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The Design and Evaluation of Prototype Eco-Feedback Displays for Fixture-Level Water Usage Data

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Jon Froehlich

The document discusses the design and evaluation of prototype eco-feedback displays aimed at visualizing fixture-level water usage data in homes. It emphasizes the growing need for effective monitoring of water consumption due to increasing demand and climate change, while exploring the role of eco-feedback technology in promoting environmentally responsible behavior. Key design considerations include data granularity, user interaction, and the psychological factors influencing water usage awareness.

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The Design and Evaluation of Prototype Eco-Feedback Displays for Fixture-Level Water Usage Data Jon Froehlich1,2, Leah Findlater1,2, Marilyn Ostergren1, Solai Ramanathan1, Josh Peterson1, Inness Wragg1, Eric Larson1, Fabia Fu1, Mazhengmin Bai1, Shwetak N. Patel1, James A. Landay1 design: UNIVERSITY of use: build: WASHINGTON
This talk is about eco-feedback displays for water usage in the home
The Design and Evaluation of Prototype Eco-Feedback Displays for Fixture-Level Water Usage Data
The Design and Evaluation of Prototype Eco-Feedback Displays for Fixture-Level Water Usage Data
The Design and Evaluation of Prototype Eco-Feedback Displays for Fixture-Level Water Usage Data
This talk is also about the design process for eco-feedback visualizations persuasive technology personal informatics quantified self
But first, a quick primer on water
two-thirds of the earth’s surface is covered by water
Brackish Polar Ice 1% Drinkable 1.7% Water 0.8% Ocean 96.5% [Glennon, Unquenchable: America’s water crisis and what to do about it, 2009; Gleick,World Policy Journal, 2009]
The amount of water on earth is not changing but its location, quality and amount per person is changing
The amount of water on earth is not changing but its location, quality and amount per person is changing
As the ‘s climate changes… precipitation patterns glacial and ice snowpack surface water availability [Gleick, World Policy Journal, 2009]
As populations grow per-capita water availability is
water availability disproportionately felt in urban environments [Barlow, 2007]
This places an enormous strain on drinkable water supplies [Inman and Jeffery, 2006; Gleick et al., 2008 Vairavmoorthy, 2006]
growing demand in 2010, water consumption rose to 938 billion gallons in beijing water supply = 576 billion gallons [Guardian, Dec 2010]
“china melting snow to meet freshwater demand” [Guardian, Dec 2010]
lake mead expected to drop below intake pipes in next five years [Bloomberg News, Feb 2009]
The Design and Evaluation of Prototype Eco-Feedback Displays for Fixture-Level Water Usage Data
water utilities governments shift focus
This is an area where HCI researchers and designers can help
eco-feedback sensing and visualizing behavior to reduce environmental impact
Dubuque Water Portal: [Erickson et al., CHI 2012]
10,230 gallons
Other 1248 gals Dishwasher 102 gals 10,230 Faucets 1105 gals Showers 1176 gals Laundry gallons 1,524 gals Toilets 1,872 gals Outdoor 3,212 gals
waterbot [Arroyo et al., CHI 2005]
showme [Kappel & Grechenig, Persuasive 2009]
upstream [Kuznetsov & Paulos, CHI 2010]
waitek shower monitor http://www.waitek.co.nz/
Point-of-Consumption Eco-Feedback Displays sensing and feedback provides real-time unit co-located at fixture feedback on water usage
The Design and Evaluation of Prototype Eco-Feedback Displays for Fixture-Level Water Usage Data
Point-of-consumption feedback is the prevailing method for providing water usage feedback at the fixture-level
direct sensing [Teague Labs, Arduino Water Meter, http://labs.teague.com/?p=722]
direct sensing shower 62.4 gallons bathroom sink 1 bathroom sink 2 4.2 gallons 0.8 gallons bath 6.5 gallons toilet 78.4 gallons
direct sensing shower 52.4 gallons shower 62.4 gallons bathroom sink 1 bathroom sink 1 bathroom sink 2 3.2 gallons 4.2 gallons 0.8 gallons bath bath bathroom sink 2 6.5 gallons 6.5 gallons 2.4 gallons toilet 78.4 gallons
Showers and faucets account for ~22% of water use in the average North American home [Vickers, 2001]
direct sensing shower 52.4 gallons shower 62.4 gallons bathroom sink 1 bathroom sink 1 bathroom sink 2 3.2 gallons 4.2 gallons 0.8 gallons bath bath bathroom sink 2 6.5 gallons 6.5 gallons 2.4 gallons toilet 78.4 gallons
indirect sensing shower 52.4 gallons shower 62.4 gallons bathroom sink 1 bathroom sink 1 bathroom sink 2 3.2 gallons 4.2 gallons 0.8 gallons bath bath bathroom sink 2 6.5 gallons 6.5 gallons 2.4 gallons toilet 78.4 gallons [HydroSense, UbiComp 2009]
A single sensor infers fixture-level usage for the entire home [HydroSense, UbiComp 2009]
Emerging Water Sensing Disaggregation Methods
eco-feedback sensing and visualizing behavior to reduce environmental impact
What do we do with all this data?
The Design and Evaluation of Prototype Eco-Feedback Displays for Fixture-Level Water Usage Data
Key Questions 1 What are the key gaps in water usage understanding? 2 What aspects of disaggregated data are potential users interested in and what sort of reactions do the visualizations provoke? 3 How might these visualizations impact behavior?
Key Questions 1 What are the key gaps in water usage understanding? 2 What aspects of disaggregated data are potential users interested in and what sort of reactions do the visualizations provoke? 3 How might these visualizations impact behavior?
Two sets of designs: 1 Design Dimensions Isolate eco-feedback design dimensions in the context of water usage 2 Design Probes Meant to elicit reactions about how displays would fit within a household and investigate issues such as privacy, competition, family dynamics.
