storage and handling of petroleum products

BEST AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES GUIDANCE DOCUMENT ON STORAGE AND HANDLING OF
PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
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BEST AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES GUIDANCE DOCUMENT ON
STORAGE AND HANDLING OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS

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FOREWORD
Best Available Techniques Economically Achievable (BAT) document had been
prepared as a guidance notes for the nine (9) major industries in Malaysia and to
support the implementation of the new Environmental Quality (Clean Air)
Regulations 20xx. These documents were prepared based on the latest state-of-
the-art technologies, internationally accepted limit values but had been adjusted
and tailored to local requirements.
BAT is defined as the effective methods in preventing pollution and, where
generally that is not practicable, to reduce emissions from industrial activities
and their impact on the environment. This definition implies that BAT not only
covers the technology used but also the way in which the installation is operated,
to ensure a high level of environmental protection. Implementations of BAT in
any specific industrial sectors are under economically and technically viable
condition.
It is hope that the technical contents of these documents will prove beneficial to
the industries in their endeavour to comply with the environmental regulations
and standards through more cost-efficient means. In the identification of BAT,
emphasis is placed on pollution prevention techniques rather than end-of-pipe
treatment. These documents will be reviewed and updated from time to time.
These documents have been prepared in consultations with the University of
Malaya Consultancy Unit (UPUM), Malaysia German Technical Cooperation (GTZ)
and the relevant industries/stakeholders. The Department of Environment
wishes to record appreciation to representatives of the relevant industrial
sectors, government agencies and individuals for their invaluable input.
DATO’ HALIMAH HASSAN
Director General
Department the Environment, Malaysia

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES ii
LIST OF FIGURES ii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS iii
1.0 PREFACE 1
1.1 Status of This Document 1
1.2 Definition of BAT 1
1.3 Objective of This Document 3
1.4 Information Sources 3
1.5 How to Use This Document 4
2.0 OVERVIEW ON STORAGE AND HANDLING OF PETROLEUM
PRODUCT
2.1 Refinery 6
2.2 Fuel Terminal 7
2.3 Distribution of Petroleum Products 8
3.0 SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS
3.1 Contribution to Total Emissions 10
3.2 Process Descriptions 12
4.0 EMISSION CONTROL OPTIONS
4.1 Underground Tanks 14
4.2 Internal Floating Roof Tanks 14
4.3 Fixed Roof Tanks 15
4.4 External Floating Roofs 10
4.5 Pressurised Vessels 17
5.0 RECOMMENDED PRACTICES AND EMISSION VALUES
5.1 Prevention of Leakage through Tank Bottoms 18
5.2 Other Good Storage and Practices 19
6.0 EMISSION REDUCTION TECHNIQUES 21
7.0 EMISSION MONITORING AND REPORTING 25
REFERENCES 27

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Location of Oil Refineries in Malaysia 10
Table 2: Prevention of Leakage through Tank Bottoms 18
Table 3: Control Options for the Abatement of NMVOC Emissions 21
Table 4: Emission Source and Selected NMVOC control 22
Measures with Achievable Emission Factors for Mineral
Oil Refineries
Table 5: Emission Sources and Selected NMVOC Control 23
Measures with Achievable Emission Factors for
the Extraction and Distribution of Fossil Fuels
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Location of Malaysian Ports 8
Figure 2: Flowchart Showing Potential Emissions Resulting 11
from Storage and Transfer Facilities

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ADO -
AVGAS - High Octane Aviation Fuel
BAT - Best Available Techniques
BREF - Best Available Technique Reference
CAR - Clean Air Regulation
DOE - Department of Environment
IFRT - Internal Floating Roof Tanks
IPPC - Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control
kg/h - kilogram per hour
kPa - kilopascal
LPG - Liquid Petroleum Gas
mbarg - meter bar gauge
MFO - Medium Fuel Oil
mg/Nm3
- milligram per cubic meter at standard temperature
(273K) and pressure (1atm)
NMVOCs - Non Methane Volatile Organic Compounds
ppmv - Part per million of volume
ULG -
VOCs - Volatile Organic Compounds

