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Subspace based Approach for Online System Identification and Damage Detection of Building Structures under Seismic Events

N
National Chung Hsing University

The document discusses a subspace-based approach for online system identification and damage detection in building structures during seismic events, presented by Shieh-Kung Huang, an assistant professor at the National Chung Hsing University. It covers structural health monitoring (SHM) methodologies, the subspace identification technique, and advancements in real-time analysis of structural health assessments using artificial intelligence and sensor technology. Additionally, it highlights the importance of SHM in preventing infrastructure collapse during earthquakes, referencing various significant seismic incidents.

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Subspace-based Approach for Online System Identification and Damage Detection of Building Structures under Seismic Events Shieh-Kung Huang Presenter: Shieh-Kung Huang 1 Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang
Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang SHIEH-KUNG HUANG Autobiography 2 • Employment History − Assistant Professor Structural Engineering, National Chung Hsing University (NCHU) Feb, 2021 – Present Taichung, Taiwan • Education − National Taiwan University, Ph.D. Department of Structural Engineering Aug, 2014 – Jul, 2019 Taipei, Taiwan − National Taiwan University, M.S. Department of Structural Engineering Aug, 2005 – Jul, 2007 Taipei, Taiwan − Chung-Yuan Christian University, B.S. Department of Civil Engineering Aug, 2000 – Jul, 2005 Taoyuan, Taiwan
Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang SHIEH-KUNG HUANG Research Scope 3 • Smart Structure • Structural Health Monitoring • Damage Detection • Sensor Technology • Advanced Experimental Techniques • Structure Control • Signal Processing • Artificial Intelligence • Earthquake Early Warning E-mail: skhuang@nchu.edu.tw Website: https://huangsk.wixsite.com/mysite ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Shieh_Kung_Huang
Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang OUTLINE 4 • Motivation • Part I: Introduction of Structure Health Monitoring (SHM) • Part II: Evaluation Methodology (Subspace Identification) • Part III: Experiment Verification • Conclusion Courtesy of James V. Candy, 2019
Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang MOTIVATION Collapse Building, Bridge, or Infrastructure during Earthquake 5 • 2023 Turkey–Syria Earthquake • 2005 Kashmir earthquake • 2017 Puebla (Mexico) earthquake • Building Collapsing due to Earthquakes
Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang MOTIVATION Structure Health Monitoring (SHM) 6 courtesy of Vahid Reza Gharehbaghi et al. (2022). A Critical Review on Structural Health Monitoring: Definitions, Methods, and Perspectives. courtesy of Arman Malekloo et al. (2022). Machine learning and structural health monitoring overview with emerging technology and high-dimensional data source highlights. • What is structural health monitoring (SHM) in Civil Engineering?
Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang INTRODUCTION OF SHM Typical SHM in Civil Engineering 7 courtesy of GKM Consultants https://www.gkmconsultants.com/en/applications/structural-health/ PART I
Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang SHM IMPLEMENTATION How to perform SHM 8 • Typical Flowchart of SHM for Buildings and Bridges • Data Process for SHM Sensing Data Fusion Data Management Analysis Report and Alarm
Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang SHM TECHNIQUES Subspace Identification 9 • What is available techniques for SHM in Civil Engineering? Structural Health Monitoring in Civil Engineering Structural Health Monitoring at Local Level Structural Health Monitoring at Global Level Static-based Methods Vibration-based Method Time Domain Methods Frequency Domain Methods Time-frequency Domain Methods Subspace Identification (SI) Eigensystem Realization Algorithm (ERA) Auto-regressive Moving Average (ARMA) Other Methods… • Crack Monitoring • Shrinkage Monitoring • Concrete Spalling Monitoring • Corrosion Monitoring • and so on • Creep • Large Disp. • and so on
Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang EVALUATION METHODOLOGY Subspace System Identification 10 PART II courtesy of Van Overschee, P. & De Moor, B. (2012). Subspace identification for linear systems: Theory—Implementation—Applications.
Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang SUBSPACE IDENTIFICATION Development of Subspace Identification (SI) 11 (Reference-based) • The fundamental work on subspace identification (SID or SI) was done by Leopold Kronecker, a German mathematician, in 1890. • Then, Verhaegen started using the technique to estimate the system matrices via linear least squares in 1992. • Other breakthroughs were contributed by Van Overschee and De Moor – introducing the N4SID approach in 1994. • It has shown great success over the past few decades, with its groundbreaking applications. State-space Equation Matrix Input- output Equations Orthogonal or Oblique Projection System and State System Matrices Modal Parameters Damage Detection
Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang SUBSPACE IDENTIFICATION Pros and Cons of Subspace Identification (SI) 12 ✓ Multi-input and Multi-Output ID ✓ Stochastic and Deterministic Model ✓ Stationary and Non-stationary Compatibility ✓ Less Prior Knowledge Needs ✓ Easy Implementation ˣ Equivalent Linear Model ˣ Model-order Determination ˣ Spurious Modes
Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang SUBSPACE IDENTIFICATION Implementation of Subspace Identification (SI) 13 (Reference-based) • Past/Future Input Data Hankel Matrices • Past/Future Output Data Hankel Matrices • Matrix Input-output Equations Data Hankel Matrices Orthogonal or Oblique Projection Singular Value Decomposition System Matrices 1 2 1 2 2 3 1 2 3 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 j i i i j j i i i j p f i i i j i i i j + + + + + + + + + + − + + −                           y y y y y y y y y y y y Y Y y y y y y y 1 2 1 2 2 3 1 2 3 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 j i i i j j i i i j p f i i i j i i i j + + + + + + + + + + − + + −                           u u u u u u u u u u u u U U u u u u u u f f f f f i i i = + + + Y Γ X H U G W V Input Data Hankel Matrices Output Data Hankel Matrices Projection Matrix Extended Observability Matrix A and C
Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang Courtesy of James V. Candy, 2019 SUBSPACE IDENTIFICATION Implementation of Subspace Identification (SI) 14 (Reference-based) • Orthogonal and Oblique Projection Data Hankel Matrices Orthogonal or Oblique Projection Singular Value Decomposition System Matrices Input Data Hankel Matrices Output Data Hankel Matrices Projection Matrix Extended Observability Matrix A and C
Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang SUBSPACE IDENTIFICATION Implementation of Subspace Identification (SI) 15 (Reference-based) • Matrix Input-output Equations • Kalman State Sequence • Extended Observability Matrix • System Matrices Data Hankel Matrices Orthogonal or Oblique Projection Singular Value Decomposition System Matrices ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 1 T T T T T i i −        Γ C CA CA CA Input Data Hankel Matrices Output Data Hankel Matrices Projection Matrix Extended Observability Matrix A and C f f f f f p p i p i p i p p i i i i f p i = + + + = + + + = + Y Γ X H U G W V Y Γ X H U G W V X A X Δ U † i i = A Γ Γ i orth i i l i ob = = O Γ X O Γ X
Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang RECURSIVE TECHNIQUES Introduction of RSI 16 • Conventional Subspace Identification (SI) • Recursive Subspace Identification (RSI) (for online or real-time identification) Earthquake Starts Earthquake Strikes Earthquake Ends Subspace Identification Earthquake Starts Earthquake Strikes Earthquake Ends Final Result Recursive Subspace Identification Warning Every Step
Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang RECURSIVE TECHNIQUES Implementation of RSI by Updating Projection Matrix 17 • Update (Orthogonal) Projection Matrix using Matrix Inversion Lemma (Tamaoki, et al.) • Update (Oblique) Projection Matrix using Matrix Inversion Lemma (Oku & Kimura) Data Retrieve Orthogonal or Oblique Projection Singular Value Decomposition System Matrices ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 1) ( 1) ( ( ) ( 1) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 ( ) ( ) ( 1) ( ) ( ) ( 1) ( ) ( 1) ( ) 1 1 ( ) ( 1) ( 1) ( ) ( ) ( 1) ( ) ) ( 1) ( ( ) 1) ( ) 1 f k f k k f k k k Orth Orth T k k k k k T k f k k f k T k f k T k p f k p k T T T k f k f k f k f k f k k f k f k       − − − − − − − − − − − − − − = −   = + = − = − = + = + O O u R u U R Ξ U R y Y u u ξ R U U u u R u u ( ) ( ) ' ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 1) ( ) ( 1) ( ) ( ) ( 1) 1 T T Obl Obl Obl Orth Orth k k k k k k T k k k k k T k k k k k k k        − − − − =      = +      =  = −  O O O O Ψ O Ψ Ψ Ψ Ψ Ψ Projection Matrix Extended Observability Matrix A and C Input Data Output Data
Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang RECURSIVE TECHNIQUES Implementation of RSI by Update QR Decomposition 18 • Based on “Multivariable Output-Error State sPace (MOESP)” Approach • Update QR Decomposition using Cross-multiplication (Bona-fide) (Kameyama & Ohsumi) • Update QR Decomposition using Rotation Matrix (Mercère; Weng & Loh) Data Retrieve Orthogonal or Oblique Projection Singular Value Decomposition System Matrices 2| 1 2| 1 2| 1 2| 1 2| 1 0, 1 0, 1 1, 1 1, 2, 1 2, 2| 1 2| 2| 1 2| 1 2| 1 2| 1 2| 3, 1 , 1 3 k T T k i k k i k k i j k j k i j k j T T k i k k i k k i j k j k i j k j T T k i k k i k k k i j k j k k i j k k k k k k j − + + − + + − − + − + − − + − + − + + − + + − − + − + − − + − + − + + − + + − − + − + − − + − + + + + + − − − = + = + = + = K u u u u u u u u K K K ξ ξ K K y y K K 2| 1 2| 1 2| 1 2| 1 2| 1 2| 1 2| 1 1 1 4, 2, 0, 1, 3, 1, 0, 1, 1 4, 2, 0, , 1 2 1 1, 4, | 1 4 ( )( ) ( ) Obl T T k k k k k k k k T T T T k i k k i k k i j k j k i j k j T T k i k k i k k i j k j k i j k k j k k k k k − + + − + + − − + − + − − + − + − + + − + − − − − + + − − + − + − − + − + = − − − + − + − = O K K K K K K K K K K K K ξ ξ ξ K K y ξ ξ ξ y 1| 1 2 1 1 1 | 1 1 1 | 2 2 2 2 2 2 ( )( ) j j p j T p j p + + +   = =   = = = H h h h L Q H L Q H L G G Q L Q Projection Matrix (from QR Decomposition) Extended Observability Matrix A and C Input Data Output Data
Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang RECURSIVE TECHNIQUES Introducing RSI by PAST Algorithm and Propagator 19 • Observation Vector • PAST (Projection Approximation Subspace Tracking) Algorithm (Yang; Mercère, et al.) • Propagator Data Retrieve Observation Vector PAST Algorithm and Propagator System Matrices No Projection Matrix No Extended Observability Matrix A and C Input Data Output Data f f f f i i i f f = + + − = Z Γ X G W V Y H U ( ) ( ) 2 ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 ( ) k k T f g k f g g k J = = −  W z W W z 1 1 ( ) ( ) 1 1 1 ( ) 1 1 ( ) ( ) 1 ( ) ( ) T k k k f k k k T f k k k T k k k k T T k k f k k k f k k   − − − − − − − = = + = − = + − H P W z H G z W H P P G H W W z W W z G 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 f f i i f f f f i f f f =      =   =      =      z z Γ x I Γ x z Pz z z PΓ x P
Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang RECURSIVE TECHNIQUES Comparison of Different RSI Implementation 20 Construct Hankel Matrix Apply Projection Extract ExtendedObservabilityMatrix Identify ModalParameters Monitoring& Detection Acquire Measurement QRdecomposition singularvaluedecomposition eigen-valuedecomposition Other Recursive Subspace Identification Algorithms Update Projection Acquire New Measurement Construct Hankel Matrix Calculate ObservationVector Evaluate Propagator Identify ModalParameters Monitoring& Detection Acquire Measurement eigen-valuedecomposition PAST-based Recursive Subspace Identification Algorithms Update Obs. Vector Acquire New Measurement
Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang EXPERIMENT VERIFICATION Laboratory and Field Experiments 21 PART III Laboratory Experiments Lock-up System First Field Experiment Second Field Experiment
Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang EXPERIMENT VERIFICATION Laboratory and Field Experiments 22 PART III Laboratory Experiments Lock-up System First Field Experiment Second Field Experiment
Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS Shaking Table Experiment of Steel Frames 23 Lock-up System ◼ Test specimen A • 4-story Full-scale Steel Frame • Floor Heights: 2.2 m (each floor) • Floor Weights: 5 tons (each floor) • Modal Freq.: 1.35 Hz, 4.41 Hz, 7.48 Hz, and 10.36 Hz • Damage Scenarios: The columns are cut after an EQ ◼ Test specimen B • 3-story Full-scale Steel Frame • Floor Heights: 3 m (each floor) • Floor Weights: 6 tons (each floor) • Modal Freq.: 1.06 Hz, 3.18 Hz, and 4.99 Hz • Damage Scenarios: The brace is released during EQ
Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang IDENTIFICATION RESULTS 4-story Full-scale Steel Frame 24
Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang OTHER MODAL PARAMETERS 4-story Full-scale Steel Frame 25
Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang GRADUAL STIFFNESS REDUCTION 4-story Full-scale Steel Frame 26 • The identified four modes with different levels of damage
Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang DEMONSTRATION OF IDENTIFICATION 3-story Full-scale Steel Frame 27
Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang IDENTIFICATION RESULTS 3-story Full-scale Steel Frame 28
Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang ABRUPT STIFFNESS REDUCTION 3-story Full-scale Steel Frame 29 Actually release at 14.7 sec Immediately track the changes of modal parameters
Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang EXPERIMENT VERIFICATION Laboratory and Field Experiments 30 PART III Laboratory Experiments Lock-up System First Field Experiment Second Field Experiment
Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang FIRST FIELD EXPERIMENT Civil & Environmental Engineering Building, National Chung Hsing University 31 ◼ Civil & Environmental Engineering Building • 7-floor Concrete Building Structure • Site Area: 89.7 m x 37.5 m • Building Heights: 30.8 m • Modal Freq.: 3.12 Hz, 3.78 Hz, and 8.65 Hz
Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang DEMONSTRATION OF IDENTIFICATION Civil & Environmental Engineering Building, National Chung Hsing University 32
Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang IDENTIFICATION RESULTS Civil & Environmental Engineering Building, National Chung Hsing University 33 3.12 Hz 3.78 Hz 8.65 Hz 3.12 Hz 3.78 Hz 8.65 Hz Peak Responses : 598 gal Peak Ground Acc.: 268 gal Unrecoverable Damage
Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang IDENTIFIED MODE SHAPES 34 1st Mode – 3.12 Hz 2nd Mode – 3.78 Hz 3rd Mode – 8.65 Hz Top View
Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang DAMAGE CHECKS Civil & Environmental Engineering Building, National Chung Hsing University 35 1st Floor 2nd Floor 3rd Floor 4th Floor ◼ Damaged Wall ◼ Damaged Column • Reconnaissance Result: Moderate to Severe Damage
Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang DAMAGE DETECTION Civil & Environmental Engineering Building, National Chung Hsing University 36 1998/7/17 4:51:15 1999/9/20 17:47:16 – the major EQ 1999/9/23 12:44:34
Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang STRUCTURAL RETROFIT Civil & Environmental Engineering Building, National Chung Hsing University 37 2000/5/17 3:25:47 – Retrofit 1999/9/20 17:47:16 – the major EQ 1999/9/23 12:44:34 Modal Frequency before and after retrofit Before: 2.39 Hz, 3.02 Hz, and 6.89 Hz After : 2.65 Hz, 3.22 Hz, and 7.74 Hz retrofit retrofit
Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang EXPERIMENT VERIFICATION Laboratory and Field Experiments 38 PART III Laboratory Experiments Lock-up System First Field Experiment Second Field Experiment
Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang SECOND FIELD EXPERIMENT Research Center for Environmental Changes Building, Academia Sinica 39 Y X ◼ ResearchCenterforEnvironmentalChangesBuilding • 9-floor Complex Building Structure • Site Area: 94 m x 43 m • Building Heights: around 37 m • Modal Freq.: 1.33, 1.44, 4.39, and 5.21 Hz
Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang SECOND FIELD EXPERIMENT Research Center for Environmental Changes Building, Academia Sinica 40 • PhidgetSpatial MEMS Accelerometer ✓ 1043_1B ✓ 76.3 μg measurement resolution ✓ 16 bit/±2g • Intensity Meter ✓ Real-time Alerting Message ✓ 100 Hz Sampling Rate • Raspberry Pi 3/4 ✓ Tiny cheap but powerful and elegant! • More Info. ✓ Waveform recording with trigger mode ✓ SOH report ✓ NTP reference time ✓ Real-time notification (developing) • QSIS (Quake Structure Integrity Sensor) seismic network (QSN) courtesy of Liang, W.-T., U. Kumar, and K.-F. Ma
Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang SEISMIC EVENTS Research Center for Environmental Changes Building, Academia Sinica 41 Peak Ground Acc. (X): 11.55 gal Peak Ground Acc. (Y): 11.73 gal Peak Ground Acc. (Z): 5.81 gal
Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang TIME SYNCHRONIZATION Research Center for Environmental Changes Building, Academia Sinica 42 Before Synchronization After Synchronization
Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang DEMONSTRATION OF IDENTIFICATION Research Center for Environmental Changes Building, Academia Sinica 43 2x faster!
Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang IDENTIFICATION RESULTS Research Center for Environmental Changes Building, Academia Sinica 44
Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang IDENTIFIED MODE SHAPES Research Center for Environmental Changes Building, Academia Sinica 45 Movement of the First Mode
Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang IDENTIFIED MODE SHAPES Research Center for Environmental Changes Building, Academia Sinica 46 Movement of the Second Mode
Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang LONG-TERM MONITORING Research Center for Environmental Changes Building, Academia Sinica 47 Those modes are stable across time.
Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang CONCLUSION 48 • The proposed methods can perfectly estimate the modal parameters, to be specific, the modal frequencies, the damping ratios as well as the mode shapes, from the recorded acceleration. • By computing the subspace recursively, the proposed methods give better performance and provide an ability for real-time tracking. • Hence, the proposed methods can be implemented to perform continuous and autonomous structural health monitoring (SHM) under seismic events. • So far, the proposed methods have only been verified by some laboratory and field tests, more field tests are required to validate the proposed method in the near future, especially hardware- in-the-loop test. E-mail: skhuang@nchu.edu.tw

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Subspace based Approach for Online System Identification and Damage Detection of Building Structures under Seismic Events

  • 1. Subspace-based Approach for Online System Identification and Damage Detection of Building Structures under Seismic Events Shieh-Kung Huang Presenter: Shieh-Kung Huang 1 Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang
  • 2. Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang SHIEH-KUNG HUANG Autobiography 2 • Employment History − Assistant Professor Structural Engineering, National Chung Hsing University (NCHU) Feb, 2021 – Present Taichung, Taiwan • Education − National Taiwan University, Ph.D. Department of Structural Engineering Aug, 2014 – Jul, 2019 Taipei, Taiwan − National Taiwan University, M.S. Department of Structural Engineering Aug, 2005 – Jul, 2007 Taipei, Taiwan − Chung-Yuan Christian University, B.S. Department of Civil Engineering Aug, 2000 – Jul, 2005 Taoyuan, Taiwan
  • 3. Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang SHIEH-KUNG HUANG Research Scope 3 • Smart Structure • Structural Health Monitoring • Damage Detection • Sensor Technology • Advanced Experimental Techniques • Structure Control • Signal Processing • Artificial Intelligence • Earthquake Early Warning E-mail: skhuang@nchu.edu.tw Website: https://huangsk.wixsite.com/mysite ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Shieh_Kung_Huang
  • 4. Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang OUTLINE 4 • Motivation • Part I: Introduction of Structure Health Monitoring (SHM) • Part II: Evaluation Methodology (Subspace Identification) • Part III: Experiment Verification • Conclusion Courtesy of James V. Candy, 2019
  • 5. Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang MOTIVATION Collapse Building, Bridge, or Infrastructure during Earthquake 5 • 2023 Turkey–Syria Earthquake • 2005 Kashmir earthquake • 2017 Puebla (Mexico) earthquake • Building Collapsing due to Earthquakes
  • 6. Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang MOTIVATION Structure Health Monitoring (SHM) 6 courtesy of Vahid Reza Gharehbaghi et al. (2022). A Critical Review on Structural Health Monitoring: Definitions, Methods, and Perspectives. courtesy of Arman Malekloo et al. (2022). Machine learning and structural health monitoring overview with emerging technology and high-dimensional data source highlights. • What is structural health monitoring (SHM) in Civil Engineering?
  • 7. Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang INTRODUCTION OF SHM Typical SHM in Civil Engineering 7 courtesy of GKM Consultants https://www.gkmconsultants.com/en/applications/structural-health/ PART I
  • 8. Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang SHM IMPLEMENTATION How to perform SHM 8 • Typical Flowchart of SHM for Buildings and Bridges • Data Process for SHM Sensing Data Fusion Data Management Analysis Report and Alarm
  • 9. Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang SHM TECHNIQUES Subspace Identification 9 • What is available techniques for SHM in Civil Engineering? Structural Health Monitoring in Civil Engineering Structural Health Monitoring at Local Level Structural Health Monitoring at Global Level Static-based Methods Vibration-based Method Time Domain Methods Frequency Domain Methods Time-frequency Domain Methods Subspace Identification (SI) Eigensystem Realization Algorithm (ERA) Auto-regressive Moving Average (ARMA) Other Methods… • Crack Monitoring • Shrinkage Monitoring • Concrete Spalling Monitoring • Corrosion Monitoring • and so on • Creep • Large Disp. • and so on
  • 10. Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang EVALUATION METHODOLOGY Subspace System Identification 10 PART II courtesy of Van Overschee, P. & De Moor, B. (2012). Subspace identification for linear systems: Theory—Implementation—Applications.