Informal interviews with water experts (e.g., SPU, Amy Vickers) UW Environmental Practicum on water Literature review of water resource management, environmental psychology Our own online survey of water usage attitudes & knowledge (N=656 respondents) Data Ideation / Pilot Evaluation Ideation Refinement Gathering Sketch Studies
Respondents (N=651) dramatically underestimated the amount of water used in common everyday activities. underestimate toilet : by 15% shower : by 30% bath : by 55% low-flow shower : by 60% outdoor yard watering : by 83% to 95% [Froehlich, UW PhD Dissertation, 2011]
Informal interviews with water experts (e.g., SPU, Amy Vickers) UW Environmental Practicum on water Literature review of water resource management, environmental psychology Our own online survey of water usage attitudes & knowledge (N=656 respondents) Data Ideation / Pilot Formative Ideation Refinement Gathering Sketch Studies Evaluation
Informal interviews with water experts (e.g., SPU, Amy Vickers) UW Environmental Practicum on water Literature review of water resource management, environmental psychology Our own online survey of water usage attitudes & knowledge (N=656 respondents) Data Ideation / Pilot Formative Ideation Refinement Gathering Sketch Studies Evaluation Informed by gathered data Guided by eco-feedback design space
Iterative Design Process Sketch Lo-to-Mid Fidelity Higher Fidelity Mockup Mockup
Informal interviews with water experts (e.g., SPU, Amy Vickers) UW Environmental Practicum on water Literature review of water resource management, environmental psychology Our own online survey of water usage attitudes & knowledge (N=656 respondents) Design critique sessions with team Three sets of pilot studies Data Ideation / Pilot Formative Ideation Refinement Gathering Sketch Studies Evaluation Informed by gathered data Guided by eco-feedback design space
Informal interviews with water experts (e.g., SPU, Amy Vickers) UW Environmental Practicum on water Literature review of water resource management, environmental psychology Our own online survey of water usage attitudes & knowledge (N=656 respondents) Design critique sessions with team Three sets of pilot studies Data Ideation / Pilot Formative Ideation Refinement Gathering Sketch Studies Evaluation Informed by gathered data Guided by eco-feedback design space Online interactive survey of designs (N=651 respondents) In-home interviews (10 households, 20 adults)
Designing the Eco-Feedback Interfaces
How does one go about the process of designing interfaces for eco-feedback?
Eco-Feedback Design Space INFORMATION ACCESS DATA REPRESENTATION COMPARISON update aesthetic comparison frequency real-time monthly or less user poll pragmatic artistic target self social goal spatial proximity time comparison by to behavior co-located remote window <hour >year time past projected attentional temporal social-comp. demand glanceable high attention grouping ≤sec by hour by day by week by month ≥year geographically demographically selected target proximal similar social network effort to data goal-setting access low high granularity coarse-grain fine-grain strategy self-set system-set externally-set INTERACTIVITY visual difficulty to reach complexity simple complex comparison target easy hard degree of interactivity none high primary visual comparison variables statistic computation encoding textual graphical time window interface raw value @ this time [yest, last wk, mo, yr] customizability none high measurement time granularity average [hrly, daily, wkly, monthly, yrly] unit resource cost environmental activity time metaphor data grouping median over past [X] days impact mode user data granularity this day type [weekday, weekend] additions user annotations user corrections primary other this day of week (e.g., mondays) measurement unit view temporal spatial categorical DISPLAY MEDIUM manifestation data grouping by by by by by by consumption SOCIAL ASPECTS webpage mobile wearable custom in-home resource person time space activity category phone app interface display display target person household community state country ambience MOTIVATIONAL/PERSUASIVE STRATEGIES not-ambient ambient private/ persuasive tactics from persuasive tactics include: public private public size psychology and applied social rewards goal-setting small large psychology disciplines: data punishment narrative ACTIONABILITY/UTILITY persuasive design public commitment likeability sharing none everyone written commitment reputation persuasive technology social- degree of loss aversion competition (see COMPARISON) behavioral science/economics comparison available unavailable actionability low high kairos social proof environmental psychology encouragement authority decision game design suggests suggests anomaly descriptive norms emotional appeals support actions social marketing purchase decisions alerts scarcity principle door-in-face health behavior change personal- framing unlock features ization no personalization highly personalized anchoring bias endowment effect defaults collection building information intent Informs one action informs many actions automation/ control no control system controls resource use [Froehlich et al., HCIC2009; CHI2010; UW PhD Dissertation 2011]
My own experiences Existing frameworks Psychology (in persuasive tech and infovis) (particularly behavioral economics and environ. psych)
Eco-Feedback Design Space INFORMATION ACCESS DATA REPRESENTATION COMPARISON update aesthetic comparison frequency real-time monthly or less user poll pragmatic artistic target self social goal spatial proximity time comparison by to behavior co-located remote window <hour >year time past projected attentional temporal social-comp. demand glanceable high attention grouping ≤sec by hour by day by week by month ≥year geographically demographically selected target proximal similar social network effort to data goal-setting access low high granularity coarse-grain fine-grain strategy self-set system-set externally-set INTERACTIVITY visual difficulty to reach complexity simple complex comparison target easy hard degree of interactivity none high primary visual comparison variables statistic computation encoding textual graphical time window interface raw value @ this time [yest, last wk, mo, yr] customizability none high measurement time granularity average [hrly, daily, wkly, monthly, yrly] unit resource cost environmental activity time metaphor data grouping median over past [X] days impact mode user data granularity this day type [weekday, weekend] additions user annotations user corrections primary other this day of week (e.g., mondays) measurement unit view temporal spatial categorical DISPLAY MEDIUM manifestation data grouping by by by by by by consumption SOCIAL ASPECTS webpage mobile wearable custom in-home resource person time space activity category phone app interface display display target person household community state country ambience MOTIVATIONAL/PERSUASIVE STRATEGIES not-ambient ambient private/ persuasive tactics from persuasive tactics include: public private public size psychology and applied social rewards goal-setting small large psychology disciplines: data punishment narrative ACTIONABILITY/UTILITY persuasive design public commitment likeability sharing none everyone written commitment reputation persuasive technology social- degree of loss aversion competition (see COMPARISON) behavioral science/economics comparison available unavailable actionability low high kairos social proof environmental psychology encouragement authority decision game design suggests suggests anomaly descriptive norms emotional appeals support actions social marketing purchase decisions alerts scarcity principle door-in-face health behavior change personal- framing unlock features ization no personalization highly personalized anchoring bias endowment effect defaults collection building information intent Informs one action informs many actions automation/ control no control system controls resource use [Froehlich et al., HCIC2009; CHI2010; UW PhD Dissertation 2011]
data information representation access inputs display medium the behavioral eco-feedback design space comparison models social actionability motivational strategies
data information representation access inputs display medium the behavioral eco-feedback design space comparison models social actionability motivational strategies
data information representation access inputs display medium the behavioral eco-feedback design space comparison models social actionability motivational strategies
data information representation access inputs display medium the behavioral eco-feedback design space comparison models social actionability motivational strategies
data information representation access inputs display medium the behavioral eco-feedback design space comparison models social actionability motivational strategies
Two sets of designs: 1 Design Dimensions Isolate eco-feedback design dimensions in the context of water usage 2 Design Probes Meant to elicit reactions about how displays would fit within a household and investigate issues such as privacy, competition, family dynamics.