BEST AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES REFERENCE DOCUMENT ON STORAGE AND HANDLING OF
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1.0 PREFACE
1.1 Status of This Document
This document forms a part of a series presenting the guidance notes for
selected industries in Malaysia (list given at the end of this preface) to apply
best available techniques economically achievable (BAT), associated
monitoring and developments in them. This series is published by the
Department of Environment (DOE) in accordance to the Environmental
Quality (Clean Air) Regulations 2014 (CAR 2014).
1.2 Definition of BAT
In order for the user of this document to understand the legal context of this
document, the interpretation on the definition of BAT is taken from Regulation
2 – Interpretation of CAR 2014 and described as below:
“Best Available Techniques Economically Achievable” means the
effective methods in preventing pollution and, where that is not practicable,
generally to reduce emissions in the air from the industrial activities and their
impact on the environment as a whole. In this regard:
“Techniques” includes both the technology used and the way in which
the facility is designed, built, maintained, operated and decommissioned;
“Available Techniques” means those techniques that are accessible to
the occupier and that are developed on a scale that allows implementation in
the relevant industrial sector, under economically and technically viable
conditions, taking into consideration the costs and advantages; and
“Best” means effective in achieving a high general level of protection of
the environment as a whole;
On the basis of this assessment, techniques, and as far as possible emission
and consumption levels associated with the use of BAT, are presented in this
document that are considered to be appropriate to the sector as a whole and

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in many cases reflect current performance of some installations within the
sector. Where emission or consumption levels “associated with best available
techniques” are presented, this is to be understood to mean those levels
representing the environmental performance that could be expected as a
result of the application, of the techniques described, taking into account the
balance of costs and advantages inherent within the definition of BAT.
However, they are neither emission nor consumption limit values and should
not be understood as such.
In some cases it may be technically possible to achieve better emission or
consumption levels but due to the costs involved or cross media
considerations, they are not considered to be appropriate as BAT for the
sector as a whole. However, such levels may be considered to be justified in
more specific cases where there are special driving forces.
The emission and consumption levels associated with the use of BAT have to
be seen together with any specified reference conditions (e.g. averaging
periods).
The concept of “levels associated with BAT” described above is to be
distinguished from the term “achievable level” used elsewhere in this
document. Where a level is described as “achievable” using a particular
technique or combination of techniques, this should be understood to mean
that the level may be expected to be achieved over a substantial period of
time in a well maintained and operated installation or process using those
techniques.
The actual cost of applying a technique will depend strongly on the specific
situation such as taxes, fees, and the technical characteristics of the
installation concerned. It is not possible to evaluate such site-specific
economic viability of techniques drawn from observations on existing
installations.

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The purpose of CAR 2014 is to achieve prevention and control of pollution
arising from activities listed in its First Schedule and Second Schedule. More
specifically, it provides for a notification system for certain categories of
industrial installations to conduct an integrated and comprehensive view of the
pollution and consumption potential of their installation. The overall aim is to
ensure a high level of protection of the environment as a whole based on
appropriate preventative measures through the application of BAT.
1.3 Objective of This Document
The „emission minimization principle‟ as cited in CAR 2014 requires that the
goal of emission abatement is to achieve minimum emissions as a result of
applying current BAT. Hence this guideline document is meant to provide the
reference information for the permitting authorities to take into account when
determining permit conditions. This document should serve as valuable input
to achieve better environmental performance.
1.4 Information Sources
The information is mainly based on the European IPPC BREF document
where the assessment was achieved through an iterative process involving
the following steps:
 identification of the key environmental issues for the sector
 examination of the techniques most relevant to address those key
issues;
 identification of the best environmental performance levels, on the
basis of the available data world-wide;
 examination of the conditions under which these performance levels
were achieved; such as costs, cross-media effects, main driving
forces involved in Implementation of these techniques;

