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Chapter 7 – Development Strategies
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Although the traditional model of software acquisition still accounts for more software acquisition, a
new model, called ____, is changing the picture dramatically.
a. Hardware as a Help c. Processing as a Product
b. Software as a Service d. Storage as a Solution
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 286
2. Microsoft’s ____ is one of the major Web-based development environments.
a. WebSphere c. NetSphere
b. .NET d. .WEB
3. Building an application in a ____ environment can offer greater benefits, and sometimes greater risks,
compared to a traditional environment.
a. GUI c. cloud
b. Web-based d. multinational
4. Web-based software usually requires additional layers, called ____, to communicate with existing
software and legacy systems.
a. freeware c. middleware
b. shareware d. public domain software
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 289
5. Some industry leaders predict that ____ computing will offer an overall online software and data
environment supported by supercomputer technology.
a. interpolated c. outsourced
b. mainframe d. cloud
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 289
6. ____ is the transfer of information systems development, operation, or maintenance to an outside firm
that provides these services, for a fee, on a temporary or long-term basis.
a. Outsourcing c. Subscription
b. Commission d. External provision
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 290
7. A firm that offers outsourcing solutions is called a ____ provider.
a. subscription c. service
b. software d. resource
8. A(n) ____ is a firm that delivers a software application, or access to an application, by charging a
usage or subscription fee.
a. ASP c. ISP
b. OSP d. USP

9. Some firms offer ____, which provide powerful Web-based support for transactions such as order
processing, billing, and customer relationship management.
a. ASP c. fixed usage
b. IBS d. fixed-fee transfer
10. Oracle Corporation offers a service called ____, which provides e-business applications on a fixed fee
basis.
a. WebSphere c. Business Process Outsourcing
b. .NET d. Oracle On Demand
11. When determining outsourcing fees, a ____ uses a set fee based on a specified level of service and user
support.
a. fixed fee model c. subscription model
b. usage model d. transaction model
12. When determining outsourcing fees, a ____ has a variable fee based on the number of users or
workstations that have access to the application.
a. fixed fee model c. subscription model
b. usage model d. transaction model
13. A(n) ____ model is an outsourcing fee model that charges a variable fee based on the volume of
transactions or operations performed by the application.
a. method c. transaction
b. administrative d. interpolated
14. The choice between developing versus purchasing software often is called a ____ decision.
a. build or make c. transactional
b. subscription d. build or buy
15. The software that a company’s IT department makes, builds, and develops is called ____ software.
a. in-house c. external
b. internal d. indexed
16. A software ____ is software that is obtained from a vendor or application service provider.
a. package c. subscription
b. cluster d. aggregate
17. Companies that develop software for sale are called software ____.

a. VARs c. vendors
b. resellers d. packages
18. A firm that enhances a commercial software package by adding custom features and configuring it for
a particular industry is called a(n) ____.
a. BRE c. OSP
b. IRH d. VAR
19. Typically, companies choose in-house software development for all of the following reasons EXCEPT
to ____.
a. minimize changes in business procedures and policies
b. meet constraints of existing systems and existing technology
c. develop internal resources and capabilities
d. obtain input from other companies who already have implemented the software
20. Advantages of purchasing a software package over developing software in-house include all of the
following EXCEPT ____.
a. satisfaction of unique business requirements
b. lower costs and less time to implement
c. proven reliability and performance benchmarks
d. less technical development staff
21. Buyers can customize a software package by ____.
a. negotiating directly with the software vendor to make enhancements to meet the buyer’s
needs by paying for the changes
b. purchasing a basic package that vendors will customize to suit the buyer’s needs
c. purchasing the software and making their own modifications, if this is permissible under
the terms of the software license
d. all of the above
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 296-297
22. A user ____ utilizes standard business software, such as Microsoft Word or Microsoft Excel, which
has been configured in a specific manner to enhance user productivity.
a. application c. interface
b. configuration d. interpolation
23. In addition to configuring software, an IT staff can create a user ____, which includes screens,
commands, controls, and features that enable users to interact more effectively with the application.
a. montage c. interface
b. index d. package
24. Some data files should be totally hidden from view, while others should have ____ so users can view,
but not change, the data.

a. no-access properties c. full-access properties
b. read-only properties d. write-only properties
25. A ____ is a document that describes a company, lists the IT services or products needed, and specifies
the features required.
a. request for quotation (RFQ) c. request for proposal (RFP)
b. net present value (NPV) d. return on investment (ROI)
26. When companies use a ____, they already know the specific products or service they want and need to
obtain price quotations or bids from vendors.
a. request for quotation (RFQ) c. request for proposal (RFP)
b. net present value (NPV) d. return on investment (ROI)
27. A ____ measures the time a package takes to process a certain number of transactions.
a. newsgroup c. benchmark
b. parameter d. default
28. When planning a slide presentation to management at the end of the systems analysis phase, systems
analysts should keep all of the following suggestions in mind EXCEPT ____.
a. summarize the primary viable alternatives
b. ignore time for discussion and questions and answers
c. explain why the evaluation and selection team chose the recommended alternative
d. obtain a final decision or agree on a timetable for the next step in the process
29. The physical design is developed during the ____ phase of the SDLC.
a. systems design c. systems operation and support
b. systems analysis d. systems planning
30. A ____ is a value that the user enters whenever a query is run, which provides flexibility, enables users
to access information easily, and costs less.
31. A ____ is a value that a system displays automatically.
32. Reports that trace the entry of and changes to critical data values are called ____ and are essential in
every system.
a. audit trails c. backtracks

b. protective pathways d. value tracks
33. Guidelines to follow when determining data entry and storage considerations include all of the
following EXCEPT ____.
a. data should be entered into the system where and when it occurs
b. data should be verified when it is entered
c. data duplication should be encouraged
d. data should be entered into a system only once
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 313-314
34. System ____ produces a full-featured, working model of an information system.
a. prototyping c. coding
b. outsourcing d. benchmarking
35. In an approach called ____ prototyping, systems analysts use prototyping to verify user requirements,
after which the prototype is discarded and implementation continues.
a. discard c. trash
b. design d. recycled
36. ____, like that illustrated in the accompanying figure, produces an early, rapidly constructed working
version of a proposed system.
a. Prototyping c. Coding
b. Outsourcing d. Benchmarking
37. Prototyping, like that illustrated in the accompanying figure, includes all of the following benefits
EXCEPT ____.
a. users and systems developers can avoid misunderstandings
b. managers can evaluate a working model more effectively than a paper specification
c. system requirements, such as reliability and maintainability, can be rated adequately
d. systems analysts can develop testing and training procedures before the finished solution
is available
38. In a ____, the commands tend to resemble natural statements that people use.
a. 2GL c. 4GL
b. 3GL d. 5GL
39. In combination, the powerful tools that systems analysts use to provide a framework for rapid, efficient
software development, is called a ____ environment.
a. second-generation c. fourth-generation
b. third-generation d. fifth-generation