DESIGN SET 1: ISOLATING DESIGN DIMENSIONS Design Dimensions Explored 1 Data Granularity Part of “Data Representation” in 2 Time Granularity the eco-feedback design space 3 Measurement Unit 4 Comparison
data information representation access inputs display medium the behavioral eco-feedback design space comparison models social actionability motivational strategies
data information representation access inputs display medium the behavioral eco-feedback design space comparison models social actionability motivational strategies
data representation tion s aesthetic pragmatic artistic visual complexity simple complex time granularity < hour > year data granularity coarse-grain fine-grain measurement unit resource cost environmental time activity metaphor impact primary view temporal spatial categorical
data representation tion s aesthetic pragmatic artistic visual complexity simple complex time granularity < hour > year data granularity coarse-grain fine-grain measurement unit resource cost environmental time activity metaphor impact primary view temporal spatial categorical
DESIGN SET 1: ISOLATING DESIGN DIMENSIONS Data Granularity coarse-grain fine-grain ≥neighbor- home room activity fixture fixture ≤ valve hood category
The Design and Evaluation of Prototype Eco-Feedback Displays for Fixture-Level Water Usage Data
The Design and Evaluation of Prototype Eco-Feedback Displays for Fixture-Level Water Usage Data
The Design and Evaluation of Prototype Eco-Feedback Displays for Fixture-Level Water Usage Data
The Design and Evaluation of Prototype Eco-Feedback Displays for Fixture-Level Water Usage Data
DESIGN SET 1: ISOLATING DESIGN DIMENSIONS Time Granularity ≤ hour day week month ≥ year
DESIGN SET 1: ISOLATING DESIGN DIMENSIONS Measurement Unit resource rate of cost time activity metaphor consumption 36 gallons 3 gpm 9 cents 12 minutes 1 shower of water
The Design and Evaluation of Prototype Eco-Feedback Displays for Fixture-Level Water Usage Data
The Design and Evaluation of Prototype Eco-Feedback Displays for Fixture-Level Water Usage Data
The Design and Evaluation of Prototype Eco-Feedback Displays for Fixture-Level Water Usage Data
DESIGN SET 1: ISOLATING DESIGN DIMENSIONS data representation tion s aesthetic pragmatic artistic visual complexity simple complex time window < hour > year data granularity coarse-grain fine-grain measurement unit resource cost environmental time activity metaphor impact primary view temporal spatial categorical
DESIGN SET 1: ISOLATING DESIGN DIMENSIONS data representation tion s
DESIGN SET 1: ISOLATING DESIGN DIMENSIONS comparison ity comparison target self social goal comparison by time past projected social comparison target geographically demographically selected social proximal similar network goal-setting strategy self-set system-set externally set difficulty to reach comparison target easy hard
comparison ity comparison target self social goal comparison by time past projected social comparison target geographically demographically selected social proximal similar network goal-setting strategy self-set system-set externally set difficulty to reach comparison target easy hard
DESIGN SET 1: ISOLATING DESIGN DIMENSIONS Design Dimensions Explored Data Granularity Individual Fixture Fixture Category Activity Hot and Cold Time Granularity So Far Today So Far This Week So Far This Month Comparison Self Comparison To Others To A Goal Social/Self Measurement Unit In Gallons In Dollars Dollars / Gallons Including Sewage
Two sets of designs: 1 Design Dimensions Isolate eco-feedback design dimensions in the context of water usage 2 Design Probes Meant to elicit reactions about how displays would fit within a household and investigate issues such as privacy, competition, family dynamics.
