Technology, Higher Education, and Open Access
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The document discusses open educational resources (OER) and open access initiatives. It describes OER as teaching, learning and research materials that are freely available online, often through Creative Commons licenses that allow reuse and modification. Examples provided include open courseware from universities like MIT, as well as learning objects, open access journals and publications, and document sharing platforms. Creative Commons and its various licenses that enable open sharing and reuse are also explained.
Technology, Higher Education, and Open Access
- 1. Technology, Higher Education and Open Access Anne Arendt
- 2. Public Domain • Public domain items are available for anyone to use for any purpose. • Property rights are held by the public at large • Not controlled or owned by anyone • Consider: http://www.gutenberg.org/
- 3. What we normally do First let’s talk about what we normally do: • Google search • Wikipedia • Advanced search (maybe) • Other?
- 4. What we normally do Now let’s talk about the results we get: •Google search http://www.google.com (but lets throw in some boolean stuff) •Wikipedia http://www.wikipedia.org/ (look at what their license is and let’s try an edit) •Advanced search such as http://www.google.ca/advanced_search or http://scholar.google.com/
- 5. Considering OER The open educational resources movement consists of freely accessible electronic access to course materials, but it also involves other aspects such as open access to books and library materials, and access to modules of educational information instead of complete courses. It may also include educational communication tools or implementation resources as well (International Institute, 2005).
- 6. OER Essentially, it is teaching, learning, and research resources, content or otherwise, which reside in the public domain or have been released under an intellectual-property license that permits their free use or repurposing by others. This may include learning content, tools such as software, or implementation resources such as methods or principles (Smith & Casserly, 2006; Stover, 2005; Trenin, 2007).
- 7. OER Lets look a moment at: Open eLearning Content Observatory Services at http://www.olcos.org/ Their intention, overall, is to foster learning and the acquisition of competencies in both teachers and learners (Open eLearning, 2007).
- 8. OER Let’s look a moment at the Open eLearning Content Repositories they list at http://wikieducator.org/Exemplary_Collection_of_Open_eLearning_C
- 9. OER Let’s try one: http://www.merlot.org/ Huh! Free and actually accessible (without a login or fees) multimedia based educational resources. Novel!
- 10. OER So is that the only one? Absolutely not! Here are some good places to start: •http://www.oercommons.org/ •http://www.ocwfinder.org/ •http://www.google.com/cse/home?cx=000793406067725335231%3
- 11. Learning Objects Learning objects are small, reusable pieces of instructional material •http://academicearth.org/ •http://www.khanacademy.org/ •http://cnx.org/ •http://www.merlot.org/
- 12. OpenCourseWare The OpenCourseWare (OCW) aspect of the open learning initiative was dedicated to the development of freely available, stand-alone college-level online course and teaching materials
- 13. MIT OCW • MIT has perhaps the most well known OCW project known to date at http://ocw.mit.edu/ • The MIT OCW initiative has made content from all of their approximately 1800 courses available on the Internet at no cost for non-commercial purposes (Matkin, 2005; Carson, 2006)
- 14. MIT OCW MIT’s OCW is visited over 1.2 million times per month from individuals around the globe with the help of nearly 80 mirror sites on university campuses around the world including 54 in Africa and 10 in East Asia (Carson, 2006).
- 15. MIT OCW Of the visitors of the MIT OCW, 49% are self-directed learners, 32% are students, and 16% are educators from around the world, with 61% of OCW use originating from outside the United States (Carson, 2006).
- 16. MIT OCW Self-directed learner uses include: •(a) enhancing personal knowledge (56%), •(b) keeping current in the field (16%), and •(c) planning future study (14%).
- 17. MIT OCW Student uses include: •(a) complementing a course (38%), •(b) enhancing personal knowledge (34%), and •(c) planning course of study (16%).
- 18. MIT OCW Educator uses include: •(a) planning a course (26%), •(b) preparing to teach a class (22%), and •(c) enhancing personal knowledge (19%) (Carson, 2006).
