Speed adaptive mobile ip over wireless

International Journal of Electronics and JOURNAL OF ELECTRONICS AND ISSN 0976 –
INTERNATIONAL Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET),
6464(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6472(Online) Volume 3, Issue 3, October- December (2012), © IAEME
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (IJECET)
ISSN 0976 – 6464(Print)
ISSN 0976 – 6472(Online)
Volume 3, Issue 3, October- December (2012), pp. 227-234
IJECET
© IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijecet.asp
Journal Impact Factor (2012): 3.5930 (Calculated by GISI) ©IAEME
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SPEED ADAPTIVE MOBILE IP OVER WIRELESS LAN

S.Mohan raja, Dr.G.Kalivarathanb
a
Research Scholar, CMJ University, Meghalaya, Shillong.
b
Principal/ PSN Institute of Technology and Science, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, Supervisor,
CMJ university, Shillong. Email:sakthi_eswar@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

This study focuses two reasonable contributions in the area of mobile network
communication aspects. The first one is the performance/moving speed relationship of Mobile IP
over wireless LAN. In this investigation, the rapid mobility of MIP over Wireless LAN is
emulated on a test bed. The performance of MIP over Wireless LAN at different moving speeds
is evaluated. The result shows that current MIP protocol is not suitable for rapid moving
environments. This dissertation analyzes the emulation results and depicts the relationship
between the performance and the moving speed of the mobile devices. This relationship is used
in a novel protocol, which is the second contribution, to improve the performance of MIP over
Wireless LAN in rapid moving environments. The second contribution is the Speed Adaptive
Mobile IP. In Speed Adaptive Mobile IP, Mobile Node’s registration message is extended by
speed extension. With the speed information popularized in the mobile IP network, the behavior
of Speed Adaptive Mobile IP will automatically adapt to the speed of the Mobile Node so that
the performance of Speed Adaptive Mobile IP won’t decline dramatically in a rapid moving
environment. At the same time, Speed Adaptive Mobile IP only cost reasonable resources that
are as much as enough for seamless handoff. The emulation result shows that the Speed Adaptive
MIP greatly improves the performance of MIP over Wireless LAN in rapid moving
environments.

Keywords: Adaptive mobile, IP, Wireless Lan, Test bed, Evaluation Computing Environment.

1.0 INTRODUCTION
The population living on the worldwide internet is exploding. Throughout history, the
economic wealth of people or a nation has been closely tied to efficient methods of
transportation. The transportation speed is becoming faster and faster. While TCP/IP
successfully overcomes the barriers of time and distance in a wired network, mobile IP is a

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International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), ISSN 0976 –

promising technology to eliminate the barrier of location for the increasing wireless internet
usage. Third generation (3G) services combine high speed mobile access with IP-based services.
With access to any service anywhere, anytime, from one terminal, the old boundaries between
communication, information sharing, media distribution will disappear. 3G enables users to
transmit voice, data, and even moving images whenever and wherever. But, 3G networks are not
based on only one standard, but a set of radio technology standards such as cdma2000, EDGE
and WCDMA. Mobile IP [Perk02] can be the common macro mobility management framework
to merge all these technologies in order to allow mobile users to roam between different access
networks. These radio technologies only need to handle Micro mobility issues such as radio
specific mobility enhancements. Mobile IP is different from other efforts for doing mobility
management in the sense that it is independent to any specific access technology [Mobi03].
Wireless local area networks (WLAN) have experienced incredible growth over recent years.
WLANs provide wireless users with an always-on, wireless connection to each other, to local
area networks (LAN), to wide area networks (WAN), and to the Internet. The major benefit of
WLANs over wired network is its flexibility and mobility [Kapp02]. There are currently two
major WLAN standards, and both operate using radio frequency (RF) technology. The two
standards have heretofore been colloquially referred to as 802.11b and 802.11a. 802.11b operates
in the radio frequency (RF) band between 2.4 and 2.485GHz while 802.11a operates between
5.15-5.35GHz and 5.725-5.825GHz. The performance of both 802.11b and 802.11a decreases as
your distance from the antenna increases. This degradation is neither linear nor granular. Instead,
each wireless specification has a handful of pre-defined bandwidth levels at which it can operate
(802.11b has four, while 802.11a has seven). Take 802.11b as an example. Within a closed
office, the bandwidth will drop from 11, 5.5, 2 to 1mbps when the distance increases from 25,
35, 40 to 50 meters. For outdoors, the bandwidth will drop from 11, 5.5, 2 to 1mbps when the
distance increases from 160, 270, 400 to 550 meters. So if you want to keep a high throughput,
you have to reduce the distance between access points. For example, to keep 5.5mbps when
outdoors, the distance between two access points should be no more than 500 meters. The
smaller the cell the higher the bandwidth you get. The use of current cellular/PCS high data rate
services for data networking is not economically feasible due to high usage costs. The success of
WLAN lies in the following factors. First, WLAN uses license-free band. 802.11b and 802.11g
use Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) 2.4GHz radio band while 802.11a operates in the 5
GHz National Information Infrastructure (UNII) radio band. Second, WLAN offers reasonably
high available data rates. 802.11b can transmit data up to 11 Mbps while 802.11g and 802.11a
can provide data rate up to 54Mbps. Finally, there are lots of commercially available WLAN
products around the world. Even though WLAN has been designed and used for mostly indoor
applications, the possible use of WLAN technologies for high mobility outdoor applications,
such as, telemetry, traffic surveillance, rescue operations, and outdoor data networking can
provide reasonably high data rates at minimal operational costs. For outdoor applications
WLANs provide support for link-layer handoff, which is used to switch a mobile node (MN)
from one access point (AP) to another. For WLANs connected by an IP backbone, Mobile IP
[Perk02] is the protocol for location management and network-layer handoff. These attractions
led us to investigate the performance of MIP over WLAN in outdoor rapid moving
environments.