DESIGN SET 2: DESIGN PROBES Design Probes Explored Time- Aquatic Series Eco-system Spatial Rainflow Per- Other Occupant
DESIGN SET 2: DESIGN PROBES Design Probes Explored Time- Aquatic Series Eco-system Spatial Rainflow Per- Other Occupant
Daily Patterns of Water Usage Washing Machine Shower Bath Faucets Toilets Gallons [Adapted from Butler, Building and Environment, 1993]
DESIGN SET 2: DESIGN PROBES Time-Series Views
DESIGN SET 2: DESIGN PROBES Design Probes Explored Time- Aquatic Series Eco-system Spatial Rainflow Per- Other Occupant
DESIGN SET 2: DESIGN PROBES Spatial View
DESIGN SET 2: DESIGN PROBES Design Probes Explored Time- Aquatic Series Eco-system Spatial Rainflow Per- Other Occupant
DESIGN SET 2: DESIGN PROBES Per-Occupant View
DESIGN SET 2: DESIGN PROBES Design Probes Explored Time- Aquatic Series Eco-system Spatial Rainflow Per- Other Occupant
DESIGN SET 2: DESIGN PROBES Aquatic Ecosystem Design Influences ubifit Consolvo et al., CHI2008 ubigreen Froehlich et al., CHI 2009 Consolvo et al., UbiComp2008
DESIGN SET 2: DESIGN PROBES Aquatic Ecosystem View Movie Water savings New water “Frank” the fish water savings met met goal goal meets his mate savings tracker display is also “Frank” interactive so the fish fish respond to touch Frank and his mate have children and so on…
DESIGN SET 2: DESIGN PROBES Design Probes Explored Time- Aquatic Series Eco-system Spatial Rainflow Per- Other Occupant
DESIGN SET 2: DESIGN PROBES Rainflow View
DESIGN SET 2: DESIGN PROBES Rainflow View Movie
DESIGN SET 2: DESIGN PROBES Design Probes Explored Time- Aquatic Series Eco-system Spatial Rainflow Per- Other Occupant
DESIGN SET 2: DESIGN PROBES Other Design Probes Geographic Comparisons Dashboards Metaphorical Unit Designs Recommendations
Evaluation
Informal interviews with water experts (e.g., SPU, Amy Vickers) UW Environmental Practicum on water Literature review of water resource management, environmental psychology Our own online survey of water usage attitudes & knowledge (N=656 respondents) Design critique sessions with team Three sets of pilot studies Data Ideation / Pilot Formative Ideation Refinement Gathering Sketch Studies Evaluation Informed by gathered data Guided by eco-feedback design space Online interactive survey of designs (N=651 respondents) In-home interviews (10 households, 20 adults)
Online Survey Recruitment o Online postings and word-of-mouth Survey Design o 63 questions (10 optional) o Question and answer order randomized when possible Collected Data o 712 completed surveys (651 from US or Canada) o Nearly 6,000 qualitative responses
The Design and Evaluation of Prototype Eco-Feedback Displays for Fixture-Level Water Usage Data
The Design and Evaluation of Prototype Eco-Feedback Displays for Fixture-Level Water Usage Data
In-Home Interviews Recruitment o Online postings and word-of-mouth o Specifically recruited families Interview Method o Semi-structured with two researchers o 90-minutes, 3-phases o Data coded by two researchers into themes Participants o 10 households (20 adults) o 11 female/9 male o Diff. socio-economic backgrounds & occupations o 18 had college degrees
The Design and Evaluation of Prototype Eco-Feedback Displays for Fixture-Level Water Usage Data
The Design and Evaluation of Prototype Eco-Feedback Displays for Fixture-Level Water Usage Data
For both the survey and interviews, 90% of participants indicated an interest in conserving water Average morning shower uses 400 gallons of water
Findings
Data Granularity coarse-grain fine-grain ≥neighbor- home room activity fixture fixture ≤ valve hood category This display lets you more easily identify the specific areas that need attention R536 Majority preferred the Individual Fixture Display
Data Granularity coarse-grain fine-grain ≥neighbor- home room activity fixture fixture ≤ valve hood category This display lets you more easily identify the specific areas that need attention R536 Majority preferred the Individual Fixture Display
Data Granularity coarse-grain fine-grain ≥neighbor- home room activity fixture fixture ≤ valve hood category 20% preferred the Activity Display
Measurement Unit resource rate of cost time activity metaphor consumption 71% of respondents preferred to see both gallons and cost Seeing the gallon amount triggers the ‘save the environment’ impulse to conserve, while the dollar amount is helpful because almost everyone is motivated by money to some extent R143 I don't think very well in ‘thousands of gallons’, but $20 I can understand. That’s a case of beer down the drain, if you will R48
Time Granularity ≤ hour day week month ≥ year Majority of respondents wanted ability to switch between different time granularities
Comparisons were the most uniformly desired pieces of information of all the dimensions
Self-comparison was most preferred 91%
Emergent Themes 1 Competition and Cooperation 2 Accountability and Blame 3 Playfulness and Functionality 4 Sense of Privacy 5 Display Placement
Competition and Cooperation “ ” You can compare usage to others, and create friendly competition “ ” R220 It pits the family members against each other rather than encouraging collaboration “ R485 [It] sets up a ‘competitive’ environment that we are trying not to create in our household R493
Accountability and Blame “ ” It holds each individual accountable for water usage “ ” R354 There’s no reason to add an element of ‘blame’ to conservation efforts within a family “ R98 Would seem to lead to plenty of arguments about usage R144
Playfulness and Functionality “ ” I like the idea of getting rewards for saving water “ I8.2 ” It’s like unlocking badges in Foursquare. No matter how trivial it can be to make a fish appear on this screen, you still want to do it “ I4.1 It doesn’t appeal to me as much. I don’t do Foursquare. This distracts me a little bit and it doesn’t make me think about my usage I4.2
Useful as an educational tool?