- 19. OCW Consortium An OCW consortium is found at http://www.ocwconsortium.org/ •MIT OCW: http://ocw.mit.edu/ •Yale OCW: http://oyc.yale.edu/ •Berkeley: http://webcast.berkeley.edu/
- 20. Reference Materials & Resource Repositories • http://books.google.com/ http://www.loc.gov/ • http://www.nasa.gov/ • http://www.edlproject.eu/ • http://www.jorum.ac.uk/ And some we have already looked at: • http://www.wikipedia.org/ • http://www.oercommons.org
- 21. Subject or Source Specific • http://creativecommons.org/science • http://textbookrevolution.org/ • http://mathworld.wolfram.com/ • http://www.scriptorium.columbia.edu/ • http://www.flickr.com/ • http://www.youtube.com/
- 22. Open Access Journals & Publications Directory of Open Access Journals: http://www.doaj.org/ Public Library of Science: http://www.plos.org/
- 23. Document Sharing • Mendeley: http://www.mendeley.com/ • DSpace: http://dspace.mit.edu • SelectedWorks: http://works.bepress.com/ • 280 Slides: http://280slides.com • Google Docs: http://docs.google.com
- 24. Creative Commons & CC Learn Creative Commons which frees materials from automatically applied copyright restrictions by providing free, easy-to-use, flexible licenses for creators to place on their digital materials that permit the originator to grant rights as they see fit http://creativecommons.org ccLearn focuses specifically on open learning and open educational resources http://learn.creativecommons.org
- 25. Creative Commons Larry Lessig of Stanford is pursuing something called the Creative Commons which frees materials from automatically applied copyright restrictions by providing free, easy-to-use, flexible licenses for creators to place on their digital materials that permit the originator to grant rights as they see fit (Fitzergerald, 2007; Smith & Casserly, 2006)
- 26. Creative Commons A summary video can be found at http://creativecommons.org/videos/ that explains CC well.
- 27. Creative Commons Six major licenses of Creative Commons: •Attribution (CC-BY) •Attribution Share Alike (CC-BY-SA) •Attribution No Derivatives (CC-BY-ND) •Attribution Non-Commercial (CC-BY-NC) •Attribution Non-Commercial Share Alike (CC-BY-NC-SA) •Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC- ND) http://creativecommons.org/about/licenses/
- 28. Creative Commons • There is one last one – CC0 • No rights reserved • In contrast to CC’s licenses that allow copyright holders to choose from a range of permissions while retaining their copyright, CC0 empowers yet another choice altogether – the choice to opt out of copyright and the exclusive rights it automatically grants to creators – the “no rights reserved” alternative to our licenses. • http://creativecommons.org/about/cc0
- 29. Creative Commons Individuals place Creative Commons licenses on individual items. Thus, there is no fool-proof way to search all items with some type of CC release on them. Resources to gets you started: •http://search.creativecommons.org/ •http://wiki.creativecommons.org/Content_Curators
- 30. Creative Commons Equally, there are a number of area-specific methods of searching for creative commons released items. Images •http://images.google.com/advanced_image_search?hl=en •http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pictures_and_images •http://www.flickr.com/creativecommons/
- 31. Creative Commons Video •http://www.archive.org/details/opensource_movies Music & Audio •http://www.archive.org/details/opensource_audio •http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Music_sound •http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sound Other •http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_projects_using_Creative_Comm
- 32. CcLearn • A development stemming from Creative Commons is ccLearn (July 2007) focused specifically on open learning and open educational resources. It emphasizes diminishing legal, technical, & social barriers. • A primary goal of ccLearn is to build a comprehensive directory of open educational resources with the assistance of Google with encourages their discovery and subsequent use (Atkins et al., 2007; Bissell, 2007; Brantley, 2007). • Learn more about ccLearn and the Open Education Community at http://learn.creativecommons.org/
- 33. Closing As Smith & Casserly note, we are aware that all creators of knowledge need a place to put their materials and that flow of knowledge should be multidirectional and adaptable to the local learning environment (2006).