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The Dynamics of Local Innovation Systems Structures
Networks and Processes 1st Edition Eva Panetti Digital
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Author(s): Eva Panetti
ISBN(s): 9780429202391, 0429202393
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Year: 2020
Language: english

The Dynamics of Local
Innovation Systems
This book offers a comprehensive overview of the dynamics underpinning
the successful performance of local innovation systems (LIS), that is, spatial
concentration of innovation activities in specific geographical areas,characterized
by the synergetic co-localization of research centers,innovation-driven enterprises,
large corporations and capital providers.
The reader will gain a deeper knowledge of LIS theory and learn about
the theoretical and empirical challenges of studying the LIS from a relational
perspective. The book also provides an analytical framework to explore the level
of connectivity among LIS actors through the use of social network analysis
(network architecture) and second, to assess the variety of different types of
relationships that local actors put in place to produce innovation within the
LIS (network portfolio). More specifically, this book explores which network
configuration is associated with a successful LIS by deriving evidence from
the empirical study of the biopharma LIS in the Greater Boston Area (GBA),
which has been exemplified as a benchmark case in terms of successful LIS
performance.
This book also contributes to the theoretical debate about the optimal
configuration of network structure (e.g. network closure vs. network openness).
In capturing the heterogeneous nature of the LIS demography, it addresses the
challenges brought about by the adoption of a holistic approach. Finally, the
study provides insights into the network portfolio composition,which has been
underexplored by extant literature. Besides addressing the scientific community
in the field,this book will also be a valuable resource with practical implications
for policymakers and those actors willing to undertake an active role in the
development of an LIS in their own regions.
Eva Panetti is a scholar in Innovation Management and Team Project Manager
for the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s “Regional Entrepreneurship
Acceleration Program” (MIT REAP) for the Campania Region (Italy). She
gained her PhD in Management at the Federico II University of Naples and,since
the beginning of her career,she focused her studies on the analysis of innovation
ecosystems. In 2017 she was visiting researcher at the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology’s Industrial Performance Center, where she conducted a research
project on Boston Biotech Ecosystem. She is the author of several international
publications on innovation ecosystems, technology transfer and technological
transitions. Having analyzed many international cases, her studies currently
focus on the evolution of emerging innovation ecosystems, with special regard
to the Industry–University relationship and technology transfer mechanisms,
and are conducted in cooperation with the Department of Management and
Quantitative Studies at the Parthenope University of Naples.

Routledge Studies in the Economics of Innovation
The Routledge Studies in the Economics of Innovation series is our home for
comprehensive yet accessible texts on the current thinking in the ﬁeld. These
cutting-edge,upper-level scholarly studies and edited collections bring together
robust theories from a wide range of individual disciplines and provide in-depth
studies of existing and emerging approaches to innovation,and the implications
of such for the global economy.
Automation, Innovation and Economic Crisis
Surviving the Fourth Industrial Revolution
Jon-Arild Johannessen
The Economic Philosophy of the Internet of Things
James Juniper
The Workplace of the Future
The Fourth Industrial Revolution, the Precariat and the Death of Hierarchies
Jon-Arild Johannessen
Economics of an Innovation System
Inside and Outside the Black Box
Tsutomu Harada
The Dynamics of Local Innovation Systems
Structures, Networks and Processes
Eva Panetti
For more information about this series,please visit:www.routledge.com/Routledge-
Studies-in-the-Economics-of-Innovation/book-series/ECONINN

The Dynamics of Local
Innovation Systems
Structures, Networks and Processes
Eva Panetti

First published 2019
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2019 Eva Panetti
The right of Eva Panetti to be identiﬁed as author of this work has been
asserted by her in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright,
Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced
or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means,
now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording,
or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in
writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or
registered trademarks, and are used only for identiﬁcation and explanation
without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book has been requested
ISBN: 978-0-367-19443-7 (hbk)
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List of figures viii
List of tables ix
Introduction 1
1 Local innovation systems: an overview 4
1.1 The impact of geography on innovation 4
1.2 Defining a local innovation system (LIS) 6
1.2.1 A taxonomy of LIS definitions 6
1.2.2 The evolution of the study of LIS 10
1.2.3 An extended definition of LIS 12
1.3 State of the art in LIS theory and classification of main studies 13
1.3.1 LIS input-driven approach 13
1.3.1.1 Actors’ heterogeneity as a key performance
indicator of LIS 13
1.3.1.2 Territorial boundaries as a key performance
indicator of LIS 16
1.3.1.3 Relationships as a key performance indicator of LIS 18
1.3.2 LIS output-driven approach 20
1.4 Conclusions 25
2 Local innovation systems as networks of relationships 31
2.1 The impact of network architecture in innovation processes 31
2.1.1 Innovation networks: key concepts 31
2.1.2 Benefiting from innovation networks 31
2.1.3 Why network structure matters: the impact of network
architecture on resource mobilization 32
2.2 The proximity framework 33
2.2.1 The role of proximity in the emergence of knowledge
networks 33
Contents

vi Contents
2.2.2 Geographical proximity 34
2.2.3 Cognitive proximity 35
2.2.4 Organizational proximity 35
2.2.5 Institutional proximity 35
2.2.6 Social proximity 36
2.2.7 The risks of “too much proximity” 36
2.3 The social network approach for the study of innovation systems 38
2.3.1 The debate on the desirable network structure:
key concepts 38
2.3.1.1 Network closure 40
2.3.1.2 Structural holes 40
2.3.1.3 Gatekeeper organizations 41
2.3.1.4 Small worlds 42
2.4 The study of LIS through a network approach: a review 43
2.4.1 The deﬁnition of network boundaries 44
2.4.2 Network nodes’ composition 45
2.4.3 Network portfolio of relationships 46
2.4.4 Network structure perspective 48
2.4.5 The relationship between network characteristics
and innovation performance 49
2.5 Literature gap and summary 52
3 Exploring the relational dimension of LIS: an empirical
case study 61
3.1 A combined approach for the study of the LIS relational dimension 61
3.2 LIS in the biopharma industry 63
3.2.1 The importance of geographical proximity in
the biopharma industry 65
3.2.2 Demography of the biopharma industry 66
3.2.3 Forms of collaboration in the biopharma industry 67
3.3 The biopharma innovation system in the Greater Boston Area 69
3.4 Methodology 75
3.4.1 The social network analysis 75
3.4.2 Expert interviews 77
3.4.3 Data collection and analysis for SNA 80
3.4.4 Data collection and analysis for expert interviews 83
3.5 Conclusions 86
4 Results from the empirical study 90
4.1 Network structural conﬁguration in a successful LIS 90
4.1.1 Results from the social network analysis 90