  • 11. Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang SUBSPACE IDENTIFICATION Development of Subspace Identification (SI) 11 (Reference-based) • The fundamental work on subspace identification (SID or SI) was done by Leopold Kronecker, a German mathematician, in 1890. • Then, Verhaegen started using the technique to estimate the system matrices via linear least squares in 1992. • Other breakthroughs were contributed by Van Overschee and De Moor – introducing the N4SID approach in 1994. • It has shown great success over the past few decades, with its groundbreaking applications. State-space Equation Matrix Input- output Equations Orthogonal or Oblique Projection System and State System Matrices Modal Parameters Damage Detection
  • 12. Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang SUBSPACE IDENTIFICATION Pros and Cons of Subspace Identification (SI) 12 ✓ Multi-input and Multi-Output ID ✓ Stochastic and Deterministic Model ✓ Stationary and Non-stationary Compatibility ✓ Less Prior Knowledge Needs ✓ Easy Implementation ˣ Equivalent Linear Model ˣ Model-order Determination ˣ Spurious Modes
  • 13. Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang SUBSPACE IDENTIFICATION Implementation of Subspace Identification (SI) 13 (Reference-based) • Past/Future Input Data Hankel Matrices • Past/Future Output Data Hankel Matrices • Matrix Input-output Equations Data Hankel Matrices Orthogonal or Oblique Projection Singular Value Decomposition System Matrices 1 2 1 2 2 3 1 2 3 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 j i i i j j i i i j p f i i i j i i i j + + + + + + + + + + − + + −                           y y y y y y y y y y y y Y Y y y y y y y 1 2 1 2 2 3 1 2 3 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 j i i i j j i i i j p f i i i j i i i j + + + + + + + + + + − + + −                           u u u u u u u u u u u u U U u u u u u u f f f f f i i i = + + + Y Γ X H U G W V Input Data Hankel Matrices Output Data Hankel Matrices Projection Matrix Extended Observability Matrix A and C
  • 14. Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang Courtesy of James V. Candy, 2019 SUBSPACE IDENTIFICATION Implementation of Subspace Identification (SI) 14 (Reference-based) • Orthogonal and Oblique Projection Data Hankel Matrices Orthogonal or Oblique Projection Singular Value Decomposition System Matrices Input Data Hankel Matrices Output Data Hankel Matrices Projection Matrix Extended Observability Matrix A and C
  • 15. Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang SUBSPACE IDENTIFICATION Implementation of Subspace Identification (SI) 15 (Reference-based) • Matrix Input-output Equations • Kalman State Sequence • Extended Observability Matrix • System Matrices Data Hankel Matrices Orthogonal or Oblique Projection Singular Value Decomposition System Matrices ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 1 T T T T T i i −        Γ C CA CA CA Input Data Hankel Matrices Output Data Hankel Matrices Projection Matrix Extended Observability Matrix A and C f f f f f p p i p i p i p p i i i i f p i = + + + = + + + = + Y Γ X H U G W V Y Γ X H U G W V X A X Δ U † i i = A Γ Γ i orth i i l i ob = = O Γ X O Γ X
  • 16. Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang RECURSIVE TECHNIQUES Introduction of RSI 16 • Conventional Subspace Identification (SI) • Recursive Subspace Identification (RSI) (for online or real-time identification) Earthquake Starts Earthquake Strikes Earthquake Ends Subspace Identification Earthquake Starts Earthquake Strikes Earthquake Ends Final Result Recursive Subspace Identification Warning Every Step
  • 17. Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang RECURSIVE TECHNIQUES Implementation of RSI by Updating Projection Matrix 17 • Update (Orthogonal) Projection Matrix using Matrix Inversion Lemma (Tamaoki, et al.) • Update (Oblique) Projection Matrix using Matrix Inversion Lemma (Oku & Kimura) Data Retrieve Orthogonal or Oblique Projection Singular Value Decomposition System Matrices ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 1) ( 1) ( ( ) ( 1) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 ( ) ( ) ( 1) ( ) ( ) ( 1) ( ) ( 1) ( ) 1 1 ( ) ( 1) ( 1) ( ) ( ) ( 1) ( ) ) ( 1) ( ( ) 1) ( ) 1 f k f k k f k k k Orth Orth T k k k k k T k f k k f k T k f k T k p f k p k T T T k f k f k f k f k f k k f k f k       − − − − − − − − − − − − − − = −   = + = − = − = + = + O O u R u U R Ξ U R y Y u u ξ R U U u u R u u ( ) ( ) ' ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 1) ( ) ( 1) ( ) ( ) ( 1) 1 T T Obl Obl Obl Orth Orth k k k k k k T k k k k k T k k k k k k k        − − − − =      = +      =  = −  O O O O Ψ O Ψ Ψ Ψ Ψ Ψ Projection Matrix Extended Observability Matrix A and C Input Data Output Data