Privacy Spectrum Least Most Invasive Invasive
It’s incredibly invasive. And other people’s water consumption is not my business. R25
Water usage for many purposes can be very personal, and shouldn’t be automatically shared R25
Privacy Spectrum Least Most Invasive Invasive
Display Location Preferences
If we placed the display here, the kids couldn’t see it. I2.1
Display Location Preferences kitchen near thermostat high traffic areas accessible when needed
Primary Contributions 1 First work to design and evaluate feedback visualizations for disaggregated water data 2 An iterative design roadmap for others working in the space of eco-feedback or other behavior change technologies
Sensing and feedback for water quality not just consumption
The Design and Evaluation of Prototype Eco-Feedback Displays for Fixture-Level Water Usage Data
The Design and Evaluation of Prototype Eco-Feedback Displays for Fixture-Level Water Usage Data
Data Ideation / Pilot Formative Ideation Refinement Gathering Sketch Studies Evaluation
Closing Thought Eco-feedback displays do not just visualize consumption, they document household activities
The Eco-Feedback Team! Solai Josh Inness Fabia Mazhengmin Marilyn Eric Leah Shwetak James Acknowledgements: Seattle Public Utilities: Ray Hoffman, Director; Al Diettemann, Water Conservation Expert; Bob Alpers Amy Vickers, Water Conservation Expert Austin Polebitski, Assistant Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UMass David Hsu, Assistant Professor City and Regional Planning, UPenn Sara Sheridan for her early design work
Questions? @jonfroehlich design: UNIVERSITY of use: build: WASHINGTON

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The Design and Evaluation of Prototype Eco-Feedback Displays for Fixture-Level Water Usage Data

  • 1. The Design and Evaluation of Prototype Eco-Feedback Displays for Fixture-Level Water Usage Data Jon Froehlich1,2, Leah Findlater1,2, Marilyn Ostergren1, Solai Ramanathan1, Josh Peterson1, Inness Wragg1, Eric Larson1, Fabia Fu1, Mazhengmin Bai1, Shwetak N. Patel1, James A. Landay1 design: UNIVERSITY of use: build: WASHINGTON
  • 2. This talk is about eco-feedback displays for water usage in the home
  • 6. This talk is also about the design process for eco-feedback visualizations persuasive technology personal informatics quantified self
  • 7. But first, a quick primer on water
  • 8. two-thirds of the earth’s surface is covered by water
  • 9. Brackish Polar Ice 1% Drinkable 1.7% Water 0.8% Ocean 96.5% [Glennon, Unquenchable: America’s water crisis and what to do about it, 2009; Gleick,World Policy Journal, 2009]
  • 10. The amount of water on earth is not changing but its location, quality and amount per person is changing
  • 11. The amount of water on earth is not changing but its location, quality and amount per person is changing
  • 12. As the ‘s climate changes… precipitation patterns glacial and ice snowpack surface water availability [Gleick, World Policy Journal, 2009]
  • 13. As populations grow per-capita water availability is
  • 14. water availability disproportionately felt in urban environments [Barlow, 2007]
  • 15. This places an enormous strain on drinkable water supplies [Inman and Jeffery, 2006; Gleick et al., 2008 Vairavmoorthy, 2006]
  • 16. growing demand in 2010, water consumption rose to 938 billion gallons in beijing water supply = 576 billion gallons [Guardian, Dec 2010]
  • 17. “china melting snow to meet freshwater demand” [Guardian, Dec 2010]
  • 18. lake mead expected to drop below intake pipes in next five years [Bloomberg News, Feb 2009]
  • 21. This is an area where HCI researchers and designers can help
  • 22. eco-feedback sensing and visualizing behavior to reduce environmental impact
  • 23. Dubuque Water Portal: [Erickson et al., CHI 2012]
  • 25. Other 1248 gals Dishwasher 102 gals 10,230 Faucets 1105 gals Showers 1176 gals Laundry gallons 1,524 gals Toilets 1,872 gals Outdoor 3,212 gals
  • 26. waterbot [Arroyo et al., CHI 2005]
  • 27. showme [Kappel & Grechenig, Persuasive 2009]
  • 28. upstream [Kuznetsov & Paulos, CHI 2010]
  • 30. Point-of-Consumption Eco-Feedback Displays sensing and feedback provides real-time unit co-located at fixture feedback on water usage
  • 32. Point-of-consumption feedback is the prevailing method for providing water usage feedback at the fixture-level
  • 33. direct sensing [Teague Labs, Arduino Water Meter, http://labs.teague.com/?p=722]
  • 34. direct sensing shower 62.4 gallons bathroom sink 1 bathroom sink 2 4.2 gallons 0.8 gallons bath 6.5 gallons toilet 78.4 gallons
  • 35. direct sensing shower 52.4 gallons shower 62.4 gallons bathroom sink 1 bathroom sink 1 bathroom sink 2 3.2 gallons 4.2 gallons 0.8 gallons bath bath bathroom sink 2 6.5 gallons 6.5 gallons 2.4 gallons toilet 78.4 gallons
  • 36. Showers and faucets account for ~22% of water use in the average North American home [Vickers, 2001]
  • 37. direct sensing shower 52.4 gallons shower 62.4 gallons bathroom sink 1 bathroom sink 1 bathroom sink 2 3.2 gallons 4.2 gallons 0.8 gallons bath bath bathroom sink 2 6.5 gallons 6.5 gallons 2.4 gallons toilet 78.4 gallons
  • 38. indirect sensing shower 52.4 gallons shower 62.4 gallons bathroom sink 1 bathroom sink 1 bathroom sink 2 3.2 gallons 4.2 gallons 0.8 gallons bath bath bathroom sink 2 6.5 gallons 6.5 gallons 2.4 gallons toilet 78.4 gallons [HydroSense, UbiComp 2009]
  • 39. A single sensor infers fixture-level usage for the entire home [HydroSense, UbiComp 2009]
  • 40. Emerging Water Sensing Disaggregation Methods
  • 41. eco-feedback sensing and visualizing behavior to reduce environmental impact
  • 42. What do we do with all this data?
  • 44. Key Questions 1 What are the key gaps in water usage understanding? 2 What aspects of disaggregated data are potential users interested in and what sort of reactions do the visualizations provoke? 3 How might these visualizations impact behavior?
  • 45. Key Questions 1 What are the key gaps in water usage understanding? 2 What aspects of disaggregated data are potential users interested in and what sort of reactions do the visualizations provoke? 3 How might these visualizations impact behavior?
  • 46. Two sets of designs: 1 Design Dimensions Isolate eco-feedback design dimensions in the context of water usage 2 Design Probes Meant to elicit reactions about how displays would fit within a household and investigate issues such as privacy, competition, family dynamics.