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2.0Network Layer Handoff Management
Macro Mobility protocols aim to handle global moving of users. An example is mobile IP
[RFC3344]. Micro-mobility protocols are used to handle local moving (e.g., within a domain) of
mobile hosts without interaction with the Mobile IP enabled internet. Hierarchical MIP, Cellular
IP, IntraDomain Mobility Protocol (IDMP), HAWAII are examples of micro mobility protocols.

Fig. 1 Macro and Micro Mobility

3.0 Mobile IP
IP mobility support for IPv4 is specified in RFC3344. The Mobile IP protocols support
transparency above the IP layer, including maintenance of active TCP connections and UDP port
bindings. It allows a node to continue using its 'permanent' home address no matter where the
node physically attached to. Therefore, ongoing network connections to the node can be
maintained even as the mobile host is moving around the internet.
Mobile IP defines three functional entities where its mobility protocols must be
implemented: Mobile Node(MN), Home Agent(HA) and Foreign Agent(FA).
1. MN is a movable device whose software enables network roaming capabilities.
2. FA is a router that may function as the point of attachment for the MN when it roams to
a foreign network, delivering packets from the HA to the MN. Mobile IP works by allowing the
MN to be associated with two IP addresses: a home address and a dynamic, Care-of
Address(CoA). Home address is fixed IP address the MN gets from its home network. The CoA
is the termination point of the tunnel toward the MN when it is on a foreign network. CoA
changes at each new point of attachment to the Internet.
3. HA is a router on the home network serving as the anchor point for communication with
the MN; it tunnels packets from a device on the Internet, called a Correspondent Node(CN), to
the roaming MN. (A tunnel is established between the HA and a reachable point for the MN in
the foreign network.). The HA maintains an association between the home IP address of the MN
and its CoA, which is the current location of the MN on the foreign or visited network. The
MN’s movement is invisible to the CN. Figure 2 shows the three functional entities and routing
of datagrams transmitted from a MN away from home. When a MN moves, it finds an agent on
its local network by the Agent Discovery process. It listens for Agent Advertisement messages
sent out by FAs or HAs. If it doesn't hear these messages it can sent Agent Solicitation message
to ask for it. From the Agent Advertisement message, the MN determines whether it is on its

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home network or a foreign one. The MN works like any fixed node when it’s on its home
network. When the MN moves away from its home network, it obtains a CoA on the foreign
network. The MN registers each new CoA with its HA while away from home. This may be
done either directly between the MN and the HA, or indirectly using the FA as a conduit. The
packets from CN are tunneled by HA to FA then to the CoA. The packets from MN to CN are
either directly routed to the CN or reverse-tunneled from FA to HA then to the CN.