  • 18. Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang RECURSIVE TECHNIQUES Implementation of RSI by Update QR Decomposition 18 • Based on “Multivariable Output-Error State sPace (MOESP)” Approach • Update QR Decomposition using Cross-multiplication (Bona-fide) (Kameyama & Ohsumi) • Update QR Decomposition using Rotation Matrix (Mercère; Weng & Loh) Data Retrieve Orthogonal or Oblique Projection Singular Value Decomposition System Matrices 2| 1 2| 1 2| 1 2| 1 2| 1 0, 1 0, 1 1, 1 1, 2, 1 2, 2| 1 2| 2| 1 2| 1 2| 1 2| 1 2| 3, 1 , 1 3 k T T k i k k i k k i j k j k i j k j T T k i k k i k k i j k j k i j k j T T k i k k i k k k i j k j k k i j k k k k k k j − + + − + + − − + − + − − + − + − + + − + + − − + − + − − + − + − + + − + + − − + − + − − + − + + + + + − − − = + = + = + = K u u u u u u u u K K K ξ ξ K K y y K K 2| 1 2| 1 2| 1 2| 1 2| 1 2| 1 2| 1 1 1 4, 2, 0, 1, 3, 1, 0, 1, 1 4, 2, 0, , 1 2 1 1, 4, | 1 4 ( )( ) ( ) Obl T T k k k k k k k k T T T T k i k k i k k i j k j k i j k j T T k i k k i k k i j k j k i j k k j k k k k k − + + − + + − − + − + − − + − + − + + − + − − − − + + − − + − + − − + − + = − − − + − + − = O K K K K K K K K K K K K ξ ξ ξ K K y ξ ξ ξ y 1| 1 2 1 1 1 | 1 1 1 | 2 2 2 2 2 2 ( )( ) j j p j T p j p + + +   = =   = = = H h h h L Q H L Q H L G G Q L Q Projection Matrix (from QR Decomposition) Extended Observability Matrix A and C Input Data Output Data
  • 19. Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang RECURSIVE TECHNIQUES Introducing RSI by PAST Algorithm and Propagator 19 • Observation Vector • PAST (Projection Approximation Subspace Tracking) Algorithm (Yang; Mercère, et al.) • Propagator Data Retrieve Observation Vector PAST Algorithm and Propagator System Matrices No Projection Matrix No Extended Observability Matrix A and C Input Data Output Data f f f f i i i f f = + + − = Z Γ X G W V Y H U ( ) ( ) 2 ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 ( ) k k T f g k f g g k J = = −  W z W W z 1 1 ( ) ( ) 1 1 1 ( ) 1 1 ( ) ( ) 1 ( ) ( ) T k k k f k k k T f k k k T k k k k T T k k f k k k f k k   − − − − − − − = = + = − = + − H P W z H G z W H P P G H W W z W W z G 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 f f i i f f f f i f f f =      =   =      =      z z Γ x I Γ x z Pz z z PΓ x P
  • 20. Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang RECURSIVE TECHNIQUES Comparison of Different RSI Implementation 20 Construct Hankel Matrix Apply Projection Extract ExtendedObservabilityMatrix Identify ModalParameters Monitoring& Detection Acquire Measurement QRdecomposition singularvaluedecomposition eigen-valuedecomposition Other Recursive Subspace Identification Algorithms Update Projection Acquire New Measurement Construct Hankel Matrix Calculate ObservationVector Evaluate Propagator Identify ModalParameters Monitoring& Detection Acquire Measurement eigen-valuedecomposition PAST-based Recursive Subspace Identification Algorithms Update Obs. Vector Acquire New Measurement
  • 21. Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang EXPERIMENT VERIFICATION Laboratory and Field Experiments 21 PART III Laboratory Experiments Lock-up System First Field Experiment Second Field Experiment
  • 22. Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang EXPERIMENT VERIFICATION Laboratory and Field Experiments 22 PART III Laboratory Experiments Lock-up System First Field Experiment Second Field Experiment
  • 23. Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS Shaking Table Experiment of Steel Frames 23 Lock-up System ◼ Test specimen A • 4-story Full-scale Steel Frame • Floor Heights: 2.2 m (each floor) • Floor Weights: 5 tons (each floor) • Modal Freq.: 1.35 Hz, 4.41 Hz, 7.48 Hz, and 10.36 Hz • Damage Scenarios: The columns are cut after an EQ ◼ Test specimen B • 3-story Full-scale Steel Frame • Floor Heights: 3 m (each floor) • Floor Weights: 6 tons (each floor) • Modal Freq.: 1.06 Hz, 3.18 Hz, and 4.99 Hz • Damage Scenarios: The brace is released during EQ
  • 24. Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang IDENTIFICATION RESULTS 4-story Full-scale Steel Frame 24
  • 25. Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang OTHER MODAL PARAMETERS 4-story Full-scale Steel Frame 25
  • 26. Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang GRADUAL STIFFNESS REDUCTION 4-story Full-scale Steel Frame 26 • The identified four modes with different levels of damage
  • 27. Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang DEMONSTRATION OF IDENTIFICATION 3-story Full-scale Steel Frame 27
  • 28. Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang IDENTIFICATION RESULTS 3-story Full-scale Steel Frame 28
  • 29. Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang ABRUPT STIFFNESS REDUCTION 3-story Full-scale Steel Frame 29 Actually release at 14.7 sec Immediately track the changes of modal parameters
  • 30. Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang EXPERIMENT VERIFICATION Laboratory and Field Experiments 30 PART III Laboratory Experiments Lock-up System First Field Experiment Second Field Experiment
  • 31. Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang FIRST FIELD EXPERIMENT Civil & Environmental Engineering Building, National Chung Hsing University 31 ◼ Civil & Environmental Engineering Building • 7-floor Concrete Building Structure • Site Area: 89.7 m x 37.5 m • Building Heights: 30.8 m • Modal Freq.: 3.12 Hz, 3.78 Hz, and 8.65 Hz