  • 47. Informal interviews with water experts (e.g., SPU, Amy Vickers) UW Environmental Practicum on water Literature review of water resource management, environmental psychology Our own online survey of water usage attitudes & knowledge (N=656 respondents) Data Ideation / Pilot Evaluation Ideation Refinement Gathering Sketch Studies
  • 48. Respondents (N=651) dramatically underestimated the amount of water used in common everyday activities. underestimate toilet : by 15% shower : by 30% bath : by 55% low-flow shower : by 60% outdoor yard watering : by 83% to 95% [Froehlich, UW PhD Dissertation, 2011]
  • 49. Informal interviews with water experts (e.g., SPU, Amy Vickers) UW Environmental Practicum on water Literature review of water resource management, environmental psychology Our own online survey of water usage attitudes & knowledge (N=656 respondents) Data Ideation / Pilot Formative Ideation Refinement Gathering Sketch Studies Evaluation
  • 50. Informal interviews with water experts (e.g., SPU, Amy Vickers) UW Environmental Practicum on water Literature review of water resource management, environmental psychology Our own online survey of water usage attitudes & knowledge (N=656 respondents) Data Ideation / Pilot Formative Ideation Refinement Gathering Sketch Studies Evaluation Informed by gathered data Guided by eco-feedback design space
  • 51. Iterative Design Process Sketch Lo-to-Mid Fidelity Higher Fidelity Mockup Mockup
  • 52. Informal interviews with water experts (e.g., SPU, Amy Vickers) UW Environmental Practicum on water Literature review of water resource management, environmental psychology Our own online survey of water usage attitudes & knowledge (N=656 respondents) Design critique sessions with team Three sets of pilot studies Data Ideation / Pilot Formative Ideation Refinement Gathering Sketch Studies Evaluation Informed by gathered data Guided by eco-feedback design space
  • 53. Informal interviews with water experts (e.g., SPU, Amy Vickers) UW Environmental Practicum on water Literature review of water resource management, environmental psychology Our own online survey of water usage attitudes & knowledge (N=656 respondents) Design critique sessions with team Three sets of pilot studies Data Ideation / Pilot Formative Ideation Refinement Gathering Sketch Studies Evaluation Informed by gathered data Guided by eco-feedback design space Online interactive survey of designs (N=651 respondents) In-home interviews (10 households, 20 adults)
  • 55. How does one go about the process of designing interfaces for eco-feedback?
  • 56. Eco-Feedback Design Space INFORMATION ACCESS DATA REPRESENTATION COMPARISON update aesthetic comparison frequency real-time monthly or less user poll pragmatic artistic target self social goal spatial proximity time comparison by to behavior co-located remote window <hour >year time past projected attentional temporal social-comp. demand glanceable high attention grouping ≤sec by hour by day by week by month ≥year geographically demographically selected target proximal similar social network effort to data goal-setting access low high granularity coarse-grain fine-grain strategy self-set system-set externally-set INTERACTIVITY visual difficulty to reach complexity simple complex comparison target easy hard degree of interactivity none high primary visual comparison variables statistic computation encoding textual graphical time window interface raw value @ this time [yest, last wk, mo, yr] customizability none high measurement time granularity average [hrly, daily, wkly, monthly, yrly] unit resource cost environmental activity time metaphor data grouping median over past [X] days impact mode user data granularity this day type [weekday, weekend] additions user annotations user corrections primary other this day of week (e.g., mondays) measurement unit view temporal spatial categorical DISPLAY MEDIUM manifestation data grouping by by by by by by consumption SOCIAL ASPECTS webpage mobile wearable custom in-home resource person time space activity category phone app interface display display target person household community state country ambience MOTIVATIONAL/PERSUASIVE STRATEGIES not-ambient ambient private/ persuasive tactics from persuasive tactics include: public private public size psychology and applied social rewards goal-setting small large psychology disciplines: data punishment narrative ACTIONABILITY/UTILITY persuasive design public commitment likeability sharing none everyone written commitment reputation persuasive technology social- degree of loss aversion competition (see COMPARISON) behavioral science/economics comparison available unavailable actionability low high kairos social proof environmental psychology encouragement authority decision game design suggests suggests anomaly descriptive norms emotional appeals support actions social marketing purchase decisions alerts scarcity principle door-in-face health behavior change personal- framing unlock features ization no personalization highly personalized anchoring bias endowment effect defaults collection building information intent Informs one action informs many actions automation/ control no control system controls resource use [Froehlich et al., HCIC2009; CHI2010; UW PhD Dissertation 2011]
  • 57. My own experiences Existing frameworks Psychology (in persuasive tech and infovis) (particularly behavioral economics and environ. psych)
  • 58. Eco-Feedback Design Space INFORMATION ACCESS DATA REPRESENTATION COMPARISON update aesthetic comparison frequency real-time monthly or less user poll pragmatic artistic target self social goal spatial proximity time comparison by to behavior co-located remote window <hour >year time past projected attentional temporal social-comp. demand glanceable high attention grouping ≤sec by hour by day by week by month ≥year geographically demographically selected target proximal similar social network effort to data goal-setting access low high granularity coarse-grain fine-grain strategy self-set system-set externally-set INTERACTIVITY visual difficulty to reach complexity simple complex comparison target easy hard degree of interactivity none high primary visual comparison variables statistic computation encoding textual graphical time window interface raw value @ this time [yest, last wk, mo, yr] customizability none high measurement time granularity average [hrly, daily, wkly, monthly, yrly] unit resource cost environmental activity time metaphor data grouping median over past [X] days impact mode user data granularity this day type [weekday, weekend] additions user annotations user corrections primary other this day of week (e.g., mondays) measurement unit view temporal spatial categorical DISPLAY MEDIUM manifestation data grouping by by by by by by consumption SOCIAL ASPECTS webpage mobile wearable custom in-home resource person time space activity category phone app interface display display target person household community state country ambience MOTIVATIONAL/PERSUASIVE STRATEGIES not-ambient ambient private/ persuasive tactics from persuasive tactics include: public private public size psychology and applied social rewards goal-setting small large psychology disciplines: data punishment narrative ACTIONABILITY/UTILITY persuasive design public commitment likeability sharing none everyone written commitment reputation persuasive technology social- degree of loss aversion competition (see COMPARISON) behavioral science/economics comparison available unavailable actionability low high kairos social proof environmental psychology encouragement authority decision game design suggests suggests anomaly descriptive norms emotional appeals support actions social marketing purchase decisions alerts scarcity principle door-in-face health behavior change personal- framing unlock features ization no personalization highly personalized anchoring bias endowment effect defaults collection building information intent Informs one action informs many actions automation/ control no control system controls resource use [Froehlich et al., HCIC2009; CHI2010; UW PhD Dissertation 2011]
  • 59. data information representation access inputs display medium the behavioral eco-feedback design space comparison models social actionability motivational strategies
  • 60. data information representation access inputs display medium the behavioral eco-feedback design space comparison models social actionability motivational strategies
  • 61. data information representation access inputs display medium the behavioral eco-feedback design space comparison models social actionability motivational strategies
  • 62. data information representation access inputs display medium the behavioral eco-feedback design space comparison models social actionability motivational strategies
  • 63. data information representation access inputs display medium the behavioral eco-feedback design space comparison models social actionability motivational strategies
  • 64. Two sets of designs: 1 Design Dimensions Isolate eco-feedback design dimensions in the context of water usage 2 Design Probes Meant to elicit reactions about how displays would fit within a household and investigate issues such as privacy, competition, family dynamics.