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 selection of the BAT and the associate emission and/or
consumption levels for this sector
1.5 How to Use This Document
It is intended that the general BAT in this document could be used to judge
the current performance of an existing installation or to judge a proposal for a
new installation and thereby assist in the determination of appropriate BAT
based conditions for that installation. It is foreseen that new installations could
be designed to perform at or even better than the general BAT levels
presented here. It is also considered that many existing installations could
reasonably be expected, over time, to move towards the general "BAT" levels
or perform better. This reference document does not set legally binding
standards, but they are meant to give information for the guidance of industry,
the relevant government bodies and the public on achievable emission and
consumption levels when using specified techniques.
The structure of the guideline document is as follows:
An overview of each particular sector in the Malaysian context is firstly
covered briefly followed by process description, process optimization, sources
of pollution, emission control options, recommended practices and emission
values and finally emission monitoring and reporting. More often than not,
trade-off judgements between different types of environmental impacts and
specific site condition are the influencing factors.
Another important point to note is that BAT change over time and this
guidance document needs to be reviewed and updated as appropriate.

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2.0 OVERVIEW ON STORAGE AND HANDLING OF PETROLEUM
PRODUCTS
2.1 Refinery
2.1.1 Storage of Petroleum Products
Crude oil, petroleum intermediates and final products are transferred to, in
and from refineries, through marine terminals, via pipeline or rail vehicles.
Between these movements, the products are stored in tanks. Storage tanks
are used throughout the refining process to store crude oil, other raw
materials and intermediate process feeds. Finished petroleum products are
also kept in storage tanks before transport off site. Tanks are also needed to
accommodate blocked-out operation of processing units, to link continuous
refinery processes with discontinuous ones. Consequently, storage is an
essential part of a refinery. Blending systems are also used in refineries to
prepare feed streams to individual refinery units and to produce finished
products to be sold.
2.1.2 Handling of Petroleum Products
Feed blending may be applied to prepare the optimum feed stream to a
refinery unit, thereby ensuring the optimum performance of the refinery unit.
For example, a refiner processes a mixture of four different low-sulphur
crudes in his atmospheric distillation unit. The feed blend is selected so that
the throughput in the distillation unit and further downstream units are
optimized/maximized with the objective of maximizing overall profit.
Alternatively, it also happens that the different quality crude‟s are processed
separately for a short period in so-called “block-out” operations.
Product blending is applied to produce an optimum mix of finished refinery
products. The majority of the product streams as produced in different refinery
units, normally identified as an intermediate product stream, can be blended

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into more than one finished product stream. For example kerosene product is
normally blended into diesel oil, light heating oil and even heavy fuel oil, with
the reminder blended into the jet fuel oil. The amount of kerosene allocated to
the different product is selected so that product demands and specifications
are met with the objective of maximizing overall profit. Blending products
involves mixing the products in various proportions to meet specifications
such index, initial boiling point and pour point and to add distinctive smells
(LPG).
2.2 Fuel Terminal
2.2.1 Storage of Petroleum Products
The end product from the refineries will be stored at fuel terminal before
distribute to customers. The fuel terminal receives stores and handles product
such as AVGAS, MFO, ADO, ULG etc. The petroleum products receive from
the refineries through vessels or pipelines. The petroleum products were
stored in the various types of storage tank depends on the product and
design of respective terminal. The entire tank farm is bunded with each bund
has the capacity to contain the entire quantity from the biggest tank plus 10%
of the biggest tank content.
2.2.2 Handling of Petroleum Products
Petroleum products can be divided into volatile (i.e. gasoline) and non-volatile
(i.e. fuel oil and lubricants) products. Without proper precautions and
appropriate procedures, handling petroleum products could result in casualty
or product‟s degradation. At fuel terminal, daily dip of storage tank to monitor
stock movement and product losses and at the same time check the present
of water in the product were conducted. Also, daily check of the storage tanks
and pipeline were conducted to prevent leakage or spillage.