Contents vii
4.2 Network composition in a successful LIS 94
4.2.1 The most common practices of innovation-driven
interactions within the LIS 94
4.2.2 Types of relationships that contribute to knowledge transfer 95
4.2.3 The role of spatial proximity for the different types of
relationships 97
4.3 An analytical framework for the study of LIS performance from
a relational perspective 98
4.3.1 Main implications of the study 100
4.4 Conclusions 104
Index 105

1.1 The dimensions of innovation systems 11
1.2 The triple helix model of university–industry–government relations 14
1.3 LIS classification based on the nature of the leading actor 15
1.4 Most common innovation performance metrics 21
2.1 Networks’ endogenous effects: preferential attachment;
triadic closure 39
2.2 Coleman’s network closure vs. Burt’s structural hole 39
2.3 Critical links 41
2.4 Small world network configuration 43
3.1 The biomanufacturing value chain 64
3.2 The biopharma LIS in the Greater Boston Area: biotechnology
firms by city 72
3.3 The biopharma LIS in the Greater Boston Area: biotechnology
by employment 73
3.4 Kendall Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 74
3.5 Geographical distribution: MassBio members in GBA (2012–2017) 81
3.6 Areas of specialization: MassBio members in GBA (2012–2017) 81
4.1 Network portfolio composition: Greater Boston Area (2012–2017) 91
4.2 Greater Boston biopharma innovation system: network structure
(2012–2017) 93
4.3 Network portfolio in the biopharma LIS in the Greater Boston Area 99
4.4 Local innovation communities and their role in open networks 100
4.5 Analytical framework for the study of LIS performance from
a relational perspective 103
Figures

Tables
1.1 STE mode vs. DUI mode 5
1.2 Analytic vs. synthetic knowledge bases 6
1.3 Taxonomy of LIS deﬁnitions 7
1.4 Actors’ heterogeneity as a key performance indicator of LIS 17
1.5 Most common used indicators of innovation performance 21
1.6 Examples of performance metrics for an emerging
technological system 23
1.7 Composite indicators of innovation system performance 23
1.8 The Local Innovation Index 24
1.9 LIS input-driven and output-driven approaches 25
2.1 The proximity framework 37
2.2 Complementary assets and knowledge networks 48
2.3 Empirical studies adopting a network approach for the study
of local innovation systems 50
3.1 Practices of inter-organizational relationships 70
3.2 The biopharma LIS in the Greater Boston Area: economic scorecard 72
3.3 The most common indicators in social network analysis 78
3.4 Data sources 83
3.5 Expert interviews: represented organizations 84
3.6 Expert interviews: list of participants 86
4.1 Top 20 actors: betweenness centrality in the Greater Boston Area
(2012–2017) 91
4.2 Social network analysis metrics: Greater Boston Area (2012–2017) 92

In recent decades we are witnessing a progressive spatial concentration of
innovation activities in specific geographical areas characterized by a vibrant
atmosphere due to the synergetic co-location of research centers, innovation-
driven enterprises,large corporations and capital providers bound by horizontal
and vertical relationships. In many cases, the physical proximity of a diverse
community of actors engaged in innovation activities provides the context for
new business formation, socio-economic regional growth and knowledge pro-
duction at the global and local levels, with interesting implications in terms of
co-evolutionary dynamics at the social, technological and environmental levels.
Scholars from both management and economic geography have labeled these
environments local innovation systems (LIS) which, given their implications,
have increasingly raised the interest of both academic and political communities.
On the one hand, scholars from both management and economic geography
have analyzed the conditions and criteria for LIS empirical recognition and
judgment (i.e. system boundaries, actors and networks, institutions and knowl-
edge dynamics) as well as the mechanisms for their creation in those regions
presenting structural characteristics that may apparently prevent systems of
innovation to emerge. On the other hand, institutional and government actors
have been increasingly committed to policies to stimulate the emergence of
dynamic innovation environments through,for example,the implementation of
business accelerator programs, regimes of appropriability of intellectual prop-
erty, tax incentives, the setup of incubators and co-working spaces and so forth.
However, the mere co-location of innovation-oriented organizations and the
establishment of incentives seem not to be sufficient conditions for LIS emer-
gence. Indeed, as argued in the seminal work of Anna Lee Saxenian (1994), the
successful performance of a system of innovation is largely due to the bottom-up
emergence of synergetic cooperative mechanisms between organizations in the
form of horizontal networks of relationships. In fact, relationships exert a key
role for actors engaged in processes of innovation, as they enhance practices of
inter-organizational cooperation that allow them to share risks related to new
products, to accelerate their time to market, to bring together complementary
skills and to gain access to financial resources and new technologies. Extant
studies on innovation systems have started to analyze the network dimension
Introduction

2 Introduction
as a further variable of LIS performance. However, analytical efforts toward the
study of the LIS relational dimension have been limited and not fully explored.
In particular, there seems to be a lack of agreement on the optimal configura-
tion of network structure for the LIS assessment of performance. Additionally,
most contributions tend to limit their analysis to inter-firm formal relationships,
thus overlooking the heterogeneous nature of the system’s components and the
impact of looser ties. This book grounds on the recognition about the relevance
of the relational dimension for the study of LIS as well as on the need to fill the
gap in extant literature with respect to two aspects of analysis: network struc-
ture and network composition (i.e. the level of connectivity among the system’s
actors and the portfolio of different types of relationships and forms of coopera-
tion that local actors put in place to produce innovation). While the first aspect
relates to the debate as to whether a more open network is preferable than a more
closed one,the second issues refers to the fact that,depending on circumstances,
inter-organizational relationships may take the form of well-structured and
long-term relations, as research and development (R&D) partnerships and joint
ventures, as well as that of less formal interactions as in the case of know-how
trading. More specifically, this book explores which configurations of network
structure and portfolio are associated to a high-performing LIS by deriving
evidence from the empirical study of the biopharma LIS in the Greater Boston
Area (GBA), which has been exemplified as a benchmark case in terms of LIS
successful performance. The empirical research adopts an explorative “critical”
case study approach to derive propositions to orient future researchers, who are
invited to test them and consider the results of this work as a benchmark for
the study of LIS in emerging regions. Part of this research has been conducted
at the Industrial Performance Center (IPC) of the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology (MIT) under the supervision of Dr. Elisabeth Beck Reynolds. The
IPC has constituted a privileged standpoint for the empirical observation of the
biopharma LIS in GBA due to its location at the heart of Kendall Square, where
major players of the industry are located, and due to the longstanding academic
expertise of the IPC in the field of LIS. Additionally, the research design has
been influenced by the MIT Innovation Ecosystem Framework that I assimi-
lated at the MIT Sloan School of Management while attending the classes of the
Regional Entrepreneurship Acceleration Laboratory (REAL), taught by Fiona
Murray and Philip Budden, which have been fundamental for complementing
the academic theoretical implications of the work with a more action-oriented
approach.
The book is organized as follows. Chapter 1 provides a taxonomy of LIS
definitions upon which an original and comprehensive definition of LIS is
elaborated. The second part of the chapter offers an overview of the state of
the art by classifying LIS studies in two main strands based on the identifica-
tion of principal drivers of LIS performance (namely, the input-driven and
the output-driven approaches) and positions the current work in one of them.
Chapter 2 aims to explore a particular aspect that is studied within the input-
driven approach (i.e. the relational dimension), which is the focus of the book.

