sensors, Thermal or Heat or Temperature sensors, Proximity sensors, Optical sensors, Position sensors. 8/22/2021 14
- 15. How do sensors work? Basically there are two types of sensors: active and passive. The sensor working principle in each of these devices varies to a certain extent. These sensors use ultrasonic sound waves to track any movement in the specified range. The detectors emit ultrasonic sound waves and wait for the energy to be reflected back 8/22/2021 15
- 16. Why sensors are used? A sensor is a device, module, machine, or subsystem whose purpose is to detect events or changes in its environment and send the information to other electronics, frequently a computer processor. 8/22/2021 16
- 17. ANALOGUE TO DIGITAL CONVERTER (ADC). • Computers cannot make any sense of these physical quantities and the data needs to be converted into a digital format. • This is usually achieved by an ANALOGUE TO DIGITAL CONVERTER (ADC). • This device converts physical values into discrete digital values. 8/22/2021 17
- 18. When the computer is used to control devices, such as a motor or a valve, it is necessary to use a DIGITAL TO ANALOGUE CONVERTER (DAC) since these devices need analogue data to operate in many cases. https://www.elprocus.com/analog-to- digital-adc- converter/#:~:text=Analog%20to%20 Digital%20Converter%20(ADC,sort%2 0of%20a%20binary%20number. 8/22/2021 18
- 19. Actuator • An actuator is a component of a machine that is responsible for moving and controlling a mechanism or system, for example by opening a valve. In simple terms, it is a "mover". • An actuator requires a control signal and a source of energy. The control signal is relatively low energy and may be electric voltage or current, pneumatic or hydraulic pressure, or even human power. Its main energy source may be an electric current, hydraulic fluid pressure, or pneumatic pressure. When it receives a control signal, an actuator responds by converting the source's energy into mechanical motion. 8/22/2021 19
- 20. An ACTUATOR is used in these control applications. Although these are technically output devices, they are mentioned here since they are an integral part of the control system. An actuator is. Table 5.2 contains number of common sensors and examples of applications Page 99-100 of text book 8/22/2021 20
- 21. solenoid is an example of a digital actuator; • An electromechanical device such as a relay, solenoid or motor. Note that a solenoid is an example of a digital actuator; part of the device is connected to a computer which opens and closes a circuit as required. When energized, the solenoid may operate a plunger or armature to control, for example, a fuel injection system. Other actuators, such as motors and valves, may require a DAC so that they receive an electric current rather than a simple digital signal direct from the computer 8/22/2021 21
- 22. Sensorsare used in bothmonitoring and control applications. • Examples of monitoring include: • Monitoring a patient in a hospital for vital signs such as heart rate, temperature, etc. • Monitoring of intruders in a burglar alarm system. • Checking the temperature levels in a car engine. • Monitoring pollution levels in a river. • Figure 5.21 Monitoring/Control System 8/22/2021 22
- 23. Examples of control include • Examples of control applications • Turning streets light on at night and turning them off again during daylight • Regulating temperature in a central heating /air conditioning system • Changing the traffic lights at a road junction • Operating anti-lock brakes on a car when necessary • Regulating the environment in a green house • Figure 5.21 Monitoring/Control System 8/22/2021 23
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- 27. Circuit Design of Burglar Alarm System The IR transmitter or IR LED is connected to a current limiting resistor of 150Ω and connected to supply. It is placed at the maximum possible range from photo diode. The cathode of the photo diode is connected to supply while anode is connected to 10KΩ resistor. How do you build a burglar alarm circuit? https://getsafeandsound.com/2018/0 6/how-burglar-alarms-work/ 8/22/2021 27
- 28. Types of burglar alarm systems • Bells-only alarms make a noise, but don't contact anyone (such as the police or you). Dialer burglar alarms automatically dial your phone number, or that of nominated friends and family, when the alarm is triggered. Smart home-security systems contact you or family members when the alarm goes off through a smartphone or tablet app. A monitoring contract means you pay a company monthly or annually to take action or call the police if the alarm goes off. 8/22/2021 28
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- 30. • An acoustic wave sensor is an electronic device that can measure sound levels. • They called acoustic wave sensors because their detection mechanism is a mechanical (or acoustic) wave. • What is an acoustic sound? • Acoustics is the branch of physics concerned with the study of sound (mechanical waves in gases, liquids, and solids). A scientist who works in the field of acoustics is an acoustician. ... The ear itself is another biological instrument dedicated to receiving certain wave vibrations and interpreting them as sound • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MEVXZNlPrX4 8/22/2021 30
- 31. Infra red sensors • An infrared sensor is an electronic instrument that is used to sense certain characteristics of its surroundings. It does this by either emitting or detecting infrared radiation. Infrared sensors are also capable of measuring the heat being emitted by an object and detecting motion. • How does the infrared sensor work? • Active infrared sensors both emit and detect infrared radiation. • Active IR sensors have two parts: a light emitting diode (LED) and a receiver. When an object comes close to the sensor, the infrared light from the LED reflects off of the object and is detected by the receiver. • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zq51oZMzyP0 8/22/2021 31
- 32. What can IR sensors detect? • An infrared sensor is an electronic instrument that is used to sense certain characteristics of its surroundings. It does this by either emitting or detecting infrared radiation. Infrared sensors are also capable of measuring the heat being emitted by an object and detecting motion. 8/22/2021 32