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2.3 Distribution of Petroleum Products
2.3.1 Port/offshore activities
At the port, all petroleum products from the refinery storage tanks were
transfer into vessels for distribution. Eventually, the products will be
distributed to local and overseas market. Location of Malaysian ports are as
shown in Figure 1
Source: The National Maritime Portal
Figure 1: Location of Malaysian Ports
2.3.1.1 Distribution to the In Land Customer
The distribution of the petroleum products to inland customers normally via
road tankers. The product transfer from the storage tank to road tanker at the
lorry loading gantry. The loading gantry points either using bottom loading or
top loading depends on the design of the road tanker receiving point.

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2.3.1.2 Bunkering at Jetty
For bunkering process, petroleum product is transferred from storage tank at
the fuel terminal through pipeline via jetty. The flexible hoses for connection
from the vessel to the jetty facilities are used depends on the product to be
transferred.
3.0 SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS
3.1 Contribution to Total Emissions
Emissions arise as a result of evaporation from storage tanks, the
displacement of vapour during volume changes, loading and unloading and
spillage. Figure 2 identifies the possible gaseous and liquid emissions and
residues resulting from the storage and transfer of liquid materials. For each
storage and transfer category the relevant operational activities and possible
events/incidents which can result in emissions are listed.
Emissions from the storage and handling of intermediates and products
typically contribute to between 1% and 6% of a country‟s total NMVOC
emissions from anthropogenic source.
3.1.1 Mineral Oil Refineries
Mineral oil refining is one of the important economic activities in Malaysia.
The gaseous pollutant emissions from refinery operations may contribute to
our air quality. Table 1 shows the locations of currently existing oil refineries
in Malaysia.

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Table 1: Location of Oil Refineries in Malaysia
Oil Refineries Locations
Petronas Penapisan (Terengganu) Sdn Bhd Kerteh, Terengganu
Petronas Penapisan (Melaka) Sdn Bhd Tangga Batu, Melaka
Malaysia Refining Company Sdn Bhd Tangga Batu, Melaka
Shell Refining Company (FOM) Bhd Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan
Esso (Malaysia) Bhd Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan

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Figure 2: Flowchart Showing Potential Emissions Resulting from
Storage and Transfer Facilities
GASEOUS STREAMS TO: AIR
VAPOUR RETURN SYSTEMS
VAPOUR TREATMENT SYSTEMS
Transfer
Operational : Systems Filling
Draining
Cleaning
Pigging
Purging
Sampling (open,
semi-closed)
(Dis) Connecting
Opening
Fugitive emissions
Incidents: Leakage
Storage Tanks
Operational : Draining
Cleaning
Sampling (open,
semi-closed)
Incidents: Overfill
Leakage
Transfer
Operational : Cleaning
Pigging
Sampling (open,
semi-closed)
(Dis) Connecting
Opening
Pressure relief
Incidents: Overfill
Leakage
TRANSFER
LIQUID STREAM TO: OPEN AND CLOSED COLLECTION SYSTEMS,
WASTE WATER TREATMENT, SOIL & SURFACE WATER, RESIDUES
3rd
PARTY
TANKS
(UN)LOADING
Ships
Drums
Isocontainer
Ships
Barges
Rail Cars
Trucks
Storage Tanks
Operational : Tank Filling
Emptying/Draining
Cleaning
Purging/Blanketing
Manual Gauging
Sampling (open,
semi-closed)
Breathing/Standing
Fugitive emissions
Incidents: Overfill
Leakage
STORAGE IN TANKS

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3.2 Process Description
The crude oil storage systems can be located either at separate oil terminal or
within the refinery complex. More than 50% of the refinery area is occupied by
oil movement facilities. Storage tanks can be divided into four main types:-
a. Pressure Vessels
b. Fixed roof tanks
c. Fixed roof tank with floating cover
d. Fixed roof tank with floating roof tanks
i) Pressure vessels are normally used to store gases at high pressure
(>91 kPa e.g LPG) Fixed roof tank can be open to atmosphere, or
designed as a pressure tank, with several classes of allowed pressure
build-up, from 20 mbarg (low pressure) to 60 mbarg (high pressure).
The pressure tanks are provided with pressure/vacuum relief valves to
prevent explosions and implosions, the vacuum setting being –6
mbarg. Floating roof tanks are constructed in such a way that the roof
floats on the liquid, and moves with the liquid level (>14kPa to <19
kPa).
ii) Above-ground storage tanks are used at refineries for holding either
the raw feedstock or end-products generated by the refinery processes
(gasoline, diesel, fuel oil).
Underground storage tanks are used much less frequently at refineries-
primarily for storing fuel for onsite boilers and vehicles, or for capturing
liquids at low level drain points.
iii) Blending can be carried out in-line or in batch blending tanks. An in-line
blending system consists of a manifold where individual streams are
blended on flow control, and the blend ratio is normally controlled and
optimized by a computer.