Fig. 2 Three functional entities of MIP
MIP has three main processes, Agent discovery, registration and tunneling.
3.1 Agent discovery
The Mobile IP agent discovery process makes use of ICMP Router Advertisement Protocol
(RFC 1256) and adds one or more MIP extensions. HAs and FAs periodically broadcast a router
advertisement ICMP messages with an advertisement extension. The router advertisement
portion of the message includes the IP address of the router. The advertisement extension
includes additional information such as lift time, care-of-address, etc. A MN listens for these
agent advertisement messages. If a MN needs to get a care-of address and does not want to wait
for that long time, the MN can broadcast or multicast an agent solicitation(also an ICMP
message) and then listens for the agent advertisement messages. Another important rule of agent
discovery process is movement detection. This can be done in two ways. One way is to make use
of Lifetime field in the agent advertisement message. When a MN receives an agent
advertisement from a FA that it is currently using or that it is now going to register to, it records
the lifetime field as a timer. If the timer expires before the agent receives another advertisement
from the agent, then the node assumes that it has lost contact with that agent. In this situation, the
MN may choose to wait for another advertisement or to send an agent solicitation. Another way
is to use network prefix. The MN checks whether any newly received agent advertisement is on
the same network as the current care-of address of the node. If it is not, the MN assumes that it
has moved and uses the new advertisement.
The MN can also get a collocated care-of-address acquired from a Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol (DHCP) server. In this case, the MN acts as its own FA.

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3.2 Registration
When a MN realizes that it is on a foreign network and has acquired a care-of-address, it
needs to notify the HA by sending a registration request message so that the HA can forward IP
packets between MN and CN. There are two kinds of registration messages, registration request
and registration reply, both sent to User Datagram Protocol (UDP) port 434. The MN sends the
request to the FA, which then relays the request to the home agent. If the MN is using a
collocated care-of-address, the MN sends its request directly to the HA, using collocated care-of-
address as the source IP address of the request.

4.0 HIERARCHICAL MIP
The Hierarchical Mobile IP (HMIP) employs a hierarchy of FAs to locally handle Mobile IP
registration. In this protocol MNs send mobile IP registration request messages to update their
respective location information. The Registration messages establish tunnels between
neighboring FAs along the path from the mobile host to a gateway foreign agent(GFA). Packets
addressed to mobile hosts travel through these tunnels from the GFA to MN. Figure 3-4
illustrates the operation of Hierarchical Mobile IP. The red dash arrow is a regional registration,
which only need to reach a local entity, GFA. The blue real arrow is a normal registration, which
have to traverse the whole network to the HA. For the purposes of managing hierarchical
tunneling the location register is maintained in a distributed form by a set of Mobility Agents
(MA), i.e. GFAs. Each MA reads the original destination address of the incoming

Fig.4 Hierarchical MIP
5.0 SPEED ADAPTIVE MIP AND ITS PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
The physical coverage of an IEEE 802.11-base wireless LAN is limited. To increase the coverage
of a wireless network, one can deploy multiple wireless LAN cells or segments in an overlapped fashion
where each cell is associated with an AP. AP serves as a layer-2 bridge between the high-speed wired
network and the wireless LAN. As MNs move in and out of these overlapped cells, they can associate
with the corresponding APs according to beacon signal strengths. In IEEE 802.11b-based networks, the
intelligence to measure signal strength and switch among network segments is built into the wireless LAN
NIC(Network Interface Card), which exposes various status and control information to the software
device driver. To enable cellular-like networking structure, wireless LAN NIC need to be configured to
run in the access point mode, which is also known as the infrastructure mode. Mobile IP provides MNs
the ability to roam across wireless IP subnets without loss of network-layer connectivity. Any network
application executing on a mobile host with mobile IP support can continue to run regardless of any
change in the mobile node’s point of attachment. With mobile IP, mobile nodes do not need to
reconfigure their IP addresses while migrating from home subnets to foreign subnets. A generic wired and
wireless network topology with which mobile IP operates is shown in Fig