  • 65. DESIGN SET 1: ISOLATING DESIGN DIMENSIONS Design Dimensions Explored 1 Data Granularity Part of “Data Representation” in 2 Time Granularity the eco-feedback design space 3 Measurement Unit 4 Comparison
  • 66. data information representation access inputs display medium the behavioral eco-feedback design space comparison models social actionability motivational strategies
  • 67. data information representation access inputs display medium the behavioral eco-feedback design space comparison models social actionability motivational strategies
  • 68. data representation tion s aesthetic pragmatic artistic visual complexity simple complex time granularity < hour > year data granularity coarse-grain fine-grain measurement unit resource cost environmental time activity metaphor impact primary view temporal spatial categorical
  • 69. data representation tion s aesthetic pragmatic artistic visual complexity simple complex time granularity < hour > year data granularity coarse-grain fine-grain measurement unit resource cost environmental time activity metaphor impact primary view temporal spatial categorical
  • 70. DESIGN SET 1: ISOLATING DESIGN DIMENSIONS Data Granularity coarse-grain fine-grain ≥neighbor- home room activity fixture fixture ≤ valve hood category
  • 75. DESIGN SET 1: ISOLATING DESIGN DIMENSIONS Time Granularity ≤ hour day week month ≥ year
  • 76. DESIGN SET 1: ISOLATING DESIGN DIMENSIONS Measurement Unit resource rate of cost time activity metaphor consumption 36 gallons 3 gpm 9 cents 12 minutes 1 shower of water
  • 80. DESIGN SET 1: ISOLATING DESIGN DIMENSIONS data representation tion s aesthetic pragmatic artistic visual complexity simple complex time window < hour > year data granularity coarse-grain fine-grain measurement unit resource cost environmental time activity metaphor impact primary view temporal spatial categorical
  • 81. DESIGN SET 1: ISOLATING DESIGN DIMENSIONS data representation tion s
  • 82. DESIGN SET 1: ISOLATING DESIGN DIMENSIONS comparison ity comparison target self social goal comparison by time past projected social comparison target geographically demographically selected social proximal similar network goal-setting strategy self-set system-set externally set difficulty to reach comparison target easy hard
  • 83. comparison ity comparison target self social goal comparison by time past projected social comparison target geographically demographically selected social proximal similar network goal-setting strategy self-set system-set externally set difficulty to reach comparison target easy hard
  • 84. DESIGN SET 1: ISOLATING DESIGN DIMENSIONS Design Dimensions Explored Data Granularity Individual Fixture Fixture Category Activity Hot and Cold Time Granularity So Far Today So Far This Week So Far This Month Comparison Self Comparison To Others To A Goal Social/Self Measurement Unit In Gallons In Dollars Dollars / Gallons Including Sewage
  • 85. Two sets of designs: 1 Design Dimensions Isolate eco-feedback design dimensions in the context of water usage 2 Design Probes Meant to elicit reactions about how displays would fit within a household and investigate issues such as privacy, competition, family dynamics.