40. Potential problems of prototyping include all of the following EXCEPT ____.
a. the rapid pace of development can create quality problems
b. some system requirements, such as reliability and maintainability, cannot be tested
adequately
c. prototypes become unwieldy and difficult to manage in very complex systems
d. prototyping increases the risk and potential financial exposure that occur when a finished
system fails to support business needs
MULTIPLE RESPONSE
Modified Multiple Choice
1. Which of the following is true of a traditional systems development environment?
a. systems design is influenced by compatibility issues
b. systems are designed to run on local and wide-area company networks
c. systems often utilize Internet links and resources
d. scalability is not affected by telecommunications limitations and local networks
ANS: A, B, C PTS: 1 REF: 287-288
2. Which of the following is a path that development can follow?
a. in-house development
b. construct a legacy system
c. purchase of a software package with possible modification
d. use of outside consultants
ANS: A, C, D PTS: 1 REF: 287
3. Which of the following is true of Web-based development?
a. Web-based systems are easily scalable.
b. Large firms tend to deploy Web-based systems as enterprise-wide software solutions for
applications such as customer relationship management and order processing.
c. Internet-based development treats the Web as a communication channel, rather than as the
platform.
d. Systems are developed and delivered in an Internet-based framework.
ANS: A, B, D PTS: 1 REF: 289
4. Which of the following is true of Web-based development?
a. Web-based software treats the software as a service that is more dependent on desktop
computing powers and resources.
b. Web-based software usually requires middleware to communicate with existing software
and legacy systems.
c. Web-based systems can run on multiple hardware environments.
d. When companies acquire Web-based software as a service rather than a product they
purchase, they can limit in-house involvement to a minimum.
ANS: B, C, D PTS: 1 REF: 289
5. Outsourcing can refer to ____.

a. relatively minor programming tasks
b. the rental of software from a service provider
c. the handling of a company’s entire IT function
d. BPO
ANS: A, B, C, D PTS: 1 REF: 290
MODIFIED TRUE/FALSE
1. An ASP provides more than a license to use the software; it rents an operational package to the
customer. _________________________
ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 291
2. A software package that can be used by many different types of organizations is called a vertical
application. _________________________
ANS: F, horizontal
PTS: 1 REF: 293
3. A software package developed to handle information requirements for a specific type of business is
called a horizontal application. _________________________
ANS: F, vertical
PTS: 1 REF: 294
4. Net present value is a percentage rate that compares the total net benefits (the return) received from a
project to the total costs (the investment) of the project. _________________________
ANS: F
Return on investment
ROI
PTS: 1 REF: 299
5. The ROI of a project is the total value of the benefits minus the total value of the costs, with both costs
and benefits adjusted to reflect the point at which they occur. _________________________
ANS: F
net present value
NPV
PTS: 1 REF: 299
TRUE/FALSE
1. Typically, customers purchase licenses that give them the right to use the software under the terms of
the license agreement.

2. Building an application in a Web-based environment might involve greater risks and benefits,
compared to a traditional environment.
3. In a traditional systems development environment, security issues usually are less complex than with
Web-based systems, because the system operates on a private telecommunications network, rather than
the Internet.
4. Mission-critical IT systems should be outsourced only if the result is a cost-attractive, reliable,
business solution that fits the company’s long-term business strategy.
5. A subscription model charges a variable fee based on the volume of transactions or operations
performed by the application.
ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 291
6. A company considering outsourcing must realize that the solution can be only as good as the
outsourcing firm that provides the service.
7. Mergers and acquisitions typically have no impact on clients and customers of large, financially
healthy firms.
8. The main reason for offshore outsourcing is the same as domestic outsourcing: lower bottom-line
costs.
9. By designing a system in-house, companies can develop and train an IT staff that understands the
organization’s business functions and information support needs.
10. Compared to software developed in-house, a software package almost always is more expensive,
particularly in terms of initial investment.
11. Many firms feel that in-house IT resources and capabilities provide a competitive advantage because
an in-house team can respond quickly when business problems or opportunities arise.
12. Companies that use commercial software packages always must increase the number of programmers
and systems analysts on the IT staff.

13. Software vendors regularly upgrade software packages by adding improvements and enhancements to
create a new version or release.
14. Empowerment makes an IT department less productive because it must spend more time responding to
the daily concerns of users and less time on high-impact systems development projects that support
strategic business goals.
15. The decision to develop software in-house will require less participation from the systems analyst than
outsourcing or choosing a commercial package.
16. The primary objective of an evaluation and selection team is to eliminate system alternatives that will
not work, rank the system alternatives that will work, and present the viable alternatives to
management for a final decision.
17. A request for quotation (RFQ) is less specific than an RFP (request for proposal).
18. For desktop applications, software license terms and conditions usually can be modified.
19. If management decides to develop a system in-house, then the transition to the systems design phase
ends.
20. Whereas the logical design of an information system is concerned with how the system will meet
requirements, physical design is concerned with what the system must accomplish.
21. A system is reliable if it adequately handles errors, such as input errors, processing errors, hardware
failures, or human mistakes.
22. A system is maintainable if it is well designed, flexible, and developed with future modifications in
mind.
23. In an inventory database, vendor addresses should be stored with every part record.

24. Perhaps the most intense form of prototyping occurs when RAD methods are used.
25. One disadvantage of prototyping is that the rapid pace of development can create quality problems,
which are not discovered until the finished system is operational.
COMPLETION
1. In most large and medium-sized companies, a(n) ____________________ within the IT department is
responsible for providing user support.
ANS:
help desk
information center
IC
PTS: 1 REF: 297
2. Some user applications have powerful ____________________ that allow users to design their own
data entry forms and reports.
ANS:
report generators
screen generators
PTS: 1 REF: 297
3. When selecting hardware and software, systems analysts often work as a(n) ____________________,
which ensures that critical factors are not overlooked and a sound decision is made.
ANS: evaluation and selection team
PTS: 1 REF: 299
4. ____________________ determines how long it takes an information system to pay for itself through
reduced costs and increased benefits.
ANS: Payback analysis
PTS: 1 REF: 299
5. A(n) ____________________ is a technique that uses a common yardstick to measure and compare
vendor ratings.
ANS: evaluation model
PTS: 1 REF: 303

6. When identifying potential vendors or outsourcing options, a valuable resource is the Internet bulletin
board system that contains thousands of forums, called ____________________, like the one shown in
the accompanying figure, which cover every imaginable topic.
ANS: newsgroups
PTS: 1 REF: 305
7. When users purchase software, what they are buying is a(n) ____________________ that gives them
the right to use the software under certain terms and conditions.
ANS: software license
PTS: 1 REF: 307
8. If users purchase a software package, they should consider a(n) ____________________, which
allows them to contact the vendor for assistance when they have problems or questions.
ANS: maintenance agreement
PTS: 1 REF: 307

9. The ____________________ contains the requirements for a new system, describes the alternatives
that were considered, and makes a specific recommendation to management.
ANS:
system requirements document
software requirements specification
PTS: 1 REF: 309
10. The goal of ____________________ is to build a system that is effective, reliable, and maintainable.
ANS: systems design
PTS: 1 REF: 312
11. Many people recall the concern called the ____________________ issue, when some older programs
that used only two characters to store the year might not adjust properly to the new century.
ANS: Y2K
PTS: 1 REF: 312
12. Independent ____________________ provide greater flexibility because they can be developed and
tested individually, and then combined or reused later in the development process.
ANS: modules
PTS: 1 REF: 314
13. ____________________ methods build a system by creating a series of prototypes and then constantly
adjusting them to user requirements.
ANS: Agile
PTS: 1 REF: 315
14. Prototyping produces an early, rapidly constructed working version of a proposed information system,
called a(n) ____________________.
ANS: prototype
PTS: 1 REF: 315
15. Design prototyping is also known as ____________________ prototyping.
ANS: throwaway
PTS: 1 REF: 315
16. A(n) ____________________ might lack security requirements, exception and error-handling
procedures, and other required functions.
ANS: prototype

PTS: 1 REF: 317
17. Most ____________________ are based on a combination of HTML and XML.
ANS: Web services
PTS: 1 REF: 318
18. ____________________ is an architectural style whose goal is to achieve loose coupling among
interacting software objects that can provide services.
ANS:
Service-oriented architecture
SOA
PTS: 1 REF: 318
19. ____________________ means that the objects can interact, but are essentially independent.
ANS: Loose coupling
PTS: 1 REF: 318
20. ____________________ are modular applications such as currency converters or language translators.
ANS: Web services
PTS: 1 REF: 318
MATCHING
Identify the letter of the choice that best matches the phrase or definition.
a. cloud computing f. physical design
b. IBS g. logical design
c. managed hosting h. Web 2.0
d. WebSphere i. benchmarking
e. parameter j. systems requirement document
1. Predicted by industry leaders to offer an overall online software and data environment supported by
supercomputer technology.
2. Describes a second generation of the Web that will enable people to collaborate much more
dynamically.
3. An example of a Web-based development environment.
4. Attractive to customers because it offers online data center support, mainframe computing power for
mission-critical functions, and universal access via the Internet.
5. Another name for IBS.
6. A good way to measure relative performance of two or more competing products in a standard
environment.
7. Like a contract that identifies what the system developers must deliver to users.
8. A value that a user enters whenever a query is run.
9. With an information system, a plan for the actual implementation of the system.
10. With an information system, design that does not address the actual methods of implementation.

1. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 289
2. ANS: H PTS: 1 REF: 289
3. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 287
4. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 291
5. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 291
6. ANS: I PTS: 1 REF: 306
7. ANS: J PTS: 1 REF: 309
8. ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: 312
9. ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 311
10. ANS: G PTS: 1 REF: 311
ESSAY
1. Discuss at length the concerns and issues related to outsourcing.
ANS:
When a company decides to outsource IT functions, it takes an important step that can affect the firm’s
resources, operations, and profitability. Mission-critical IT systems should be outsourced only if the
result is a cost-attractive, reliable, business solution that fits the company’s long-term business strategy
and involves an acceptable level of risk. Moving IT work overseas raises even more issues, including
potential concerns about control, culture, communication, and security.
In addition to long-term strategic consequences, outsourcing also can raise some concerns. For
example, a company must turn over sensitive data to an external service provider and trust the provider
to maintain security, confidentiality, and quality. Also, before outsourcing, a company must carefully
review issues relating to insurance, potential liability, licensing and information ownership, warranties,
and disaster recovery.
Most important, a company considering outsourcing must realize that the solution can be only as good
as the outsourcing firm that provides the service. A dynamic economy can give rise to business failures
and uncertainty about the future. In this climate, it is especially important to review the history and
financial condition of an outsourcing firm before making a commitment.
Mergers and acquisitions also can affect outsourcing clients. For example, after their merger, Compaq
and Hewlett-Packard restructured and streamlined the products and services offered by the new
company. Even with large, financially healthy firms such as these, a merger or acquisition can have
some impact on clients and customers. If stability is important, an outsourcing client should consider
these issues.
Outsourcing can be especially attractive to a company whose volume fluctuates widely, such as a
defense contractor. In other situations, a company might decide to outsource application development
tasks to an IT consulting firm if the company lacks the time or expertise to handle the work on its own.
Outsourcing relieves a company of the responsibility of adding IT staff in busy times and downsizing
when the workload lightens. A major disadvantage of outsourcing is that it raises employee concerns
about job security. Talented IT people usually prefer positions where the firm is committed to in-house
IT development — if they do not feel secure, they might decide to work directly for the service
provider.
PTS: 1 REF: 291-292 TOP: Critical Thinking
2. What are the advantages of purchasing a software package?

ANS:
If a company decides not to outsource, a commercially available software package might be an
attractive alternative to developing its own software. Advantages of purchasing a software package
over developing software in-house include lower costs, less time to implement a system, proven
reliability and performance benchmarks, less technical development staff, future upgrades that are
provided by the vendor, and the ability to obtain input from other companies who already have
implemented the software.
LOWER COSTS Because many companies use software packages, software vendors spread the
development costs over many customers. Compared with software developed in-house, a software
package almost always is less expensive, particularly in terms of initial investment.
REQUIRES LESS TIME TO IMPLEMENT When you purchase a package, it already has been
designed, programmed, tested, and documented. The in-house time normally spent on those tasks,
therefore, is eliminated. Of course, you still must install the software and integrate it into your systems
environment, which can take a significant amount of time.
PROVEN RELIABILITY AND PERFORMANCE BENCHMARKS If the package has been on the
market for any length of time, any major problems probably have been detected already and corrected
by the vendor. If the product is popular, it almost certainly has been rated and evaluated by
independent reviewers.
REQUIRES LESS TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENT STAFF Companies that use commercial software
packages often are able to reduce the number of programmers and systems analysts on the IT staff.
Using commercial software also means that the IT staff can concentrate on systems whose
requirements cannot be satisfied by software packages.
FUTURE UPGRADES PROVIDED BY THE VENDOR Software vendors regularly upgrade software
packages by adding improvements and enhancements to create a new version or release. A new release
of a software package, for example, can include drivers to support a new laser printer or a new type of
data storage technology. In many cases, the vendor receives input and suggestions from current users
when planning future upgrades.
INPUT FROM OTHER COMPANIES Using a commercial software package means that you can
contact users in other companies to obtain their input and impressions. You might be able to try the
package or make a site visit to observe the system in operation before making a final decision.
3. Contrast logical and physical design.
ANS:
A logical design defines what must take place, not how it will be accomplished. Logical designs do not
address the actual methods of implementation. In contrast, a physical design is like a set of blueprints
for the actual construction of a building. Typically, a physical design describes the actual processes of
entering, verifying, and storing data; the physical layout of data files and sorting procedures, the
format of reports, and so on. Because logical and physical designs are related so closely, good systems
design is impossible without careful, accurate systems analysis. For example, you might return to
fact-finding if you discover that you overlooked an important issue, if users have significant new
needs, or if legal or governmental requirements change.
PTS: 1 REF: 311 TOP: Critical Thinking

CASE
Critical Thinking Questions
Case 7-1
Now that they have joined the firm, Priscilla is providing the junior analysts on the team with some
real-world illustrations to explain some of the system design concepts that they have studied in their
coursework to solidify their understanding.
1. Which of the following is NOT a guideline Priscilla will impart to the new class of analysts?
a. Data should be entered into a system only once.
b. Data duplication should be encouraged.
c. Every instance of data and change to data should be logged.
d. Automated methods of data entry should be used wherever possible.
ANS:
B
2. Which of the following is NOT a guideline Priscilla will share with the new analysts, with regard to
the users for whom the analysts will be designing systems?
a. Hard-code values into the system wherever possible.
b. Carefully consider any point where users receive input from the system.
c. Provide flexibility.
d. Anticipate future needs of the users.
ANS:
A
Critical Thinking Questions
Case 7-2
You have started the process of selecting a new system for the firm and you are weighing all of the
various issues that need to be considered and the resources you have at your disposal as you make this
important decision.
3. As you prepare to winnow the field in your selection of a new system, you want a quick refresher on
the difference between RFPs and RFQs. If you need an RFP, Simone will write it, and if you need an
RFQ, Marny is responsible for writing that. Which of the following is true?
a. An RFP that Simone writes is more specific than an RFQ Marny will write.
b. When Simone is tasked with the job, you already know the specific product or service you
want and you need to obtain price quotations or bids.
c. When Marny is tasked with the job, her output can involve outright purchase or a variety
of leasing options.
d. RFPs and RFQs have very different objectives.
ANS:
C

4. You have two candidates for the new system. Which one of the following is NOT a strategy you can
pursue for making the final selection from among the two candidates?
a. For vertical applications, use a demonstration copy to enter a few sample transactions in
both.
b. Contact existing users to obtain feedback for both of the contenders.
c. Perform a benchmark test to measure the time each of the two applications needs to
perform a number of transactions.
d. Read reviews and annual surveys of each of the two software applications in IT
publications.
ANS:
A

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A
SEARCHLIGHT ON GERMANY
GERMANY'S BLUNDERS, CRIMES
AND PUNISHMENT
BY
DR. WILLIAM T. HORNADAY
Member Board of Trustees American Defense Society
Preparation Pamphlet Series
PUBLISHED BY
American Defense Society
44 EAST 23d STREET
NEW YORK CITY