Introduction 3
To this purpose, the chapter provides an in-depth analysis of key concepts and
empirical issues concerning this specific analytical perspective. More precisely,
Section 2.1 discusses the key role played by networks of relationships within
systems of innovation, with specific regard to the benefits deriving from
partnering and the impact of network architecture on the access to relational
capital. Section 2.2 provides an overview of the proximity framework, which
highlights the conditions that favor network emergence. Section 2.3 introduces
the use of social network analysis (SNA) as an approach for the study of LIS
and illustrates the different positions within the debate on the desirable network
structure to boost innovation system performance within network literature.
Section 2.4 reviews empirical studies adopting an SNA approach for the study
of LIS according to seven specific dimensions. Main findings emerging from
the literature review lead to the identification of the literature gap, which is
discussed in Section 2.5, before concluding. Chapter 3 illustrates and discusses
the research strategy adopted for addressing the theoretical gap. Section 3.1 pro-
vides an overview of the exploratory case study methodology and emphasizes
how the selected approach contributes to address the research questions. Sec-
tion 3.2 provides an overview of the selected case study with particular regard
to the relational implications of the drug development process, the identifica-
tion of main players and the illustration and discussion of the typical forms of
cooperation and interaction occurring between the industry players. A special
section is dedicated to the illustration of the research techniques implemented
for the empirical study highlighting their points of strength and limitations,the
most common indicators and fields of application. Finally, Chapter 4 reports
and discusses the main findings deriving from data analysis and develops an
analytical framework for the study of the LIS relational dimension. More
precisely, Section 4.1 provides snapshot metrics of the network structural con-
figuration and identifies its central nodes. Section 4.2 discusses the results of
direct interviews conducted with representatives of different organizations in
the biopharma LIS in the GBA with the purpose of gaining insights about the
preferable network portfolio combination along two dimensions: the impact
on knowledge transfer and the importance of spatial proximity. Section 4.3 of
the chapter provides an in-depth discussion of results from both analyses and
combines them to achieve a more complete overview about the whole system’s
functioning and elaborates an analytical framework for future studies. Finally,
a set of propositions for practitioners is presented in Section 4.4 together with
main limitations of the study and suggestions for future research.

1.1 The impact of geography on innovation
Learning is considered as a key concept within innovation system literature. In
the late 1980s, Lundvall (1985; Lundvall, Dosi, & Freeman, 1988) and Johnson
(Johnson & Lundvall, 1994) introduced the notion of learning by interacting to
emphasize the role of geographic proximity in providing a more direct and easy
access to information within user-producer interactions (Lundvall, 1985). More
specifically, the authors consider learning “a socially embedded process which
cannot be understood without taking into consideration its institutional and
cultural context” (Lundvall, 1992, p. 1). This is mainly explained by the fact that
innovation generation represents a process characterized by low levels of predict-
ability where learning plays a central role in such uncertain process,which in turn
explains why complex and frequent communication between the parties involved
is highly required,with specific regard to the exchange of tacit knowledge (Non-
aka, Takeuchi, & Umemoto, 1996). The importance of geographic proximity in
knowledge transfer processes is further emphasized with the introduction of the
notion of learning region (Storper, 2005). In this regard, learning is conceived as a
territorially and socially embedded and interactive process (Asheim, 1996), able to
drive the successful growth and the innovation performance of regions (Cooke,
1992) thanks to the catalyst role of proximity (Coenen, Moodysson, & Asheim,
2004). Networking with other firms and organizations is therefore considered
as a “learning capability” (Lundvall & Johnson, 1994), and different kinds of
“learning relationships” (e.g. customer-supplier; cross-sectorial interactions) are
deemed to be at the core of the innovation process (Johnson & Andersen,2012).
Another important aspect is that the impact of geographic proximity on
innovation-driven learning dynamics varies according to the nature of knowl-
edge and innovation modes. Lundvall and Johnson (1994) grouped knowledge
into four economically relevant knowledge categories:
• Know-what, i.e. knowledge about facts;
• Know-why, i.e. knowledge of scientific principles;
• Know-who, i.e. specific and selective social relations;
• Know-how, i.e. practical skills.
(p. 129)
Local innovation systems
An overview
1

Local innovation systems 5
This taxonomy is useful to understand the different channels through which learn-
ing takes place. Indeed, while know-what and know-why can be learned through
codified information (e.g. by reading books or lectures), the other two forms of
knowledge are more difficult to codify and may be required to be transferred
through practical experience. Consequently, while know-why and know-what are
more typically produced through STE-based innovation (science,technology and
engineering), know-how and know-who are generally associated with DUI-based
innovation (doing, using and interacting). Following Jensen, Johnson, Lorenz
and Lundvall (2007), the STE mode is “based on the production and use of
codified scientific and technical knowledge”, whereas the DUI mode “relies on
informal processes of learning and experience-based know-how” (p. 680). Main
differences between the two modes of learning are shown in Table 1.1.
Asheim and Gertler (2005),building on the concept of learning as an interactive
process, introduce a new dimension analytic dimension to the study of innovation
processes (i.e. knowledge base Laestadius,1998),which can be alternatively analytical
or synthetic. The analytical knowledge base refers to industrial settings, “where scien-
tific knowledge is highly important,and where knowledge creation is often based on
formal models, codified science and rational processes” (Asheim and Gertler, 2005,
p. 296),as in the case of biotechnology,information and communication technolo-
gies (ICT) and genetics. University-industry networks turn out to be particularly
important,as companies tend to frequently rely on results from research institutions
for the development of their innovations. The type of exchanged and produced
knowledge tends to be codified,and its application gives origin to radical innovation
Table 1.1 STE mode vs. DUI mode
STE mode (science driven) DUI mode (user driven)
Aim: Increase the R&D capacity of the
actors in the system and increase cooperation
between firms and R&D organizations
Aim: Foster inter-organizational learning
and increase cooperation between in
particular producers and users
Typical innovation policy: Typical innovation policy:
Increase the R&D capacity of organizations Support on-the-job learning and
organizational innovations
Support joint R&D projects between firms
and universities
Matchmaking activities and building and
sustaining existing networks
Support higher education programs Stimulate trust building and joint innovation
projects between actors in the value chain
(producers-suppliers, users-consumers)
Subsidies for R&D infrastructure
(laboratories, research and technologies
centers, research groups, etc.)
Stimulate joint projects between competing
and auxiliary businesses
Support (financial) for increasing mobility
between academia and industry
Support for commercialization of research
results
Source: Isaksen and Nilsson (2011)