  • 86. DESIGN SET 2: DESIGN PROBES Design Probes Explored Time- Aquatic Series Eco-system Spatial Rainflow Per- Other Occupant
  • 87. DESIGN SET 2: DESIGN PROBES Design Probes Explored Time- Aquatic Series Eco-system Spatial Rainflow Per- Other Occupant
  • 88. Daily Patterns of Water Usage Washing Machine Shower Bath Faucets Toilets Gallons [Adapted from Butler, Building and Environment, 1993]
  • 89. DESIGN SET 2: DESIGN PROBES Time-Series Views
  • 90. DESIGN SET 2: DESIGN PROBES Design Probes Explored Time- Aquatic Series Eco-system Spatial Rainflow Per- Other Occupant
  • 91. DESIGN SET 2: DESIGN PROBES Spatial View
  • 92. DESIGN SET 2: DESIGN PROBES Design Probes Explored Time- Aquatic Series Eco-system Spatial Rainflow Per- Other Occupant
  • 93. DESIGN SET 2: DESIGN PROBES Per-Occupant View
  • 94. DESIGN SET 2: DESIGN PROBES Design Probes Explored Time- Aquatic Series Eco-system Spatial Rainflow Per- Other Occupant
  • 95. DESIGN SET 2: DESIGN PROBES Aquatic Ecosystem Design Influences ubifit Consolvo et al., CHI2008 ubigreen Froehlich et al., CHI 2009 Consolvo et al., UbiComp2008
  • 96. DESIGN SET 2: DESIGN PROBES Aquatic Ecosystem View Movie Water savings New water “Frank” the fish water savings met met goal goal meets his mate savings tracker display is also “Frank” interactive so the fish fish respond to touch Frank and his mate have children and so on…
  • 97. DESIGN SET 2: DESIGN PROBES Design Probes Explored Time- Aquatic Series Eco-system Spatial Rainflow Per- Other Occupant
  • 98. DESIGN SET 2: DESIGN PROBES Rainflow View
  • 99. DESIGN SET 2: DESIGN PROBES Rainflow View Movie
  • 100. DESIGN SET 2: DESIGN PROBES Design Probes Explored Time- Aquatic Series Eco-system Spatial Rainflow Per- Other Occupant
  • 101. DESIGN SET 2: DESIGN PROBES Other Design Probes Geographic Comparisons Dashboards Metaphorical Unit Designs Recommendations
  • 103. Informal interviews with water experts (e.g., SPU, Amy Vickers) UW Environmental Practicum on water Literature review of water resource management, environmental psychology Our own online survey of water usage attitudes & knowledge (N=656 respondents) Design critique sessions with team Three sets of pilot studies Data Ideation / Pilot Formative Ideation Refinement Gathering Sketch Studies Evaluation Informed by gathered data Guided by eco-feedback design space Online interactive survey of designs (N=651 respondents) In-home interviews (10 households, 20 adults)
  • 104. Online Survey Recruitment o Online postings and word-of-mouth Survey Design o 63 questions (10 optional) o Question and answer order randomized when possible Collected Data o 712 completed surveys (651 from US or Canada) o Nearly 6,000 qualitative responses
  • 107. In-Home Interviews Recruitment o Online postings and word-of-mouth o Specifically recruited families Interview Method o Semi-structured with two researchers o 90-minutes, 3-phases o Data coded by two researchers into themes Participants o 10 households (20 adults) o 11 female/9 male o Diff. socio-economic backgrounds & occupations o 18 had college degrees
  • 110. For both the survey and interviews, 90% of participants indicated an interest in conserving water Average morning shower uses 400 gallons of water
  • 112. Data Granularity coarse-grain fine-grain ≥neighbor- home room activity fixture fixture ≤ valve hood category This display lets you more easily identify the specific areas that need attention R536 Majority preferred the Individual Fixture Display
  • 113. Data Granularity coarse-grain fine-grain ≥neighbor- home room activity fixture fixture ≤ valve hood category This display lets you more easily identify the specific areas that need attention R536 Majority preferred the Individual Fixture Display
  • 114. Data Granularity coarse-grain fine-grain ≥neighbor- home room activity fixture fixture ≤ valve hood category 20% preferred the Activity Display
  • 115. Measurement Unit resource rate of cost time activity metaphor consumption 71% of respondents preferred to see both gallons and cost Seeing the gallon amount triggers the ‘save the environment’ impulse to conserve, while the dollar amount is helpful because almost everyone is motivated by money to some extent R143 I don't think very well in ‘thousands of gallons’, but $20 I can understand. That’s a case of beer down the drain, if you will R48
  • 116. Time Granularity ≤ hour day week month ≥ year Majority of respondents wanted ability to switch between different time granularities
  • 117. Comparisons were the most uniformly desired pieces of information of all the dimensions
  • 119. Emergent Themes 1 Competition and Cooperation 2 Accountability and Blame 3 Playfulness and Functionality 4 Sense of Privacy 5 Display Placement
  • 120. Competition and Cooperation “ ” You can compare usage to others, and create friendly competition “ ” R220 It pits the family members against each other rather than encouraging collaboration “ R485 [It] sets up a ‘competitive’ environment that we are trying not to create in our household R493
  • 121. Accountability and Blame “ ” It holds each individual accountable for water usage “ ” R354 There’s no reason to add an element of ‘blame’ to conservation efforts within a family “ R98 Would seem to lead to plenty of arguments about usage R144
  • 122. Playfulness and Functionality “ ” I like the idea of getting rewards for saving water “ I8.2 ” It’s like unlocking badges in Foursquare. No matter how trivial it can be to make a fish appear on this screen, you still want to do it “ I4.1 It doesn’t appeal to me as much. I don’t do Foursquare. This distracts me a little bit and it doesn’t make me think about my usage I4.2
  • 123. Useful as an educational tool?
  • 124. Privacy Spectrum Least Most Invasive Invasive
  • 125. It’s incredibly invasive. And other people’s water consumption is not my business. R25
  • 126. Water usage for many purposes can be very personal, and shouldn’t be automatically shared R25
  • 127. Privacy Spectrum Least Most Invasive Invasive
  • 129. If we placed the display here, the kids couldn’t see it. I2.1
  • 130. Display Location Preferences kitchen near thermostat high traffic areas accessible when needed
  • 131. Primary Contributions 1 First work to design and evaluate feedback visualizations for disaggregated water data 2 An iterative design roadmap for others working in the space of eco-feedback or other behavior change technologies
  • 132. Sensing and feedback for water quality not just consumption
  • 135. Data Ideation / Pilot Formative Ideation Refinement Gathering Sketch Studies Evaluation
  • 136. Closing Thought Eco-feedback displays do not just visualize consumption, they document household activities
  • 137. The Eco-Feedback Team! Solai Josh Inness Fabia Mazhengmin Marilyn Eric Leah Shwetak James Acknowledgements: Seattle Public Utilities: Ray Hoffman, Director; Al Diettemann, Water Conservation Expert; Bob Alpers Amy Vickers, Water Conservation Expert Austin Polebitski, Assistant Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UMass David Hsu, Assistant Professor City and Regional Planning, UPenn Sara Sheridan for her early design work
  • 138. Questions? @jonfroehlich design: UNIVERSITY of use: build: WASHINGTON