I. The Blunders of Germany.
BY WILLIAM T. HORNADAY.
Member Board of Trustees American Defense Society.
Already in America there are signs of the inevitable "magnanimity"
toward the great world criminal of the present world war, and of a
movement for a whitewashed peace with "no annexations and no
indemnities." There is danger that within six months Americans who
do not know Germany will seek to snatch the boon of durable peace
and human freedom from the Allied nations who have given their
bravest and best men, literally by millions, and their wealth by
billions, to protect the rights of man. A German peace means a
German triumph, and the certainty of another war in the near future.
As an approach toward a settlement, it is now very necessary that
every American should know Germany exactly as that bloody military
dragon really is. As a means to that end, these three chapters have
been written.
The blunders, crimes and punishment of Germany are inseparably
linked together.
The blunders of Germany constitute a spectacle of very much more
than passing interest. The questions they raise are by no means
academic. The logic of them is as inexorable as Death. They are of
vital interest to every freeman, and to every state and nation that
sincerely undertakes to conserve the rights of its people. To unhappy
Austria, shoved into the war by Germany, they are of life or death
interest. A correct view of Germany is now absolutely
essential to the future freedom of man!
Germany now resembles a rat in a pit, furious from countless
defeats, insane with baffled hate and rage, and wild with a fearful
certainty of her Finish. All her fine plans, and twenty years of active
preparation, have gone awry. Her vast naval and military

preparations have brought her only death, poverty, ruin and hatred.
Even her own allies now thoroughly hate and detest her, and one
and all would break away from her if they dared.
All her long years of lying and spying and plotting have been
revealed in their naked and hideous ugliness. She stands before the
world as a foiled conquestador, a black-hearted murderer of
defenseless women, children and old men, and the wholesale
ravisher of helpless women. The "skull-cracker" spiked club of
Germany, and the deadly "murderer's mace" of Austria, now
abundantly shown in Italy's war museum, are used for the
murdering of wounded prisoners in the trenches and on the
battlefields.
And now Germany, like a mortally wounded wolf with the hounds at
his throat, undertakes to propose terms of peace to the Allies! With
a great show of large-heartedness, the Reichstag now talks very
magnanimously of peace with "no annexations and no indemnities."
Yes, indeed! A peace on that basis would suit Germany well. Tricky
and shifty to the last gasp, she seeks thus to catch the swell-headed
"soldiers and workmen" of Russia, the large-mouthed and blatant
anarchists and radical socialists of America, and the traitor-pacifists
of the world at large. But all honest men who are wide awake
know full well that a peace of that nature would spell
"victory" for Germany, and as certain as death and taxes
another war with her later on!
The Entente Allies presently will fix the terms of peace, as they
should be fixed, and Germany will accept them; but first there will
be another eighteen months of war.
With new German-made peace talk streaming out of Berlin, it is now
time to post the books for the past three years, and see how the
German account stands. Nothing is more conducive to peace and
prosperity than a true sense of proportion, and a correct point of
view. In all times of danger it is best to know the worst.

The debit side of Germany's account quickly resolves itself, first of
all, into a catalogue of Germany's blunders, as the reasons for her
crimes, and her present state of impotent rage. It is highly necessary
that Americans should study this list, in order to judge the case
fairly, and to be able to act intelligently when the times comes for
the Allies to discuss the peace terms that Germany, Austria and
Turkey must accept.
It is the natural impulse of high-minded and humane people to be
over-magnanimous to beaten enemies, to condone crime
altogether too often, and to help the down-and-out criminal to
get back upon his feet. It is also a sadly common thing for a
confirmed criminal to turn, cur-like, and bite the hand that helps
him; and many a criminal has murdered the generous man or
woman who gave him a place to lay his head.
There are criminals and criminals. Some deserve succor; others
merit quick extermination. The confirmed criminal is in a class by
himself. He is unfit to live; but as the very smallest measure of self-
protection, society should punish him for his crimes, and render him
innocuous for the future. In other words, every confirmed criminal
should either be killed or segregated, and made to exist in a little
hell of his own, while decent people go their respective ways in
peace and security.
Eight million men, to whom America shortly will add at least two
million more, bravely are risking their lives on the battlefields of
Europe and Asia in an effort to put two criminal nations,—Germany
and Turkey,—into an exclusive hell of their own, and keep them
there for the protection of civilization.
In courts of law, it is customary to consider the motives of the
prisoner at the bar, to search out his lines of thought, and study his
methods. An annotated catalogue of the blunders of Germany will
afford a clear insight into the present world situation, and the
Teutonic frame of temper. It will also serve a good purpose when the
time comes to arraign Germany and her allies for sentence.

Before we open the door of the German den of mixed wolves and
mad-dogs, let us read this marvelously true and prophetic pen
picture of Kaiser William as it was published by Harold Frederic, in
the New York Times, on April 2, 1888, twenty-nine years ago:
"In the same way you look into the face of this young heir of the
Hohenzollerns and remember the malignant tales which have been
told of his inner nature by those who know him best. Apparently all
the women—at least all the English women—who have had to do
with the bringing up of Prince William hold him in horror and
detestation. I have had numerous proofs of this, although I have
never been able to fasten upon any specific reason for it. Their
dislike for him is based on a general conception of his character. This
view is that he is utterly cold, entirely selfish, wantonly cruel; a
young man without conscience or compassion, or any softening
virtues whatever. That he has great abilities they all admit, but they
stop there. Heart he has none, upon their reckoning....
"It seems very probable that some future Taine a century hence,
perhaps, will write to show that William II of Prussia was a
mysterious belated survival of the ante-mediaeval Goths
and Vandals,—an Attila born a thousand and more years
after his time."
How many Americans are willing to trust themselves in the power of
such a man?
1. THE GREAT BLUNDER OF GERMANY AND HER KAISER IN
STARTING THE WAR.
By the light of the official documents of Austria, Servia, Germany,
Russia, France and England, now open before us, it is an easy task
to write the history of the beginning of the war in one paragraph.
The most conclusive evidence of Germany's guilt is the official
"German white book," dated "Foreign Office, August, 1914." It has
convinced many a reader.

On July 25, 1914, Servia humbled herself to the dust at the feet of
Austria, to appease her for the murder of her crown prince by a
crazy and criminal fool; and little Servia conceded everything that
giant Austria demanded, save a practical surrender of her national
honor. Austria had fully made up her mind to destroy Servia,
anyhow; and in that connection Germany and her Kaiser decided the
event would serve well for starting the great war of conquest for
which the Germans had long and lovingly been preparing. The Czar
begged the Kaiser not to consent to the slaughter of little Servia by
the Austrian big bully. The Kaiser replied that Austria should have a
free hand. The Czar appealed to England and to France, to help him
avert a war; and both those nations did their level best to avert
hostilities. No plea that could postpone the clash of armies, or
promote a peaceful settlement was omitted. The last telegram of
Czar Nicholas to Kaiser Wilhelm (August 1) was a pathetic appeal for
delay, and a chance "to negotiate for the welfare of our two
countries and the universal peace which is so dear to our hearts.
With the aid of God," said the Czar, "it must be possible to our long-
tried friendship to prevent the shedding of blood." To this the Kaiser
icily replied: "Although I asked for a reply by to-day noon [to his
telegraphed ultimatum], no telegram from my Ambassador has
reached me," and "I therefore have been forced to mobilize my
army." Germany's many statements that France began hostilities
with her are one and all totally false.
Now, here is a significant fact:
On July 14, 1917, in a speech before the Austrian Reichsrath former
Minister Praschek (a Czech) cried out:
"Must we continue to sacrifice our interests for the
expansion of Germany? Must we continue to submit to the
German militarism that has drawn us into this war?"
Alas! At last the truth is out, officially and openly! We thought as
much! Many men have believed that Germany shoved Austria into
the war, because Germany was all ready for her great offense, and
the murder at Sarajevo served as a convenient excuse. If Germany