- 33. Pressure Sensor • What is pressure sensor and how it works? • A works by converting pressure into an analogue electrical signal. The demand for pressure measuring instruments increased during the steam age. ... Nowadays we measure pressure electronically using pressure transducers and pressure switches • What does a pressure sensor detect? • A pressure sensor is a device for pressure measurement of gases or liquids. Pressure is an expression of the force required to stop a fluid from expanding, and is usually stated in terms of force per unit area. A pressure sensor usually acts as a transducer; it generates a signal as a function of the pressure imposed. https://www.youtube. com/watch?v=iru8tRw S7Yc 8/22/2021 33
- 34. Monitoring of patients in hospital In hospitals sensors are a form of electronic- based medical equipment used in almost all areas of medical practice. Their main function is to convert various forms of stimuli into electric signal for analysis that can be used to assist with surgery, scans, or diagnosing a patient. They can be used in CT and MRI scans to pick up complex signals that give doctors a full view of the patient’s body. 8/22/2021 34
- 35. Types of Sensors and their Uses • They are often used to monitor pulse rate, temperature, breathing rate, blood oxygen and blood pressure. Examples of different sensors and their uses include: • Biosensors – scans during pregnancy/ultrasound • Pressure sensors – oxygen concentrators • Temperature sensors – ventilators Image sensors – cardiology Some sensors need to be especially small, lightweight, and compatible with body mass, and require very little power to operate correctly, for instance implantable sensors. 8/22/2021 35
- 36. Advantages of Sensors in Hospitals • They can allow for a complete view of a patient’s body, which assists with surgery and finding a diagnosis. T hey help monitor different aspects of a patient’s health, which allows doctors to keep track of their condition and whether it improves or worsens. • Wireless Sensor Networks in Hospitals A wireless sensor network uses distributed automatic sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound, or pressure, and then pass their data through a network to one central location.In hospitals, there are two types of sensor networks used: wearable and implanted. Wearable devices are used externally - on the body surface of a human or just at close proximity of the person. Implanted are those that work from inside the body, where they have been inserted. They are used to collect information about a person’s health, fitness and energy. 8/22/2021 36
- 38. Control Applications • Control of street lighting • Traditional street light control systems only support manual control, photosensitive control, and simple timing control while the energy utilization rate is low and the operators cannot monitor the working state of the street lights in real time, which causes great inconvenience to management and maintenance. • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YKzeSwjcqKM 8/22/2021 38
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- 40. Activity 5.6 Draw a flow diagram to show the steps in how a microprocessor controls the switching off and on of a street lamp. Remember to include a method to stop the lamp switching on and off every few seconds. • Take the help from the link below https://www.google.com/search?q=block+diagram+of+street+li ght+control&rlz=1C1AVUA_enPK906PK906&hl=en&sxsrf=ALeKk 01lyMah3lGqz1dgh8pqEDsDZkG5ug:1594194886922&tbm=isch &source=iu&ictx=1&fir=9f0EaY7RRCw6aM%252CPWJszuzGM5e P_M%252C_&vet=1&usg=AI4_- kRyAOYrXow_njNPdpG1jsbxGrhvCw&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwid7L_f lr3qAhWDDewKHUG8BfIQ9QEwAXoECAoQHg&biw=1366&bih= 586 8/22/2021 40
- 41. Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) • The anti-lock braking system (ABS) comes as a standard safety feature in all modern cars. ... This is where the anti-lock braking system (ABS) comes in. It prevents the wheels from locking up and helps them maintain grip with the road below. ABS was first introduced as an anti-skid system for aircraft use in the 1950s 8/22/2021 41
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- 44. Activity 5.7 •Find out more details about how the ABS system works and how it is modified in modern systems such as traction control.Investigate other uses of magnetic field sensors. 8/22/2021 44
- 46. What do interactive whiteboards do? • An interactive whiteboard is a tool that allows multiple people to engage in a collaborative experience using a touchscreen to take notes, annotate content, and more. Many interactive whiteboards offer on-board programs that help to facilitate sharing and collaboration. What is smart interactive whiteboard? • An interactive whiteboard, also known as a smartboard, is an interactive display in the format of a whiteboard that reacts to user input either directly or through other devices. ... They can play various types of media and provide teachers with interactive lessons for their students. INTERACTIVE WHITEBOARD 8/22/2021 46
- 47. INTERACTIVE WHITEBOARD What are the advantages of interactive whiteboards? • Here Are Main Advantages of Interactive Whiteboard： • Improves Learning among Students and Employees. ... • Increases Engagement among Meeting Participants. ... • Enhances Collaboration. ... • Facilitates Better Communication. ... • Allows For Effective Annotation of Documents. ... • Allows For Interconnectivity with Mobile Devices. • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lLxVjw1yvRk 8/22/2021 47
- 48. 6 Best Interactive Whiteboards • Best Interactive Whiteboards. • Elite Screen WB6BU. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3yicKzbz050 • GoTouch Basichttps://www.horion.com/en/goods/ifp1?id=1&gclid=Cj0KCQjwl4 v4BRDaARIsAFjATPmxH_oqRTlO3I3k2_YQMi- FgeZlXkDWLzVOxlPlFVvHUklpiAixgIkaAl39EALw_wcB • Smart Tech Smart Board M600. https://support.smarttech.com/docs/hardware/interactive- whiteboards/smart-board-m600-and-m600v/en/home.cshtml • eBeam Smartmarker Complete. • Astar AWB-6,501. • IGCSE Computer Science Tutorial: 1.3.3 (j) – Interactive Whiteboards https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IO9XjIoVX5M 8/22/2021 48