6 Local innovation systems
more frequently. Indeed,radical innovation is typically produced when knowledge
is exchanged among actors of different nature through inter-organizational relation-
ships and cooperative mechanisms capable of stimulating reciprocal learning and
thereby processes of innovation (Capaldo, 2004). Hence, the presence of actors of
different nature (i.e. universities, firms, government institutions), presenting differ-
ent skills and capabilities and diverse backgrounds can boost the creation of radical
innovation as far as they exchange non-redundant information.
On the other hand, the synthetic knowledge base refers to “industrial settings,
where the innovation takes place mainly through the application of existing
knowledge” (Asheim and Gertler, 2005, p. 295) or through new combinations
of knowledge. It is the case of incremental innovations, which are developed
to solve specific problems as, for example, in the field of industrial machinery
or shipbuilding, where products are generally manufactured on a small scale.
Research and development (R&D) and university-industry links tend to be less
important compared to the analytic knowledge base, and knowledge is often
produced as a result of experimenting, testing and practical processes present-
ing a low level of codification. Main characteristics and differences of the two
knowledge bases are summarized in Table 1.2.
The impact of spatial proximity on innovation processes thus manifests itself
depending on the frequency and intensity of interactions (especially face-to-face)
needed to effectively transfer the knowledge and the need of specific infrastruc-
ture (e.g. research institutions or innovation centers) for its development.
1.2 Defining a local innovation system (LIS)
1.2.1 A taxonomy of LIS definitions
Extant literature provides a variety of conceptual definitions of LIS (Table 1.3).
Cooke, Uranga and Etxebarria (1998) and Doloreux (2002) emphasize embed-
dedness and learning mechanisms as key features of LIS. Indeed, while the
Table 1.2 Analytic vs. synthetic knowledge bases
Synthetic knowledge base Analytic knowledge base
Innovation by application or novel
combination of existing knowledge
Innovation by creation of new knowledge
Importance of applied, problem-related
knowledge (engineering), often through
inductive processes
Importance of scientific knowledge often
based on deductive processes and formal
models
Interactive learning with clients and suppliers Research collaboration between firms (R&D
department) and research organizations
Dominance of tacit knowledge due to more
concrete know-how, craft and practical skill
Dominance of codified knowledge due to
documentation in patents and publications
Mainly incremental innovation More radical innovation
Source: Asheim and Gertler (2005)

Table 1.3 Taxonomy of LIS definitions
Author (year) LIS definition Focus
Cooke et al. (1998) A system “in which firms and other organizations
are systematically engaged in interactive learning
through an institutional milieu characterized by
embeddedness”
Embeddedness
Asheim and Isaksen
(1997)
LIS consists of a “production structure (techno-
economic structures) and an institutional
infrastructure (political-institutional structures)”
Role of policies
and regulations
Tödtling and
Kaufmann (1999)
LIS as a network inhabited by regional main
industry’s firms and by those operating in
complementary fields whose relations are a vehicle
for knowledge transfer and production
Inter-firm
relationships
Doloreux (2002) “Social system” where both private and public
actors interact with each other in a systematic
manner, thus contributing to the regional potential
of the region concerned
Embeddedness
Morrison (2003) LIS as “a set of localized network of actors (firms
and organizations) devoted to generate, transform
and diffuse knowledge”
Inter-
organizational
relationships;
knowledge
production and
diffusion
Muscio (2006) “Local innovation systems are based on the
generation of regionalized learning systems where
some local innovation policies are activated to
transfer technologies, to enforce technological
cooperation, and to provide support and incentives
to innovative networks”
Role of policies;
knowledge
transfer
Norton (2007) “LSI represents the collaboration and networks
between companies and other players in
the system (national and local government,
regulatory authorities, research and training
centers, the financial system and markets). It
summarizes the diversity of roles of the various
parts of the system – roles that are interlinked
and interdependent”
Inter-
organizational
relationships
Canzanelli and
Loffredo (2008)
“LIS are complex systems characterized by
interaction between multiple actors and
institutions that produce and reproduce
knowledge and know-how, govern how they
are transferred to businesses and other local
organizations, and manage how they are
implemented”
Inter-
organizational
relationships;
knowledge
production and
diffusion
Hamaguchi (2008) LIS as “as a subset of a cluster, differentiating
from other kind of cluster by its very nature
of orientation toward creation of products and
production methods that are new to the industry”
Radical new
knowledge
production
(Continued)

8 Local innovation systems
former describes LIS in terms of a system “in which firms and other organiza-
tions are systematically engaged in interactive learning through an institutional
milieu characterized by embeddedness” (Cooke et al., 1998, p. 1581), the latter
refers to LIS as a “social system” where both private and public actors inter-
act with each other in a systematic manner, thus contributing to the regional
potential of the region concerned. The network argument is proposed also
by Tödtling and Kaufmann (1999), who consider LIS a network inhabited by
regional main industry’s firms and by those operating in complementary fields
whose relations are a vehicle for knowledge transfer and production. Similarly,
according to Norton (2007):
(LSI) represents the collaboration and networks between companies and
other players in the system (national and local government, regulatory
authorities,research and training centers,the financial system and markets).
It summarizes the diversity of roles of the various parts of the system-roles
that are interlinked and interdependent.
(p. 13)
In this vein,Morrison (2003) defines LIS as “a set of localised network of actors
(firms and organizations) devoted to generate,transform and diffuse knowledge”
(p. 6) and, according to Canzanelli and Loffredo (2008), LIS are “complex
systems characterized by interaction between multiple actors and institutions
that produce and reproduce knowledge and know-how, govern how they are
transferred to businesses and other local organizations, and manage how they
are implemented” (p. 6). Other authors deepen the focus on relationships by
Author (year) LIS definition Focus
Russell et al. (2011) “An innovation ecosystem refers to the inter-
organizational, political, economic, environmental,
and technological systems through which
a milieu conducive to business growth is
catalyzed, sustained, and supported. A dynamic
innovation ecosystem is characterized by a
continual realignment of synergistic relationships
that promote growth of the system. In agile
responsiveness to changing internal and external
forces, knowledge, capital, and other vital resources
flow through these relationships”
Interdependency
of actors
at multiple
levels; inter-
organizational
relationships
Rahayu and
Zulhamdani (2014)
“Local innovation system as an intelligent
organism which has various organs with their
unique tasks in order to achieve the main goal, i.e.
innovation”
Interdependency
of actors
Source: Author’s own elaboration
Table 1.3 (Continued)