had not backed up Austria, and Russia had forbidden Austria to
attack Servia, there would have been no war! But Germany
hailed that murder as her heaven-sent opportunity to begin. It was
to her "Der Tag"!
All the world knows that if the Kaiser had sent a nine-word telegram
to Austria, at a cost of one mark, saying: "Do not begin war on
Servia until further notice," Austria would not have dared go on! But
no! William and his Germans refused to admonish Austria, or to
delay hostilities by Germany. "We can not interfere with the plans of
our Ally;" said William, "and we have mobilized."
And thus did the German people and their Kaiser begin the
war to which they had so long and so eagerly looked
forward.
2. GERMANY'S RUTHLESS DEVOTION TO SELF INTEREST.
When Rapacity moves into the next house, it is time to lock your
cellar door. Yoke up insatiable Appetite with colossal Egotism, and
the inevitable runaway is only a question of time.
While enjoying the benefits of an industrial prosperity and a world-
wide commerce that had won the admiration of the world, the
Germans complained about being denied their "place in the sun";
and they reached out after world supremacy. England and the United
States were like twin thorns in the side of the Kaiser and the German
people at large. The pan-Germanists busily plotted against both
those nations.
Concerning England, a distinguished German-born citizen of New
York, Mr. Otto H. Kahn, wrote to a relative in Germany (June 28,
1915) as follows:
"England has not abused her power at sea, ... any more than
previous to the present war you have abused your power on land.
Not only has she not stood in the way of your development, but on
the contrary she has given you fair and free access to her
markets, with unparalleled liberality."

In fact, it was so "unparalleled" that by August, 1914, German
commercial houses had crowded out of Singapore every British
house save two! Wherever the British flag went, prior to the war,
along with it went the German trader.
But, like the horseleech, Germany's cry was for "More"; and to get it
"British sea power must be crushed!"
Unmitigated rapacity, in men or in nations, ever has been and always
will be a colossal blunder.
3. THE BLUNDER OF WORLD-WIDE TREACHERY.
While America was sound asleep in the lap of Peace, and England
slumbered with only her sea eye open, Germany armed herself to
the teeth, and planted throughout England, France, America,
Belgium, Holland, Russia and India the most colossal spy-and-traitor
system ever developed. She secretly armed her African colonies so
that on receipt of the famous "Willie-is-ill" telegram, each one of her
colonies instantly was ready to fight.
In 1911, while crossing Lake Tanganyika, Central Africa, on a
steamer, an American lady said to a German officer who sat beside
her at the dinner table, "Have you and your comrade been
shooting?" "Not yet!" said the officer, significantly; whereat his
brother officer laughed heartily, as if at a good joke. Later it became
known that the business of those two officers was the supplying of
machine guns to German East Africa. And still later it was learned
that those guns were shipped to Dar-es-Salaam in piano-boxes,
marked "Pianos." No wonder Dar-es-Salaam was so ready to begin
fighting on August 2, 1914!
There are times when the blunderings of German "statesmen" are so
crude and raw that, when they harm no one, they are comical. Even
amid the horrors of war all America is laughing over the wholesale
discomfiture and final undoing of Dr. Dumba, Papen, Boy-Ed (an
anything-but-precocious Boy), and Bernstorff, by a restless American
newspaper man with a taste for amateur detective work after
amateur crooks.

One would naturally suppose that men officially designated by their
wise and honorable government to play dirty tricks on the people of
a friendly nation would at least have as much intelligence as
ordinary horses and dogs. But, no; not so with that Austro-German
galaxy of shining stars.
One lonesome and harmless American newspaper man, John R.
Rathom, of the Providence Journal, had the gall to plant an
employee in a secretarial position at Excellency von Bernstorff's
elbow. Also, he put a bright American girl stenographer (with a red
pencil) in the office of the Austrian Consul-General in New York. And
not content with those outrages, he generously planted an office on
each side of the German fake-passport factory in New York, instead
of on one side only.
And it was a Providence Journal man who with most criminal
carelessness changed portfolios with the astute Dr. Albert of Austria,
and staged a fight in a street car,—without extra charge,—while that
horrible mistake was being made. And the saddest part of it all is
that nearly forty-eight long hours elapsed ere the lynx-eyed Doctor
noticed the substitution, and made a fuss about it.
Mr. Rathom's most delightful story is of his girl stenographer sitting
demurely on a big box of incriminating papers, just prior to its
shipment to Germany, sharing her frugal lunch with the shrewd
Papen, and dreamily drawing two large red hearts on the box-cover,
to which the sentimental Von thoughtfully and tenderly added a red
transfixing arrow. This spooning led to the cheap and easy
identification of the box in Merrie England. It reads like a foolishly
impossible romance; but the joke of it is, it is quite true.
"Oh, mon! but it was peetiful!"
With all their training in treachery, and education in plotting and
lying and concealment, Dumba, Bernstorff, Papen, Boy-Ed and Albert
were one and all the most stupid donkeys that ever came down the
pike. Not one of them knew the first principles of the self-protection
system that (temporarily) keeps expert liars and thieves and forgers

from being caught. Just fancy keeping check-stubs, and receipts,
and copies of letters, in lawless proceedings! Great is "German
thoroughness"—in being caught with the goods by an amateur
sleuth, acting on his own brass hook.
Mr. Rathom, who has enough to laugh over at the expense of
Deutschland-über-alles for the rest of his life, has not shown to the
world more than one-twentieth of his mirth-provoking materials. But
how we do wish that by hook or by crook William the Witless might
be told just how stupid his diplomatic representatives really were,
and how much their stupidity helped the Allies.
It has been said that liars need long memories; and it can safely be
added that they also need as much intelligence as pet monkeys. A
rogue who pays his fellow rogues by checks on his bank account
is utterly hopeless. The only proper place for him is the cooling room
of an asylum for idiots.
The playgrounds of the great American schoolboy have produced
many a nugget of worldly wisdom. One of them is the unanswerable
admonition that "Cheating never thrives."
All mankind hates treachery under the cloak of friendship. After Boy-
Ed, Papen, Bernstorff, Dumba and Albert, what will we think of the
Germans and Austrians who are sent to us after the war, to
represent their governments? How can Americans regard them as
anything else than spies and traitors of the same brands as their
predecessors, who will lie to us, and knife us in the back as often
and as deeply as the interests of their governments may seem to
require? All such "diplomats" deserve to be hanged by the
governments to which they are sent. Fancy the next "His Excellency,
the German Ambassador" being presented to the President of the
United States a few months from now, shaking hands, and proffering
"friendship"!
4. THE BLUNDER IN GERMANY'S CONTEMPT OF ENGLAND.
Among fighters, only the fool will underrate his adversary. Per
contra, it is only the fool who overestimates his own strength. The

Germans of Germany made both those blunders.
The German navy is a strange mixture, of brave men and cowards,
of gallant gentlemen and murderous curs; and all of them are
directed by asses. No sooner is a gallant feat of seamanship
recorded and acclaimed than it is completely beclouded and
besmirched by some act of dirty cruelty which turns admiration into
loathing. The history of German naval doings in this war is like a
checkerboard of black and white squares; but the few remaining
white squares are rapidly turning black.
In commerce-raiding the Germans are great; and the U-boat is a
wonder. The more humble the prey, the better for the boat. But the
U-boat is mighty careful not to tackle a destroyer, and take a
sporting chance; and when he finds that his tramp-freighter prey is
armed, he feels that he is indeed in hard luck. His favorite warfare is
fighting, with torpedoes and guns galore, unarmed fishing smacks
and rusty tramp steamers. His favorite order is: "Fire when you see
them spit on the bait!"
And now he has taken on the habit of shelling life-boats loaded to
the gunwales with helpless crews, and sending them all to the
bottom. Sometimes the gallant U-boat captain comes close up, and
he and his crew come out and jeer at drowning men and women as
they struggle in icy waters.
The German High Seas Fleet is grand—at running for cover
whenever the British get a chance at it. The manner in which the
Bluecher was left to its fate while all the other gallant battleships of
the German fleet madly scuttled for the Kiel Canal, had its comical
side; but it was truly typical of the Kaiser's navy. It is said that after
that event Tirpitz provided his naval code with a new signal, reading,
"Every man for himself, and England take the hindmost."
Germany's bid for the supremacy of the seas was far too low; and it
has cost her heavily.
5. BLUNDERING ESTIMATES OF NATIONAL IDEALS.