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Fig. 5 Speed Adaptive MIP
In this topology, there are one HA and several FAs running on the wired network. The MN
is communicating with CN through the wireless link with AP1. The FAs periodically broadcast
mobile IP advertisements on the wireless LANs(message 1, 2, 3 and 4 in figure 5-1). Because
there no wireless link between the MN and AP2, AP3 and AP4, the mobile IP advertisements
messages 2, 3 and 4 can not be transferred to the MN. The mobile IP advertisements messages 1
can reach the MN. Since MN already registered on FA1, message 1 will be discarded by the MN.
Whenever the MN migrates from one subnet to another (foreign) subnet, it first needs to
establish wireless

6.0 Implementation of Speed Adaptive MIP
Mobile IP has three main entities, HA, FA and MN. HUT dynamic MIP implementation
version 0.8.1[Dyna], originally developed at Helsinki University of Technology (HUT), is a
scalable, dynamical, and hierarchical Mobile IP software for Linux operating system. The SA-
MIP is developed on HUT dynamic MIP implementation version 0.8.1.

6.1Home Agent
The HA implementation of SA-MIP is almost the same as HUT dynamic MIP except the
Registration Request validation check function. The following describes the basic functionalities
of HA.
The HA is responsible for encapsulating and forwarding packets to its MNs when they are
away from their Home Network. It also decapsulates and forwards tunneled packets originating
from its Mobile Nodes. The HA communicates with FAs and MNs using Berkeley IP sockets.
The HA listens to ICMP agent solicitation messages from MNs on a "packet" socket. ICMP
agent advertisement messages are sent in reply to these messages on the same socket. The HA
also listens to Registration Requests on a UDP socket (port 434 by default) originating from FAs
or MNs. If Registration Requests is validate a mobility binding for the requested Mobile Node
will be established or, if one already exists, updated. The request is then answered with an
corresponding Registration Reply.
When received of a Registration Request Message the HA performs a Registration Request
validation check process. It first looks up the shared secret for the corresponding MN. The

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shared secret is used to check the MAC of the request message. If a Mobility Binding for the MN
exists, then the timestamp in the request is checked to be greater than the one in the Mobility
Binding. If either of these checks fails the HA responds to the sender with a Registration Reply
indicating registration failure. If the checks succeed the HA determines the smaller lifetime value
of the one in the request and the HA's pre-configured maximum value. It then generates a
Session Key and creates a Mobility Binding consisting of the MN's address, its highest FA, the
identification timestamp and the Session Key. The HA then responds with a Registration Reply
indicating registration success. The message includes the same timestamp as the request, the
lifetime value, a MAC, the Session Key encrypted with the shared secret and the Session Key
encrypted with the highest FA's public key. The HA configures a tunnel between itself and the
highest FA and works as a proxy for the registered MN. If the lifetime in the request is set to
zero, the HA interprets this as a deregistration from the MN. On deregistration the HA purges the
tunnel configuration and stops the proxy ARP functionality for the MN’s address. If the FA
differs in a reregistration, a Registration Reply with a lifetime set to zero is sent to the previous
FA to indicate that the old tunnel should be torn down.
In order to focus on performance issues of mobile IP, we ignore the security check part. When
the HA checks the validation of the Registration Requests, the MN-HA authentication check is
comment out.

7.0 Evaluation of Speed adaptive extension for MIP
We evaluate the performance of SA-MIP over WLAN under the same scenario as in section 3.
Figure 5-10 amd 5-11 are the time-sequence graph at speed 60m/s(rh = 0.06)and 80m/s(rh =
0.08) and AP distance 1000m. The average throughput at different speed is listed

Table 1 Average throughput for speed-adaptive MIP
AP Bytes Travel Arg Handoff
Speed
distance transferred Time throughput Rate
(m/s)
(m) (kB) (s) (kB/s) (FAs/s)
20 1500 87000 403 215.83 0.02
40 1000 38190 201 190.32 0.04
60 1000 21150 141 150.23 0.06
80 1000 11210 95 118.17 0.08
10 500 86200 402 214.43 0.02
20 500 38119 201 189.65 0.04
30 500 21248 142 149.64 0.06
40 500 10177 86 118.34 0.08

CONCLUSION

The ways and means in which the speed adaptive mobile phones can be tracked with a
suitable environment according to the speedy movement of mobile devices is investigated with
relevant informations and it is found that according to the particular environment, any sort of
wireless lan can be operated dramatically and the fruitful outcomes are felt through proper
response and intensified environment in which the mobile phones are operated optimistically.

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Speed adaptive mobile ip over wireless

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