Syntax
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This document discusses sentence relatedness and transformational grammar. It provides four ways that sentences can be related: 1) having the same phrase structure but different meanings, 2) having different meanings but the same structure, 3) differing in structure but having the same meaning, and 4) having structural differences corresponding to meaning differences. It also discusses Chomsky's theory of deep and surface structures related by transformational rules, and provides examples of active/passive, there sentences, and prepositional phrases being transformed. Wh-questions are formed via rules that move auxiliaries and wh-words.
Syntax
- 1. ENGLISH MORPHOLOGY &ENGLISH MORPHOLOGY & SYNTAXSYNTAX
- 2. Group 10Group 10 1. Ahmad Qoim Fanani 2. Indah Hartanti 3. Gebrella Ririn 4. Maya Naylufar 5. Ratna M.F. 6. Rezky Adithama
- 3. SENTENCE RELATEDNESSSENTENCE RELATEDNESS Sentence relates with one sentence to another sentence. It may be related in various ways, there are four ways to relate from one sentence to another sentence. They are:
- 4. 1. Sentences may have the same phrase structure but differ in meaning because they contain different words. Example : -Atun sweeps floor -Tanto reads a book
- 5. 2. They may have different meanings but contain the same words in the same order and only differ in structure (ambiguous sentences) For example: - The boy saw {the man with the telescope} - The boy saw {the man} with the telescope Note : - The first sentence means that the boy is seeing a man that is bringing a telescope. -The second sentence means that the boy is seeing a man using telescope. So, we can conclude that in those sentences contain same phrase structure but has different meaning.
- 6. 3. They may differ in structure but with no difference in meaning Example : Demar hired Azis Azis was hired by Demar
- 7. John sleeps on the sofa The sofa is slept by John The sofa sleeps on John John is slept by the sofa
- 8. 4. They may have structural differences that correspond systematically to meaning differences Example : The boy is sleeping. Is the boy sleeping? The boy will sleep. Will the boy sleep?
- 9. Sentence RelatednessSentence Relatedness The presentation is boring everyone. Is the presentation boring everyone?
- 10. Sentence RelatednessSentence Relatedness Declarative vs. Interrogative S NP VP The presentation Aux VP is boring everyone
- 11. Sentence RelatednessSentence Relatedness Move Aux S Aux S NP VP _ VP boring everyone is the presentation
- 12. Chomsky on TransformationsChomsky on Transformations Chomsky attempts to account for this aspect of syntax by postulating that there are deep structures and surface structures. Deep structures are the basic structures generated by phrase structure rules. Surface structures are derived structures, the structures of sentences that we actually speak. Surface structures are derived from deep structures via transformations.
- 13. Transformational RulesTransformational Rules Other sentence pairs that involve transformational rules are: ◦ Active to passive The cat chased the mouse. The mouse was chased by the cat. ◦ there sentences There was a man on the roof. A man was on the roof. ◦ PP proposing The astronomer saw the quasar with the telescope. With the telescope, the astronomer saw the quasar.
- 14. Example : John turned the machine off. John turned off the machine.
- 15. WhWh QuestionsQuestions Example: What will Max chase? Wh questions are formed in three steps: ◦ 1. The PS rules generate a CP d-structure with the wh phrase occupying an NP position within the S (in this case a direct object position) ◦ 2. The transformational rule Move Aux moves the auxiliary (in this case will) to adjoin with the S ◦ 3. The transformational rule Move wh moves the wh word (in this case what) to the beginning of the sentence
- 16. WhWh QuestionsQuestions Deep structure for What will Max chase? Surface structure for What will Max chase?
- 17. WhWh QuestionsQuestions Example: Which dog did Michael feed? Here the auxiliary do is not a part of the d- structure of the sentence ◦ The d-structure is: Michael fed which dog? The Move Aux rule will move the auxiliary, in this case only the past tense Another rule called “do support” will then insert a do in the Aux spot to carry the tense
- 18. WhWh QuestionsQuestions Deep structure for Which dog did Michael feed? Surface structure for Which dog did Michael feed?