It is natural for a wolf to take a wolf's point of view; but often it is
expensive to the wolf.
Germany's big men who have been masquerading as "statesmen"
have been proven by the logic of events to be the most colossal
blunderers the world has ever seen; and of them Kaiser Wilhelm is
the chief.
They had it figured out (1) that Italy would necessarily cast in her lot
with the nation who had robbed her of her Adriatic provinces, and
with the other nation who by crafty methods had grasped her
commerce, railroads and banks by the throat with a German grip not
pleasant to feel.
(2).—They believed that Belgium would, for the sake of "peace,"
submit to being overrun and converted into a German camp, with
the ultimately certain seizure and retention of the port of Antwerp.
(3).—They believed that because of having no army worth
mentioning, and for Irish and Indian reasons, England could be
bribed into a state of degrading passivity while Germany completely
destroyed her ally, France. And Chancellor Hollweg nearly wept
when he could not convince Sir Edward Goschen that a pledge of
neutrality was a thing to be ignored at will, and that a solemn
international treaty was only "a scrap of paper." In failing to
understand that England possesses a sense of national honor to
which Germany was a total stranger, which bore no taint of either
commercialism or cowardice, and which Britons throughout the
world will maintain with all their lives, regardless of cost, the
Chancellor and Jagow made a strictly German blunder, which no
child with a taste for history ever should have made. On this point
the stupidity of the Kaiser and his cabinet looms up like the Pyramid
of Cheops. They judged the English by themselves.
6. BLUNDERING WITH AMERICA.
Germany's chief blunder regarding America was due to her contempt
for this sleepy, easy-going, unarmed, peace-loving nation of Quixotic
chivalry toward small nations, or big ones that are weak, and her

utterly grotesque worship of riches and luxury. On no other
hypothesis is it possible to account for the endless series of insults,
injuries and treacheries that were handed out to the United States
from the early sinking of the Robert Dollar down to the final
declaration of ruthless submarine war on American commerce and
American lives.
Never in all the history of nations did any strong nation ever endure
without war one one-hundredth part of the causes for war that were
heaped upon us by Germany between August 1, 1914, and the final
severance of relations. For the sake of "peace" with a mad-dog
military despotism, we endured insults, injuries and murders until
the whole world looked at us in stupefied amazement. Why, in the
first year of our Civil War, we came to the very verge of war with
England because we halted at sea the British steamer Trent, and
took from it, as ordinary prisoners of war, the two Confederate
commissioners, Mason and Slidell. But Germany sank scores of
American ships, and drowned hundreds of Americans,—and still we
went on seeking to avoid the clash of arms.
But, always "Beware the fury of a patient man!"
Now that we have put our hand to the plough, the furrow will be
turned to the uttermost finish, whether it takes one year or ten
years. We will not leave a living Pfafner,—a great, stinking German
military dragon,—as a heritage for our children.
7. THE BLUNDER OF "FRIGHTFULNESS."
There are some blunders that dogs and horses, and even sensible
wild animals, do not commit. Of all the stupidities of the German
people, the crowning glory of their blundering is their idea that
German savagery and "frightfulness" could so appal their enemies
that they would be paralyzed by the shock of atrocities, and
purchase peace at any price. It is difficult to believe that such
fantastic theories as these originated anywhere outside of a
madhouse. No words at our command can so well describe this
situation as do the words of a once-German, of New York and of

Kuhn, Loeb & Company, Mr. Otto H. Kahn. They were written on
June 28, 1915, to a relative in Germany, and published in the N.Y.
Times of July 4, 1917.
"The theory of 'frightfulness' in the conduct of warfare which
Germany now preaches and practices is no new discovery. On the
contrary, it is a very ancient one,—so old, in fact, that long ago it
came to be discarded and superseded in European warfare, and
passed into the limbo of forgotten things. There, until resurrected by
your countrymen, it lay for generations, along with much else that
the human race had overcome and left behind in the progress of
culture and humanity,—a progress achieved by strenuous toil,
sacrifices and suffering in the course of many centuries.
"And what have you gained from your 'frightfulness'? Your
victories have been due to quite other qualities. By your
'frightfulness' you have steeled your enemies to the utmost
limit of sacrifice; you have embittered neutral opinion; you
have disappointed and grieved your friends, and sown
dragon's teeth, the offspring of which will arise against you
many years, even after the conclusion of peace."
These are indeed words of wisdom and truth. Even after the
conclusion of peace, the exponents of "frightfulness" and the knights
of the "skull-cracker" will be accorded a hell of their own.
8. THE BLUNDER AS TO AMERICANS OF GERMAN DESCENT.
One of Germany's colossal blunders was her estimate of the
sentiments and principles of German-born people who have made
their homes in America, and the American sons and daughters of
German-born parents. German statesmen whose criminal wishes
shaped their thoughts sincerely believed that the admiration and
love of the Kaiser's despotism, including even the military iron heel,
was so great that the influence of American liberty, open-hearted
hospitality and vast opportunity would count for naught when the
Kaiser cracked his whip.

The Simple Simons of Wilhelmstrasse actually believed that in any
struggle with America, all Americans of German ancestry necessarily
would be traitors to their own hearthstones, and would rise en
masse, fully-armed, cobra-like, to strike the government of the
United States. Being themselves ruthlessly devoted to the idea of
might and conquest, and the merciless subjugation of small and
weak nations, they judged their kindred in America by their own
rotten standards. They foolishly assumed that a German forty years
in America would willingly become a black-hearted traitor to the land
that for years had sheltered him, and made much of him,—simply
because the ruthless builders of modern Germany had endeavored
to keep a grip on him, and had willed that he should obey their
orders.
But the people of America made no mistakes of that kind. They
recognized that so long as the United States was not at war with
Germany, the sympathy of all Americans of German descent would
be against the Allies. That was as natural as it is for water to run
down hill. But when war with Germany was declared, after a
multitude of insults and injuries and too many efforts at avoidance,
the native American felt no serious misgiving regarding the great
body of Americans of German ancestry. All that they did fear was the
crazy possibilities of individual hot-heads; and it was pointed out to
German-Americans that the insane and treasonable acts of such
irresponsibles might easily involve great masses of perfectly innocent
people. The Americans of German descent sternly forbade all such
folly by their people, and it will be a pleasure for the historians of
these times to record the fact that the German-born Americans
have, as a mass, elected to be Americans first, and the others have
wisely feared to be openly hostile to the United States.
Except the Anarchists, Socialists and I.W.W's., American ideals have
made lasting impressions upon many of our people whose veins
contain foreign blood, though not upon all. Young Ernest and
Heinrich are in the National Guard, and lads August and Herman are
in the Boy Scouts, busy saluting the flag; and all are quite ready to
fight for the only home country that they know. They are not in the