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iv) Batch blending involves mixing the feed streams in a blend tank, from
where the relevant process units are fed. The same applies to
intermediate product streams, which are first sent to intermediate
storage tanks, from where they are batch blended into the final product
tanks.
v) Additives and odorants. The odorant is stored as a liquid, normally in
fixed tanks. The odorant is not added to the gas stream prior to
liquefaction but is usually added to the LPG whilst the LPG is being
loaded into the delivery tankers, although in-tank odorizing is also
carried out. Allowance may be made for any residual mercaptans
already present in the LPG. The pump addition rate is carefully
controlled. In the case of liquid propane, methanol may be added with
the odorizing agent in order to prevent hydrate icing in propane
evaporators.
vi) Pipes, valves and auxiliary systems, such as vacuum recovery units
are found throughout a refinery. Gases, liquids and even solids are
transferred from unit operation to unit operation by pipes. Process
pipes are normally over ground but some pipes are under ground.
4.0 EMISSION CONTROL OPTIONS
4.1 Underground Tanks
Achieved environmental benefits
 VOC emissions from underground tanks are very low or non-existent.
The main reasons are: the temperature of the underground storage
tank is low and stable, the product is under pressure and the breathing
gases from the underground storage tank are not led to atmosphere
but to other cavers.
 The land above underground storage tanks is free for other purposes.
 Improve safety

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4.2 Internal Floating Roof Tanks (IFRT)
Internal floating roof tank. Emissions primarily occur during standing storage,
with an additional contribution from withdrawal emissions. In addition to the
rim seal area and roof fitting penetrations, sources of standing loss from
internal floating roof tanks include bolted seams in the floating roof. Some
techniques that might be applied to IFRT are :
2 The replacement of primary/secondary seals with tighter seals, which
can also reduce the VOC emissions
3 Drain design on floating roof tanks to avoid hydrocarbon contamination
of rainwater
Achieved environment benefits
Reduction of VOC emissions. Conversion of fixed roof tanks to internal
floating roof and seals to minimize evaporation of the product being stored.
The control efficiency of this method ranges from 60 to 99% depending on
the type of roof and seals installed and the true vapour pressure of the liquid
stored.
Cross-media effects
The net storage capacity of a fixed roof tank is reduced by approximately 10
%.
4.3 Fixed-roof Tanks
The fixed-roof tank can give rise to emissions in the following ways:
 Filling losses; during tank filling the existing tank vapour space, which
is more or less saturated with vapour, is expelled to the atmosphere,

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while when tank is emptied the incoming air is slowly saturated with
vapours, which are then expelled by subsequent filling and breathing.
Generally those emissions are greater than standing emissions. A
technique to reduce VOC from those tanks is to reduce VOC from
those tanks is to increase the storage pressure by blanketing.
 Breathing losses; during storage of the liquid there will be vapour
emissions from tank breathing caused by the difference in night and
day temperatures and by changes in atmospheric pressure. To a
certain extent, pressure controllers and insulation can prevent
breathing losses.
 Vapours released during water draining.
The techniques that are considered to reduce emissions from fixed roof tanks
are:
 A technique to reduce VOC from those tanks is to blanket them
 Installation of an internal floating roof.
Achieved environmental benefits
The installation of an internal floating roof in fixed-roof tanks can reduce VOC
emissions up to 90%
4.4 External Floating Roofs
External floating roof tanks- Filling and breathing losses are greatly
diminished in comparison with fixed roof tanks, but the following vapour
losses are inherent to this type of tank:
 Standing storage emissions from floating roof tanks include rim seal
and roof-fitting emissions, which result from stock vapour pressure
changes due to temperature, and pressure variations but more
importantly wind effects as well as openings in the roof. The influence