Local innovation systems 9
emphasizing the interdependencies existing between local actors, as in the case
of Rahayu and Zulhamdani (2014), who define “Local innovation system as an
intelligent organism which has various organs with their unique tasks in order to
achieve the main goal, the so called innovation” (p. 68). More specifically, these
organs include: (1) operational organ (producers, local university, local research
institute); (2) coordinator organ (business culture); (3) controller organ (busi-
ness culture and the government); (4) planner/intelligence organ (the govern-
ment); and (5) policy organ, or “brain” (the government). Asheim and Isaksen
(1997) describe LIS as consisting of a “production structure (techno-economic
structures) and an institutional infrastructure (political-institutional structures)”
(p. 304). The catalytic role of institutions and local policies in stimulating the
regional innovation performance is also stressed by Muscio (2006), who argues
that “Local innovation systems are based on the generation of regionalized
learning systems where some local innovation policies are activated to transfer
technologies, to enforce technological cooperation, and to provide support and
incentives to innovative networks” (p. 775). Hamaguchi (2008) provides an
interesting contribution,emphasizing the innovation output as an LIS distinctive
characteristic by defining it “as a subset of a cluster, differentiating from other
kind of cluster by its very nature of orientation toward creation of products and
production methods that are new to the industry” (p. 145), thus highlighting
the specialization and the radical nature of the innovation produced within sys-
tems of this kind. A number of contributions have specified the elements or the
required conditions for an LIS to exist. According to Gebauer, Nam and Parsche
(2005), main LIS components include
(i) horizontal and vertical relations among firms (e.g. prime contractors,
subcontractors, independent enterprises in similar and/or different indus-
tries); (ii) firms’ contacts with universities and other research institutions, as
well as with technology centers; (iii) the role of government agencies (pro-
motion), interest groups (commercial, technical and information support)
and lending bodies (the provision of venture capital).
(p. 662)
A more specific description of LIS main features is the one provided by Martin
and Simmie (2008), that includes
(i) Sectorally and institutionally diverse knowledge generating businesses
and institutions which can draw innovative ideas from many potential
sources; (ii) High levels of firm specialization to supply the best in national
and international markets; (iii) Commercial and marketing know-how,
based on knowledge of international market and technological conditions;
(iv) a wider social culture that is also tolerant of diversity, and new ideas
and ways of doing things; (v) Firms able to exploit knowledge and support
knowledge applications by others; (vi) High levels of technical sophistica-
tion among both producers and users of technology; (vii) Economies of

Other documents randomly have
different content

I set not down the ugly and filthy polluting of every street with the
gore and carcases of horses; neither do I complain that the one
lacked burial, and the other flaying, until the air, corrupted with their
carion, infected all that yet remained alive in the town.
And why should I describe the particularity of every such annoyance
as commonly happens both in camps and castles where martial feats
are managed?
But I may not pass over with silence the wilful burning and
destroying of the stately Town House, and all the muniments and
records of the city: neither can I refrain to tell their shameful rapes
and outrageous forces presented unto sundry honest dames and
virgins.
It is also a ruthful remembrance, that a poor English Merchant, who
was but a servant, having once redeemed his master's goods for 300
crowns, was yet hanged until he were half dead, because he had not
200 more to give them. And the halter being cut down, and he come
to himself again; [he] besought them on knees, with bitter tears, to
give him leave to seek and try his credit and friends in the town, for
the rest of their unreasonable demand. At his return, because he
sped not, as indeed no money was then to be had, they hung him
again outright: and afterwards, of exceeding courtesy, procured the
Friars Minor to bury him.
To conclude. Of the 17,000 carcases which were viewed on the
Thursday: I think, in conscience, 5,000, or few less, were massacred
after their victory; because they had not ready money wherewith to
ransom their goods at such prices as they pleased to set on them. At
least, all the World will bear me witness, that ten days after,
whosoever was but pointed at, and named to be a Walloon, was
immediately massacred without further audience or trial.
For mine own part, it is well known that I did often escape very
narrowly; because I was taken for a Walloon. And on Sunday, the
11th of this instant [November 1576], which was the day before I
gat out of the town, I saw three poor souls murdered in my

presence, because they were pointed [at] to be Walloons: and it was
well proved, immediately [after], that one of them was a poor
artificer, who had dwelt in the town eight years before, and [had]
never managed arms, but truly followed his occupation.
Furthermore, the seed of these and other barbarous facts brought
forth this crop and fruit, That, within three days, Antwerp, which
was one of the richest towns in Europe, had now no money nor
treasure to be found therein, but only in the hands of murderers and
strumpets. For every Don DIEGO must walk, jetting up and down
the streets, with his harlot by him, in her chain and bracelets of
gold. And the notable Bourse, which was wont to be a safe assembly
for merchants and men of all honest trades, had now none other
merchandise therein but as many dicing tables as might be placed
round about it, all the day long.
Men will boast of the Spaniards, that they are the best and most
orderly soldiers in the World: but, sure[ly], if this be their order, I
had rather be accounted a Besoigner [French for an indigent beggar]
than a brave soldier in such a Band: neither must we think, although
it hath pleased GOD (for some secret cause only known to his divine
Majesty) to yield Antwerp and Maestricht thus into their hands; that
he will spare to punish this their outrageous cruelty, when his good
will and pleasure shall be to do the same. For surely their boasting
and bragging of iniquity is over great to escape long unscourged.
I have talked with sundry of them; and demanded, Why they would
command that the Town House should be burned?
And their answer was, Because it was the place of assembly where
all evil counsels were contrived.
As though it were just that the stocks and stones should suffer for
the offence of men. But such is their obstinate mind and arrogancy
that, if they might have their will, they would altogether raze and
destroy the towns, until no one stone were left upon another.