ranks of the alien malcontents who are organized to fight all
American efforts at national defense. But we will deal with that
element.
The brutal German government, and the odious Junkers, now
frantically lying to the people of Germany and ruthlessly concealing
the truth from them, have few allies in the United States save the
spies and traitors planted here for spy purposes. There will be no
"uprising of Germans" here. The extinguishment by the Providence
Journal of the reptilian Bernstorff, the chuckleheaded Boy-Ed, the
blundering Papen, and Dumba the easy mark, effectually ended the
treasonable plots that aided very materially in opening the chasm
between the United States and Germany, and driving the United
States whole-heartedly into the war. Dumba has been decorated for
his part in all this, and we hope his fellow plotters will be equally
appreciated.
But there are some capital blunders that Germany never makes. Her
people are an absolute unit, in body, spirit and resources, in backing
up the leaders of the nation in the hour of strife and danger. She
does not make the mistake of tolerating traitors and assassins at
home. If her soldiers mutinied on the firing line, and refused to fight
the enemy, as some rotten-hearted Russian soldiers recently have
done most disastrously, Germany would not make the mistake of
letting one of them live to tell it. In solidarity, unity of purpose and
devotion to the nation's policy, the German people are a shining
example to America. They are more devoted to a bad cause than our
slackers and traitors are to a good one. It is high time for us to
teach our traitors some severe lessons; and I warn them, one and
all: Beware!
And now what about Germany's crimes? In the next chapter, let us
see.

II. The Crimes of Germany.
In the affairs of the individual and the state, we hear a lot about
"crime" and "criminals"; but it is an idiotic fact that the greatest of
all crimes, those committed by nations on a vast scale, rarely are
spoken of as crimes, and easily are condoned after the fighting
stops. The world calls them either "wars" or "atrocities"; and the
men who instigate them never are spoken of as criminals, and never
are punished as such. Is it not curious?
Still less is the author of an inexcusable war, or a series of brutal
atrocities, hanged, or shot, or even permanently imprisoned for his
crimes. What fools these mortals be!
In our civilization, a wife who ends long years of torture by killing a
brutal husband, always is tried, sentenced, and either imprisoned for
life, or executed. This asinine world is most virtuous in the
punishment of weak individuals; but we notice that it rarely tackles
the job of meting out real justice to the greatest of all criminals.
After this war is over, will any criminal, either at Berlin or
Constantinople, be hanged or shot for the deliberate slaughter of
1,500,000 helpless Armenians, or for any of the hideous crimes
committed in this war? Not on your life. Mushy-hearted individuals
will advise that they be treated "magnanimously," and will urge that
we "become friends."
The world has grown hardened to the habit of lumping the crimes
and atrocities of organized conflicts together under a short and easy
word. "War" is made to cover and gloss over millions of the bloody
and malicious crimes of millions of men who ought to be punished
according to their deserts. I am thinking of the Kaiser, Stenger,
Tirpitz and Hindenberg, and the Young Turks en masse.
The Hague conventions did their utmost to reform the world's war
practices, establish an international code of war ethics, and thereby
reduce the horrors of armed conflict. But with what results?

Closely following those well-meant and humane efforts, two nations,
Germany and Turkey, have given the world a continuous
performance of wholesale murder, rape, burnings, drownings and
starvation such as the world never before saw, even in the bloodiest
days of barbarism. The Turkish crimes in Armenia must be computed
in millions, and the wanton murder of a million Armenians is directly
chargeable to the rulers of Germany, who deliberately permitted it to
be done.
And even now, many good people who refuse to concern themselves
with the woes of men and women who are far away, will decry all
attempts to punish the Germans and Turks for their crimes. They will
talk about "magnanimity in peace terms," and a quick return to
ante-bellum friendships. Think of a treaty of friendship with
ravishers, and with the murderers of women and children and
prisoners!
All sensible men know that the proper punishment of criminals is
necessary for the protection of society from wolves and dragons,
and for the general welfare of mankind. Unpunished crime always
encourages and produces more crime. The world must not mistake
softness of head for soundness of heart.
It is indeed high time that criminal nations should be punished for
their crimes. Are any nations before the bar of the Court of Nations
charged with deliberate and premeditated crimes against helpless
humanity?
Yes; two. Germany and Turkey are so accused; and no power on
earth can stop the trial! Austria comes next.
Let us call first the case of Germany.
In opening the worst of these two cases, we distinctly leave out of
our specifications all those acts which may be put down as
chargeable to the ordinary and inevitable horrors of war. At the same
time we must remember that even the most brutal prize ring has its
rules and its ethics, which are rigidly enforced. Even a fighter whose
face is being beaten to a pulp may not bite, kick, gouge, or strike

below the belt; no, not even when defeat and ruin stare him in the
face. The fighting must be "fair," or the decision is at once given to
the recipient of the "foul" act.
Until Germany invaded Belgium, and Turkey went to work to
exterminate the Armenians, the world supposed that the Christian
nations had reformed, that all civilized nations recognized the latest
international code of ethics in war, and would live up to it. It was
then against the rules of civilized warfare to shoot, stab, burn or
beat to death the civilian populations of captured territory, to starve
prisoners, to kill prisoners and wounded men, to use expanding
bullets, to rape women, to force women to become soldier's
prostitutes, to poison wells, to use poison in any form, to destroy
maliciously works of art, science and literature; to sink merchant
ships at sea without assuring the safety of passengers and crew, and
to bombard cities from the air for the slaughter of their helpless
civilian inhabitants.
According to a great mass of official records, all of those barbarous,
cruel, inhumane and wild-animal acts have been done by Germany,
on well-nigh countless occasions. The evidence is thoroughly
conclusive. The German soldiers and sailors, both officers and men,
are the most cruel and brutal criminals of all the world. In Servia the
Austrian record is almost as rotten.
In 1898, Count Goetzen said, regarding the treacherous designs of
Germany on France, England and America: "If you do speak of this,
no one will believe you, and everyone will laugh at you!"
To-day, the American people as a mass do not know more than one
one-hundredth part of the crimes of Germany during the past three
years. The reason is that it is impossible to place before them the
great mass of publications and documents, such as that which now
lies before me, that is necessary to convey full knowledge of this
ghastly subject. Without this evidence, or at least a lengthy digest of
it, the utter depravity of the German Germans is, to a clean and
humane American, absolutely incomprehensible. It takes strong
nerves to go through these thousands of pages of printed

documents, and scores of ghastly pictures, without becoming
thoroughly shaken.
It is not a pleasing task to set forth the details of revolting crimes,
but it now has become very necessary that all Americans, of South
America as well as North, should be shown the true character of the
soldiers and civilians of Germany, and the men in high places who
have ordered and fostered the high crimes of the past three
years. This is no time to side-step the truth regarding the deadliest
foes of human liberty and the rights of man.
By way of illustration. Consider the character of the German crown
prince,—the hero(?) of Verdun. When in Zabern the highborn
German Captain Forstner beat a lame Alsatian shoemaker with his
sword, for being "short" in love for his German masters. When a
great outcry was raised outside of Germany, the precious crown-
princeling telegraphed the brave and gallant Forstner, "Fester
d'rauf!" which means "Hit him again!" Forstner was promoted, for
gallantry on the field, of course. (New York Times, July 15.)
In making up this all too brief exposition, I shall set down neither
facts nor conclusions save those that are supported by an
abundance of evidence such as might well be offered in any court of
law. The most damaging evidences of German crimes and atrocities
are those that have been collected from German sources!
The "peace resolutions" introduced in the German Reichstag say:
"Germany took up arms in defense of its liberty and independence,
and for the integrity of its territories."
All the world now knows that both those statements are brazen lies,
and that the people of Germany started the war as a war of
conquest, and nothing else. But the lying leaders of Germany,
including the 70 men of science who signed and sent out their now
famous manifesto late in 1914, have for three long years been