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of wind effects is not a factor on internal floating roof tanks. Standing
emissions on external floating roof tanks are generally much more
significant than withdrawal emissions.
 Wetting losses; by evaporation of liquid from the wet wall, when the
level of the liquid is lowered by discharge
 Vapours released during water draining
 In many cases, for an external floating roof tank, the emissions through
fitting can exceed the rim seal losses especially on tanks with
secondary seals. In term of fitting losses, the major source is from the
slotted stillwell.
External floating roof tanks are used to store crudes, light products and
intermediate stocks having a vapour pressure of more than 14kPa but less
than 86 kPa at normal storage temperature. Techniques to minimize
emissions there include:
 Installing wipers at the floating deck
 Sleeves around the pipe, incorporating still well wipers
 Floaters with wipers inside the slotted pipe
 Land as infrequently as possible the floating roof tanks to avoid
unnecessary vapour releases.
4.5 Pressurised vessels
Pressurised vessel such as bullets and spheres are often fitted with pressure
relief valves, which vent to atmosphere or flare. VOC emissions can occur if
these valves or by-pass block valves have internal leaks.

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5.0 RECOMMENDED PRACTICES AND EMISSION VALUES
5.1 Prevention of Leakage through Tank Bottoms.
The following techniques can be considered in the determination of BAT for
prevention of leakage through tank bottoms are as shown in Table 2.
Table 2: Prevention of Leakage through Tank Bottoms
Prevention technique Description
Double tank bottoms Installing a second impervious bottom to a tank provides a
measure of protection against non-catastrophic releases due to
corrosion, faulty weld joints, or flaws in the bottom material or the
construction details. In addition to containment, the secondary
bottom provides a means of allowing detection of a bottom leak
which is not obviously visible to an operator, as a similar shell
defect would be.
Impervious membrane
liners
It is a continuous leak barrier under the entire bottom surface of
the tanks. It can be an alternative to a double bottom or it can be
added as extra measure of safety below the double bottom. It is
primarily intended to arrest the small but persistent leak rather
than address a catastrophic failure of the entire tank. The
minimum thickness of the flexible membrane is 1 mm, although
1.5 to 2 mm thick sheets are commonly used. The membranes
need to be chemically resistant to the product stored in the tank.
Leak detection Leaks through a tank bottom can be detected by a leak detection
system. Conventional system includes inspection port, inventory
control and inspection wells. Some techniques to consider are :
1. Equipping storage tanks with overflow alarms and
automatic pump shut-offs.
2. Installing double bottoms with integrated leak detection
systems on tanks where practicable.
Cathodic protection To avoid corrosion on the underside of the tank bottom, tanks
can be equipped with cathodic corrosion protection.
Avoid soil and groundwater contamination and air emissions due
to the prevention of corrosion.

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5.2 Other Good Storage Practices
Proper material handling and storage minimizes the possibility of spill, leaks
and other losses which result in waste, air emissions and emissions to water.
Some good storage practices are:
 Use larger containers instead of drums. Larger containers are reusable
when equipped for top and bottom discharge, whereas drums have to
be recycled or disposed of as waste. Bulk storage can minimize the
chances of leaks and spills as compared to drums. Applicability: safe
disposal of un-refillable large containers can be a problem.
 Reduce generation of empty oil drums. Bulk purchasing (via tank truck)
of frequently used oils and filling tote bins as intermediate storage.
Personnel could then transfer the oils from the tote bin to reusable
drums, buckets, or other containers. This would reduce the generation
of empty drums and their associated handling costs.
 Storage of drums off the floor to prevent corrosion through spills or
concrete „sweating‟.
 Keeping containers closed except when removing material.
 Practice corrosion monitoring, prevention and control in underground
piping and tank bottom.
 Tanks for storage of ballast water may cause large VOC emissions.
They can be therefore equipped with a floating roof. Those tanks are
also relevant as equalizing tanks for the waste water treatment system.
 Vents from sulphur storage tanks to pass to sour gas or other
arrestment system.