Neither doth their stubborn blindness suffer them to perceive that in
so doing they should much endamage the King their Master; whom
they boast so faithfully to honour, serve, and obey.
As for the injuries done by them unto our own Nation particularly; I
will thus set down as much as I know.
We were quiet in the House appointed for the Mansion of English
Merchants, under safe Conduct, Protection, and Placard
[Placcaet=Proclamation] of their King: having neither meddled any
way in these actions; nor by any means assisted the Estates of the
country with money, munition, or any kind of aid. Yea, the Governor
[Thomas Heton] and Merchants, foreseeing the danger of the time,
had often demanded passport[s] of the King's Governors and
Officers to depart.
And all these, with sundry other allegations, we propounded and
protested unto them before they entered the English House; desiring
to be there protected, according to our Privileges and Grants from
the King their Master; and that they would suffer us there to remain,
free from all outrage spoil or ransom, until we might make our
estate known unto [Sancho d'Avila] the Castellan [of Antwerp Castle]
and other Head Officers which served there for the said King.
All which notwithstanding; they threatened to fire the House unless
we would open the doors: and, being once suffered to enter,
demanded presently the ransom of 12,000 crowns of the Governor.
Which sum, being not indeed in the House, neither yet one-third
part of the same; they spared not with naked swords and daggers to
menace the Governor, and violently to present him death; because
he had not wherewith to content their greedy minds.
I will not boast of any help afforded by me in that distress: but I
thank the Lord GOD! who made me an instrument to appease their
devilish furies. And I think that the Governor and all the Company

will confess that I used mine uttermost skill and aid for the
safeguard of their lives, as well as [of] mine own.
But in the end, all eloquence notwithstanding; the Governor [Thomas
Heton], being a comely aged man and a person whose hoary hairs
might move pity and procure reverence in any good mind; especially
the uprightness of his dealing considered: they enforced him, with
great danger, to bring forth all the money, plate, and jewels which
were in the House; and to prepare the remnant of 12,000 crowns at
such days and times as they pleased to appoint.
And of the rest of our Nation, which had their goods remaining in
their several pack-houses and lodgings elsewhere in the town; they
took such pity that four they slew, and divers others they most
cruelly and dangerously hurt: spoiling and ransoming them to the
uttermost value that might be made, or esteemed, of all their goods.
Yea, a certain one, they enforced to ransom his goods twice; yea,
thrice: and, all that notwithstanding, took the said goods violently
from them at the last.
And all these injuries being opened unto their chief Governors in
time convenient; and whiles yet the whole sum, set for [the] several
ransoms of our countrymen and the English House in general, were
not half paid; so that justice and good order might partly have
qualified the former rigours proferred by the soldiers: the said
Governors were as slow and deaf, as the others were quick and
light, of hearing to find the bottom of every bag in the town. So that
it seemeth they were fully agreed in all things: or, if any contention
were, the same was but [a] strife who, or which, of them might do
greatest wrongs. Keeping the said Governor and Merchants there
still, without grant of passport or safe conduct, when there are
scarcely any victuals to be had for any money in the town; nor yet
the said Merchants have any money to buy it, where it is. And as for
credit; neither credit nor pawn can now find coin in Antwerp.
In these distresses, I left them the 12th of this instant November
1576; when I parted from them: not as one who was hasty to leave
and abandon them in such misery; but to solicit their rueful causes

here, and to deliver the same unto Her Majesty and [the Privy]
Council in such sort as I beheld it there.
And this is, in effect, the whole truth of the Sacking and Spoil of so
famous a town. Wherein is to be noted—that the Spaniards and their
faction being but 5,000; the Trenches made against them of such
height as seemed invincible; the Power within the town, 15,000 or
16,000 able fighting men well armed, I mean the townsmen ready
armed being counted: it was charged, entered, and won in three
hours; and before six hours passed over, every house therein
sacked, or ransomed at the uttermost value.
The which victory (being miraculous and past man's capacity to
comprehend how it should be possible) I must needs attribute unto
GOD's just wrath poured upon the inhabitants for their iniquity, more
than to the manhood and force of the Spaniards. And yet I mean not
to rob them of their deserved glory; but to confess that both their
order and valour in charging and entering was famous: and had they
kept half so good order, or shewed the tenth part of such manly
courage, in using their victory and parting of their spoil; I must then
needs have said that Cæsar had never any such soldiers. And this
must I needs say for them that, as their continual training in service
doth make them expert in all warlike stratagem[s]; so their daily
trade in spoiling hath made them the cunningest ransackers of
houses, and the best able to bring a spoil unto a quick market, of
any soldiers or master thieves that ever I heard of.
But I leave the scanning of their deeds unto GOD, who will bridle
their insolency when he thinketh good and convenient. And let us
also learn, out of this rueful tragedy, to detest and avoid those sins
and proud enormities which caused the wrath of GOD to be so
furiously kindled and bent against the town of Antwerp.
Let us also, if ever we should be driven to like occasion, which GOD
forbid! learn to look better about us for good order and direction;
the lack whereof was their overthrow. For surely the inhabitants

lacked but good guides and leaders: for (having none other order
appointed, but to stand every man armed in readiness before his
door) they died there, many of them, fighting manfully; when the
Wallooners and High Duches [Germans] fled beastly.
Let us also learn to detest the horrible cruelties of the Spaniards, in
all executions of warlike stratagems; lest the dishonour of such
beastly deeds might bedim the honour wherewith English soldiers
have always been endowed in their victories.
And finally let us pray to GOD for grace to amend our lives, and for
power and foresight to withstand the malice of our enemies: that
remaining and continuing in the peaceable protection of our most
gracious Sovereign, we may give Him the glory; and all due and
loyal obedience unto Her Majesty, whom GOD now and ever
prospect and preserve. Amen.
Written the 25th day of November 1576,
by a true Englishman, who was
present at this piteous Massacre,
ut supra.
(Continued from page 143.)
5. The following illustrative documents, now in the State Paper Office,
London, carry on the story of the Spanish Fury to a somewhat later date.
The spelling of the word Gascon is so important, that we took the opinion
of several experts at the State Paper Office upon it. They were all
unanimous that the word is written Gascon, and not Gaston as printed in
Volume 140 of the Calendar of those Foreign State Papers. That being so
and the Christian name being given as George: it is clear that Thomas
Heton, in the flurry in which he wrote the Memorial from the Company,
wrote George Gascon phonetically for George Gascoigne.
6. The next two documents are the letters which the Soldier-Poet brought
to England, when he got out of Antwerp on 12th November 1576, as
stated at page 162.

S. P. Foreign. Eliz. Vol. 140.
1,009. Thomas Heton to Sir Francis Walsingham.
From Antwerp, 10 November 1576.
Right Honourable, the 3rd of this month the States' men, Horsemen
and Footmen, entered this town with consent: and on the morrow,
which was Sunday the 4th of this present, the Spaniards with certain
Almains, out of the Castle, entered the town and drave away the
States' Power and they fled as they could: the town [being] put to
sack, with a pitiful slaughter and a miserable spoil.
Our House [was] entered by Twelve Spaniards, soldiers, who put me
and the rest of the Company in great fear. We were put to ransom
first at 12,000 crowns; and since it is grown one way and [an]other
to 3,000 more: and what the Company have lost, that had their
chambers and pack-houses in the town in burghers' houses, at this
present, I know not; but they are spoiled of all.
In the name of the Company there is a letter written to the
honourable [Privy] Council of our state [See next document] most
humbly beseeching that their Honours would be a mean[s] for us to
Her Majesty, as to their Honours in this case they shall think good.
If we might have had passport[s] when I required it, first of the
States, then of Monsieur [DE] Champagney Governor of this town, and
after of the Lords of this town, as both by the Intercourse [of 1507]
and Privileges we ought in right to have had; then had we avoided
this great peril of life and miserable spoil which we have sustained.
And now I most humbly beseech you to move my good Lords that
some [persons and money] may be sent over for our comfort, that
we may be permitted to pass out of this town in person, and [also]
such goods as we have remaining. For in this town we shall lack
both victuals and fuel; and also be daily in fear of the like spoil that
we have sustained.