  • 32. Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang DEMONSTRATION OF IDENTIFICATION Civil & Environmental Engineering Building, National Chung Hsing University 32
  • 33. Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang IDENTIFICATION RESULTS Civil & Environmental Engineering Building, National Chung Hsing University 33 3.12 Hz 3.78 Hz 8.65 Hz 3.12 Hz 3.78 Hz 8.65 Hz Peak Responses : 598 gal Peak Ground Acc.: 268 gal Unrecoverable Damage
  • 34. Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang IDENTIFIED MODE SHAPES 34 1st Mode – 3.12 Hz 2nd Mode – 3.78 Hz 3rd Mode – 8.65 Hz Top View
  • 35. Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang DAMAGE CHECKS Civil & Environmental Engineering Building, National Chung Hsing University 35 1st Floor 2nd Floor 3rd Floor 4th Floor ◼ Damaged Wall ◼ Damaged Column • Reconnaissance Result: Moderate to Severe Damage
  • 36. Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang DAMAGE DETECTION Civil & Environmental Engineering Building, National Chung Hsing University 36 1998/7/17 4:51:15 1999/9/20 17:47:16 – the major EQ 1999/9/23 12:44:34
  • 37. Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang STRUCTURAL RETROFIT Civil & Environmental Engineering Building, National Chung Hsing University 37 2000/5/17 3:25:47 – Retrofit 1999/9/20 17:47:16 – the major EQ 1999/9/23 12:44:34 Modal Frequency before and after retrofit Before: 2.39 Hz, 3.02 Hz, and 6.89 Hz After : 2.65 Hz, 3.22 Hz, and 7.74 Hz retrofit retrofit
  • 38. Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang EXPERIMENT VERIFICATION Laboratory and Field Experiments 38 PART III Laboratory Experiments Lock-up System First Field Experiment Second Field Experiment
  • 39. Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang SECOND FIELD EXPERIMENT Research Center for Environmental Changes Building, Academia Sinica 39 Y X ◼ ResearchCenterforEnvironmentalChangesBuilding • 9-floor Complex Building Structure • Site Area: 94 m x 43 m • Building Heights: around 37 m • Modal Freq.: 1.33, 1.44, 4.39, and 5.21 Hz
  • 40. Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang SECOND FIELD EXPERIMENT Research Center for Environmental Changes Building, Academia Sinica 40 • PhidgetSpatial MEMS Accelerometer ✓ 1043_1B ✓ 76.3 μg measurement resolution ✓ 16 bit/±2g • Intensity Meter ✓ Real-time Alerting Message ✓ 100 Hz Sampling Rate • Raspberry Pi 3/4 ✓ Tiny cheap but powerful and elegant! • More Info. ✓ Waveform recording with trigger mode ✓ SOH report ✓ NTP reference time ✓ Real-time notification (developing) • QSIS (Quake Structure Integrity Sensor) seismic network (QSN) courtesy of Liang, W.-T., U. Kumar, and K.-F. Ma
  • 41. Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang SEISMIC EVENTS Research Center for Environmental Changes Building, Academia Sinica 41 Peak Ground Acc. (X): 11.55 gal Peak Ground Acc. (Y): 11.73 gal Peak Ground Acc. (Z): 5.81 gal
  • 42. Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang TIME SYNCHRONIZATION Research Center for Environmental Changes Building, Academia Sinica 42 Before Synchronization After Synchronization
  • 43. Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang DEMONSTRATION OF IDENTIFICATION Research Center for Environmental Changes Building, Academia Sinica 43 2x faster!
  • 44. Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang IDENTIFICATION RESULTS Research Center for Environmental Changes Building, Academia Sinica 44
  • 45. Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang IDENTIFIED MODE SHAPES Research Center for Environmental Changes Building, Academia Sinica 45 Movement of the First Mode
  • 46. Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang IDENTIFIED MODE SHAPES Research Center for Environmental Changes Building, Academia Sinica 46 Movement of the Second Mode
  • 47. Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang LONG-TERM MONITORING Research Center for Environmental Changes Building, Academia Sinica 47 Those modes are stable across time.
  • 48. Shieh-Kung Huang /48 International Experts Meet on Applied Science, Engineering,andTechnology WEBASET-2023 July 15-16, 2023 Shieh-Kung Huang CONCLUSION 48 • The proposed methods can perfectly estimate the modal parameters, to be specific, the modal frequencies, the damping ratios as well as the mode shapes, from the recorded acceleration. • By computing the subspace recursively, the proposed methods give better performance and provide an ability for real-time tracking. • Hence, the proposed methods can be implemented to perform continuous and autonomous structural health monitoring (SHM) under seismic events. • So far, the proposed methods have only been verified by some laboratory and field tests, more field tests are required to validate the proposed method in the near future, especially hardware- in-the-loop test. E-mail: skhuang@nchu.edu.tw