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 Vent collection and ducting from tank farms to central abatement
procedures.
 Install self-sealing hose connections or implement line draining
procedures.
 Install barriers and/or interlock system to prevent damage to equipment
from the accidental movement or driving away of vehicles (road or rail
tank cars) during loading operations.
 Implement procedures to ensure that arms are not operated until
inserted fully into the container to avoid splashing where top loading
arms are used.
 Apply instrumentation or procedures to prevent overfilling of tanks.
 Install level alarms independent of normal tank gauging system.
6.0 EMISSION REDUCTION TECHNIQUES
The emission reduction techniques are as summarized in the following
Tables 3, Table 4 and Table 5.

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Table 3 Control Options for the Abatement of NMVOC Emissions
Source: Guidance Document on control techniques for Emission of VOC from Stationary Source
Characteristics of reference
installation
Control Options Abated mass flow
(MgNMVOC/Year)
Mineral oil refineries: Petroleum products processing
Refinery; capacity: 5,000,000
Mg crude/year;
Operating time:8,000 h/year
Quarterly monitoring, repair and
replacement and routing of pressure relief
systems to closed systems and use of
closed-loop sampling systems
1,100
Completely closed waste-water collection
and treatment system control
180
Incineration of non-condensable
emissiofrom blowdown systems and gas
collection systems in a flare
9600
Recovery of other condensable vent
emissions (absorption, carbon
adsorption)
500
Mineral oil refineries; storage and handling of petroleum products in refinery
Fixed-roof tank;
Diameter: 40 m;
High vapour pressure :
VP> 10 kPA; operating time:
8,000 h/year
Improved operational procedures and
external paint finish of light shade
50
Conversion to internal floating-roof tank 4,100
Vapour balancing and recovery 3,700
External floating-roof tank;
diameter : 40 m;
High vapour pressure: VP>
10kPa;
Operating time: 8,000 h/year
Improved operational procedures and
improved primary seal and secondary
seal and roof fitting controlled and
external paint finish of light shade
Throughput:
8,800 m3/year;
8 double-walled underground
tanks, 16 refuelling nozzles;
already equipped with stage I
control; operating time: 8,760
h/year
Stage II control 10

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Table 4: Emission Sources and Selected NMVOC control measures with
Achievable Emission Factors for Mineral Oil Refineries.
Emission source Combination of control
measures
Achievable emission
factor for NMVOC
Storage and handling of petroleum products in mineral oil refineries
Fixed-roof tank
Low vapour pressure (0
<VP< 10 kPa)
Conversion from fixed-roof to
internal floating-roof tank
1-3 g/Mg throughput
High vapour pressure ( VP
> 10 kPa)
Conversion from fixed-roof to
internal floating-roof tank
10-40 g/Mg throughput
Vapour balancing and recovery 150-160 g/Mg throughput
External floating-roof tank
Low vapour pressure
(0<VP< 10 kpa)
Improved operational
procedures and improved
primary seal and secondary seal
and controlled roof fitting and
external paint of light shade
0.5 -2 g/MG throughput
High vapour pressure (VP
>10 kPa)
Improved operational
Internal floating-roof tank
Low vapour pressure Improved operational
1-3 g/Mg throughput
High vapour pressure Improved operational
Source: Guidance Document on control techniques for Emission of VOC from Stationary Source