And thus, what for the great peril that I have sustained, and the
burden and charge of my Office; I must crave pardon though my
writing be not as it should be.
I do perceive they [the Spaniards] stand here in doubt how Her
Majesty will take this doing to us.
The Lord send me and my wife into England, if it be his good will.
At Antwerp, the 10th of November 1576.
Thomas Heton.
1,010 The Merchant Adventurers to the Privy Council.
From Antwerp, [10] November 1576.
Right Honourable our good and gracious Lords, &c. In all
humbleness these are showing to your Honours that in respect of
the troubles all over this country, and especially the danger in this
town of Antwerp; such of our Society as are here remaining did
purpose, and some attempted, to have, in due time, removed from
this place both their persons and goods; some by water and some
by land, as well towards England as for Duchland [Germany.] And
being letted [hindered] of their purpose and attempts both the ways,
and not suffered to pass their goods out of this town; whereupon
[they] sought to have had free passage and passport here,
according to the Intercourse and Safe Conduct.
But after many delays, from time to time; the 3rd day of this month,
our requests were plainly denied, either to be granted, or by writing
answered.
So as, the 4th day, we are fallen into great peril of our lives; divers
of our Company being hurt, and some slain. And by sacking of this
town ever since, we are not only spoiled of our money and goods
that were in private houses thereof; but also we are further forced,

for ransom and safeguard of our persons and goods within the
principal House of our residence here, to answer and content the
Spanish soldiers and others who, in the Fury, entered our said
House, accounting charges, above the sum of £5,000 Flemish.
Towards furniture [furnishing] whereof, we have been constrained to
give them all the money and plate that was in our said House; and
also to use our credit for so much as we could get besides. And yet
all accounted and delivered to them doth not discharge the one half
of the sum; and for the rest we have given them Bills payable at a
month, and some part at two months: so as now we have not
money to provide for our needful sustentation.
Wherefore we most humbly beseech your good Lordships and
Honours, of your accustomed clemencies, to have compassion upon
us; and to be means to our most gracious Sovereign Lady, the
Queen's Majesty, that speedy order may be given for our relief, and
release out of this place: where presently [at present] we are void of
money and credit; and shortly are like[ly] to be void of sustenance,
and not able to get it for money.
The discourse of these tragedies we omit, and refer the same to be
reported to your Lordships by this bringer, Master George Gascon;
whose humanity, in this time of trouble, we, for our parts, have
experimented.
And so leaving the further and due consideration of our case unto
your Right Honourable wisdoms and clemencies; we beseech
Almighty GOD to preserve your good Lordships and Honours in long
health and felicity.
Written at Antwerp, this [10th] day of November 1576,
By your Lordships' and Honours'
Most bound and obedient.
The Governor and Fellowship of the
English Merchant Adventurers in Antwerp,
Thomas Heton.

7. In 1602, an anonymously written Play, based on this Narrative, was
published in London, under the title, A larum for London, or the Siege of
Antwerp, in 4to.
8. Five days after Gascoigne got out of Antwerp; the English Ambassador
was there. No doubt he helped our Merchant Adventurers in their dire
extremity.
Jeronimo de Rodas, or Roda, was the supreme villain in command of the
troops that had sacked the town; as Sancho d'Avila was in charge of
Antwerp Castle. Doctor Wilson thus reports a conversation that he had
with Rodas on the 17th November 1576, thirteen days after the massacre
began. This gives us the Spanish view of the matter; and also such
miserable excuse as they could possibly offer for their villany, which
however is no excuse at all.
We must remember that it would be the Ambassador's policy to keep fair
with Rodas, who was master of the situation for the moment.
1,021. Dr Thomas Wilson to the Privy Council.
19 November 1576.
And now, if it please your Honours, I am to declare my coming to
Rodas, who did send unto me a Safe Conduct for me and mine, upon
a letter that I did write to him from Ghent the 10th of this month:
and the 17th of the same, I did speak with him; immediately after
my coming to Antwerp.
And, delivering my Letters of Credit, [I] made him acquainted with
all that I did at Brussels; and that my coming [to Flanders] was for
the King's benefit and honour: assuring him that if either the Estates
would alienate this country [of Flanders] to any foreign Prince, or
would convert it to themselves in prejudice of the King [Philip II.];
Her Majesty would employ all her force to withstand such attempts.
These speeches he liked very well: and was persuaded, even by
plain demonstration before my departure, that my coming was to
none other end; as it was not indeed.

Hereupon he declared unto me at large, the whole doings at
Brussels, the Mutinies made by the Spaniards at Alost and elsewhere
after their victory had at Zierikzee; and blamed greatly the young
heads at Brussels, and the fury of the people to use the King's
Council, and to break up the door of his Palace, in such sort as they
did: [Rodas was very nearly made prisoner in the Palace at Brussels
on 5th September 1576, by the Seigneur De Hèze:] clearing the
Council from all intention of evil to the town, or people, of Brussels;
making a very great discourse unto me of this matter.
"Well," quoth I, "you are well revenged of the people by your late
victory here in Antwerp; which hath been very bloody."
"Can you blame us?" quoth he. "Is it not natural to withstand force
with force; and to kill rather than to be killed? and not to lose the
King's piece committed to our charge?"
All this I granted: and praised the Spaniards for their valiant
courage; that, being so few, could, with policy and manhood,
overcome so many.
"But now," quoth I, "I pray you give me leave to speak a little. After
you were lords of the town—which you got wholly and quietly within
two hours after your issuing forth—what did you mean, to continue
still killing, without mercy, people of all sorts that did bear no armour
at all; and to murder them in their houses? to fire the chiefest and
fairest part of the city, after you were in full and quiet possession of
all? And not contented to spoil the whole town, but to ransom those
that were spoiled? And to spare no Nation: although they did bear
no arms at all; nor yet were dealers in any practice at all against the
King's Ministers, or the Spaniards?"
His answer was, That the fury of the soldiers could not be stayed:
and that it grieved him much when the city was on fire; and [that
there] was no sparing to kill, when all were conquered. The soldiers
of Alost were adventurers, had no Captains, desperate persons: and
would not be ruled by any Proclamation or commandment that could
be given or made.