injecting that falsehood into the ignorant masses of Germany, to
make them feel like fighting and going hungry.
No. Germany's whining plea that she is "fighting for her very
existence" is no excuse whatever for her diabolical crimes. No one is,
or has been, seeking to "destroy" Germany, or anything German,
save only her domineering, dangerous and thoroughly accursed
military power. Even in the prize ring all such excuses as that are
ruled out; and the fear of being beaten in a fight is no excuse for
crime, nor even for brutality in method.
One curious psychological fact is to be noted at the very outset. It is
this:
The moment the average German dons a military uniform, and
becomes a soldier, with deadly weapons in his hands, he is at once
transformed as if by magic into a cruel monster. Frequently he
becomes a savage and bloodthirsty dragon; and it would be a gross
libel on the lower animals to call him a beast. He becomes a stranger
to the feelings of the home-loving husband, father, son or
churchman. In the name of "Germany," and "war," he is ready to
commit any atrocity and write it down, exultingly, in his diary. Ah!
those soldier diaries! There is where German efficiency unwittingly
provided instruments for the punishment of German crimes.
But the German in uniform is not the only agent of hate and
brutality. "The people of Germany" are only one short step behind
him. Let every person who doubts this send five cents to the
Saturday Evening Post, Philadelphia, for its issue of July 14, 1917,
and on page 16 read "Englander Schwein" ("English Swine") the
diary of Corporal Edwards, of Canada's top regiment, the Princess
Patricia's C.L.I., who was captured by the Germans. Read it, if you
have in your heart even one soft spot for "the people of Germany."

It is a story of revolting filth inflicted upon refined gentlemen, of
three days utterly needless hunger torture inflicted on half-starved
men taken out of their cars three times a day, lined up and
compelled to watch German soldiers stuffed with food by German
women, with "Nein!" "Nein!" to them when they begged for food. It
is a story of horribly neglected wounds, arms rotting off, slow
starvation in the prison camp on food consisting of 200 gallons of
water to one small bag of potatoes, and so forth.
Of the murders and mutilations in the trenches there is not time to
speak. But read this account of the treatment the Canadians
received along the railway from the women of Germany,—even
"gentlewomen":
"The mob surged around us, heaping on us insults and blows;
particularly the women. They spat on us, with hate in their eyes.
We had to take that, or the bayonet. These were the acts not only of
the rabble, but also of the people of good appearance and
address. One very well-dressed woman came rushing up. Under
other circumstances I would have judged her to be a gentlewoman.
She was screaming invectives at us as she forced her way through
the crowd. 'Schwein!' she screamed, and struck at the man next me.
Then, drawing deep from the very bottom of her lungs, she
spat the mass full in his face."
In essaying to give in one article even an outline sketch of the
crimes of Germany, one is perplexed by the many different kinds of
atrocities, and the great mass of instances and proofs bearing upon
them. Out of it all there thrusts up the ugly fact, like a spear from a
pile of corpses, that many of these crimes were committed
intentionally, with malice aforethought, and often were deliberately
ordered by German officers, both high and low. For example:
General Stenger issued a printed order to kill all the wounded;

Bissing was the refined torturer of all Belgium, in many orders;
Manteuffel was the chief murderer at Louvain;
Bulow and Schonmann were the wild beasts of Ardenne;
And it was Bayer at Dinant, Bohn at Sommerfeld and Termonde;
Nieher at Wavre; Wittenstein at Clermont-en-Argonne, and so on
until you are tired.
1. THE MURDER OF CIVILIANS.
This flourishing German industry began at Louvain, at the very
outbreak of the war, and has continued right down to the present. It
is astounding to see how quickly murders began, with the most
revolting brutality, immediately after the Germans entered Belgium!
Sometimes the excuse was made that "Mann hat geschossen",—that
"civilians have fired";—and then the indiscriminate slaughter began.
The thick volume of "Evidence" taken by the Bryce Commission on
the German Atrocities is crowded full of testimony; and so are many
subsequent publications of the British and French governments. The
stories written down in their diaries by German soldiers are both
terrible and amazing. In an uncountable number of villages old men,
old women, boys, girls, women and children were shot by dozens
and by hundreds; and hundreds were stabbed to death by bayonets.
There are sickening accounts, from eye-witness testimony, of
German soldiers bayoneting children and girls, but the most
spectacular crime of that kind was committed at Malaines (d4, Bryce
Evidence), when a German soldier walking down the main street,
singing, "drove his bayonet with both hands through a living child's
stomach, lifting the child into the air on his bayonet, and carrying it
away on his bayonet, he and his comrades still singing." (Page 82.)
In the village of Sempst, an Uhlan cut off the breast of a woman
with his sword; and a little boy was burned to death in an attic. (K.
33.) At Aerschot a girl of 18 or 20 was found "absolutely naked, with
her abdomen cut open", and "her body covered with bruises,

showing that she had made a struggle." Jack the Ripper in a spiked
helmet!
And again at Aerschot (C. 38) did the German Jack get in his work
on another girl of 18. She was found (dead) with "her arms nailed to
the door in extended fashion, ... her left breast cut away, and
numerous bayonet wounds in the chest, some piercing through to
the back." (Told by a Belgian soldier, who helped to recapture the
place.)
A British subject saw on September 15, 1914, in the Wetteren
Hospital, a girl of 11 from Alost with 17 bayonet thrusts in her back,
"practically flayed, and at the point of death." (F. 13.) "Out of the
1300 inhabitants of Noumeny, at least 150 were killed (murdered) by
the Germans." (French Police Report, Aug. 24, 1914.)
This list could be extended by hundreds of other cases; and a long
chapter could be filled with such instances as the above.
Geographically they reach all the way from Louvain to the beginning
of the great German defeat before Paris.
In order to form estimates of what the quiet little country villages of
New England might expect if the armed wolves and mad dogs of
Germany ever gained a foothold here, let us consider a few figures
compiled from official reports and published by the Illustrated
London News. They relate solely to the murder of unarmed,
inoffensive civilians—old men, women, girls, boys and children.
In Brabant 897
persons shot or
bayoneted.
In Luxembourg
Province, over
1000 " " " "
At Arlon 119 " " " "
Dinant Arrondissement
(Fr.)
606
killed, from 3 weeks to
77 years old.
Neufchatel 18 shot.
Etalle 30 "

Hondemont 11 "
Tintiguy 157 "
Izele 10 "
Rossignol 106 "
Bertrix 21 "
Ethe
about
300
shot; "530 in all
missing."
Latour
only
17 men left.
Maissin 12 shot, 1 a young girl.
Aloy 52 men and women shot.
Claireuse 2 men hanged.
—and so on, indefinitely. On the most trivial pretexts, or none at all,
the Germans slaughtered unresisting non-combatants who were in
their power. Out of a lot of 40 German soldier diaries, only 6 express
disapproval or disgust, and at least 30 diaries treat murders either
exultingly or as being merely a part of the day's work.
The slaughtered innocents of Belgium, France, Servia and Poland
would, in each of those countries, undoubtedly run far up into
thousands if it were possible to count them.
Thanks to the diligence of the British and French governments in
collecting evidence now while evidence is procurable, there is
already enough printed testimony to damn Germany in the eyes of
the world for at least two centuries.
2. KILLING OF PRISONERS AND WOUNDED MEN BY GERMANS.
The crimes of Germany under this head have been literally
innumerable. Judging by German, French, Belgian and English
evidence, it seems as if German soldiers have slaughtered probably
100,000 defenseless prisoners and wounded men. Prof. J.H. Morgan
states that von der Goltz, the evil genius of Turkey, "predicted some
years ago that the next war would be one of inconceivable violence";

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