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Table 5: Emission Sources and Selected NMVOC Control Measures
with Achievable Emission Factors for the Extraction and
Distribution of Fossil Fuels
Emission source Combination activities
measures
Achievable emission
factor for NMVOC
Offshore activities (liquid fossil fuels)
Combined oil and gas
facilities, facilities producing
oil only
Gas removal during drilling and
flaring instead of venting and
recovery systems for loading and
transport
150 g/Mg crude oil
extracted
Land-based activities (gaseous fossil fuels)
Facility producing gas or gas
terminal
Gas removal during drilling 1.5 g/Mm
3
gas
Marine terminals (liquid fossil fuels excluding petrol)
Crude oil storage and
handling in external floating-
roof tanks, ballasting of oil
tankers
Vapour balancing 40 g/Mg crude oil
Other handling and storage ( liquid fossil fuels excluding petrol)
Fixed-roof tank storing low
vapour pressure products
Vapour balancing and improved
inspection and maintenance
80 g/Mg fuel
External floating-roof tank
storing high pressure
products and crude oil
Vapour balancing and improved
10 g/Mg fuel
Mineral oil refinery dispatch stations (petrol)
Loading of ocean ship Modified top loading technique
and vapour return and recovery
system
30 g/Mg petrol
Loading of barge Modified to top loading technique
and vapour return and recovery
system
70 g/Mg petrol
Loading of rail tanker Top-submerged loading
technique and vapour return and
recovery system
75 g/Mg petrol
Loading of road tanker Bottom loading technique and
vapor return and recovery system
60 g/Mg petrol
Transport and depots (petrol)

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22
Unloading of dedicated or
switch loaded cargo tank at
marketing depot or border
terminal,
Submerged loading into
road tanker
Fixed-roof tank retrofitted with
internal floating cover or floating-
roof tank and white painted tank
shell
700 g/Mg petrol
Vapour balance line between
tank and loading gantry and
vapour recovery unit or
combustion in a thermal oxidation
unit
300-400 g/Mg petrol
Service stations
Service station without
abatement device
Stage I and II control 200 g/Mg petrol
Service station equipped
with stage I control
Stage II control 200 g/Mg petrol
Local gas distribution
Jointed pipes
Small diameter : Pressure
P<0.075 hPa
Reduced number of flanges,
valves etc and improved
400 g/year/km
Medium diameter : pressure
0.075 <P<2 hPa
valves, etc and improved
4 g/year/km
Large diameter : Pressure
2<P<7 hPa
valves, etc and improved
20 g/year/km
Welded pipes
Small diameter : pressure
P<0.075 hPa
Improved inspection and
maintenance
0.40 g/year/km
Medium diameter: pressure
0.075<P<2 hPa
maintenance
0.004 g/year/km
Larger diameter: pressure
2<P< 7 hPa
maintenance
0.020 g/year/km

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23
7.0 EMISSION MONITORING AND REPORTING
 Several monitoring systems, using both continuous and periodic
measurement methods, are available. However, quality
measurements vary. Measurements are to be carried out by
qualified institutes using measuring and monitoring systems that
meet international standards. To this end, a certification system can
provide the best assurance.
 In framework of modern and automated monitoring systems and
process control equipment, reporting does create a problem. The
collection of data for further use is a state-of-the-art technique.
However, data to be reported to competent authorities differ from
case to case. To obtain better comparability, data sets and
prescribing regulations should be harmonized. Harmonization is
also desirable for quality assurance of measuring and monitoring
systems. This should be taken into account when comparing data.
 To prevent discrepancies and inconsistencies, key issues and
parameters, including the following, must be well defined:
a. Definition of standards expressed as ppmv, mg/Nm3
, g/Gj,
kg/h or kg/Mg of product. Most of these units need to be
calculated and need specification in terms of temperature,
humidity, pressure, oxygen content or heat input values;
b. Definition of the period over which standards are to be
averaged, expressed as hours, months or a year, and of the
measuring method.
c. Definition of failure times and corresponding emergency
regulations regarding bypass of monitoring systems or
shutdown of the installation.
d. Definition of methods for backfilling data missed or lost as a
result of equipment failure;
e. Definition of the parameter set to be measures. Depending
on the type of industrial process, the necessary information

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may differ. This also involves the location of the
measurement point within the system.

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25
REFERENCES
1. European Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Bureau
(EIPPCB), (July 2006). Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference
Document on Emissions from Storage. Joint Research Centre, Institute
of Prospective Technological Studies, EIPPCB

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