"Well," quoth I, "if the Fury could not be stayed; yet the Ransoming
might be forbidden; which is an act against the Law of all Nations."
And therefore I required him, in the name of the Queen's Majesty, to
command restitution to be made to the English Nation....
To conclude, he told me, That he would be glad to do what he might
for restitution; but he thought it would be hard. For that which is to
be paid with Bills, which for the Company amounteth to 5,000
crowns, at the month's end: the same [Bills], he saith, shall be
discharged; and the bonds cancelled. Further he hath promised to
grant a Safe Conduct for all English Merchants to go (with their
goods remaining, ships, and merchandizes), without danger,
withersoever they will: not aiding, or abetting, the King's enemies.
9. We next give the opinion of the Sieur de Champagney as to how the
massacre came about.
In the following January, he was in England: and then presented a long
Memorial in French, to our Privy Council; in which occurs the following
reference to the Spanish Fury.
1,029. The Sieur de Champagney's Declaration.
At London, in January 1577.
That he undertook the Government of Antwerp most unwillingly, at
the express desire and command of the King of Spain. That, during
his Government, he did all in his power to restrain the excesses of
the Spaniards in the Citadel; so far as to incur their odium and
hatred. That he was unable to prevent the sack of the town, owing
to the treachery of the Almain Colonels [Van Einden &c.] of the only
troops under his command; who would not suffer the burghers to
arm in their defence.
10. Edward Grimeston, in his General History of the Netherlands to 1608
(which is mainly based on J. F. Le Petit's Chronique, printed at Dordrecht

in 1601) gives the following account of the destruction of Antwerp Castle,
which had been built by the Duke of Alva.
The inhabitants of Antwerp being still in fear, by reason of their
Castle, so long as the war was thus wavering, fearing they should
be, at some time, again surprised (terming it a den of thieves, an
invention of men full of cruelty, a nest of tyranny, a receptacle of all
filthy villany abomination and wickedness) obtained leave of the
States to dismantle it towards the town.
The which the burghers began the 28th of August [1577], with such
spleen as there was neither great nor small (wives children,
gentlewomen, and burghers; and all in general) but would pull down
a piece of it; men, women, and servants going thither, with their
Ensigns displayed, having many victuallers on the plain before the
Castle [the Esplanade]; so as it seemed a camp. And although the
masons' work was great, strong, and thick; yet were they not long in
beating it down on that side.
Soon after, in imitation of that of Antwerp, followed the dismantling
of the Castles of Ghent, Utrecht, Valenciennes, Bethune, Lille, Aire,
and others; and the Citadel of Arras was laid open towards the town.
p. 647.]
Footnotes
[2] The necessary corrections have been herein made.—E.A.
[3] This Plan of Antwerp at the time of the Spanish Fury, drawn
up from the instructions of George Gascoigne, is wanting in every
copy of this Narrative that we have met with. We have
strenuously searched for it in every direction; but without
success. Its disappearance is a great loss.—E.A.

C H L O R I S ,
or
The Complaint of the
passionate despised
Shepherd.
By William Smith.
Imprinted at London,
by Edmund Bollifant.
1596.
To the most excellent and learned
Shepherd Colin Clout

[i.e. Edmund Spenser].
Olin, my dear and most entire beloved,
My Muse audacious stoops her pitch to thee!
Desiring that thy patience be not moved
By these rude lines, written here you see.
Fain would my Muse, whom cruel Love hath wronged,
Shroud her love-labours under thy protection!
And I myself, with ardent zeal, have longed
That thou mightst know, to thee my true affection.
Therefore, good Colin, graciously accept
A few sad Sonnets which my Muse hath framed:
Though they but newly from the shell are crept,
Suffer them not by envy to be blamed!
But, underneath the shadow of thy wings,
Give warmth to these young-hatchèd orphan things!
Give warmth to these young-hatchèd orphan things!
Which, chill with cold, to thee for succour creep.
They of my study are the budding springs:
Longer I cannot them in silence keep.
They will be gadding! sore against my mind.
But, courteous Shepherd, if they run astray,
Conduct them, that they may the pathway find:
And teach them how the Mean observe they may!
Thou shalt them ken by their discording notes!
Their weeds are plain, such as poor shepherds wear;
Unshapen, torn, and ragged are their coats:
Yet forth they wandering are, devoid of fear.
They which have tasted of the Muses' spring,
I hope, will smile upon the tunes they sing.
W. Smith.
F I N I S .
To all Shepherds in general.

Ou whom the World admires for rarest style,
You which have sung the Sonnets of True Love,
Upon my maiden verse with favour smile!
Whose weak-penned Muse, to fly too soon doth prove:
Before her feathers have their full perfection,
She soars aloft, pricked on by blind affection.
You whose deep wits, ingine, and industry,
The everlasting palm of praise have won!
You paragons of learned Poesy
Favour these mists! which fall before you sun:
Intentions leading to a more effect,
If you them grace but with your mild aspect.
And Thou, the Genius of my ill tuned note!
Whose beauty urgèd hath my rustic vein,
Through mighty oceans of despair to float;
That I in rhyme thy cruelty complain:
Vouchsafe to read these lines both harsh and bad!
Nuntiates of Woe, with sorrow being clad.
W. Smith.

CHLORIS.
SONNET I.
Ourteous Calliope, vouchsafe to lend
Thy helping hand to my untunèd Song!
And grace these Lines, which I to write pretend,
Compelled by love which doth poor Corin wrong.
And those, thy sacred Sisters, I beseech,
Which on Parnassus' Mount do ever dwell,
To shield my country Muse and rural speech
By their divine authority and spell.
Lastly to thee, O Pan, the shepherds' King;
And you swift footed Dryades, I call!
Attend to hear a swain in verse to sing
Sonnets of her that keeps his heart in thrall!
O Chloris, weigh the task I undertake!
Thy beauty, subject of my Song I make.
SONNET II.
Hy beauty, subject of my Song I make;
O fairest Fair! on whom depends my life:
Refuse not then the task I undertake
To please thy rage, and to appease my strife!
But with one smile remunerate my toil;
None other guerdon I, of thee desire.
Give not my lowly Muse new-hatched the foil,
But warmth; that she may at the length aspire
Unto the temples of thy star-bright Eyes;
Upon whose round orbs perfect Beauty sits:
From whence such glorious crystal Beams arise
As best my Chloris' seemly Face befits.
Which Eyes, which Beauty, which bright crystal Beam,
Which Face of thine, hath made my love extreme.
SONNET III.

Eed, silly sheep! although your keeper pineth;
Yet, like to Tantalus, doth see his food.
Skip you and leap! now bright Apollo shineth
Whilst I bewail my sorrows in yon wood:
Where woeful Philomela doth record
(And sings with notes of sad and dire lament),
The tragedy wrought by her sister's Lord.
I'll bear a part in her black discontent!
That pipe, which erst was wont to make you glee,
Upon these downs whereon you careless graze,
Shall to her mournful music tunèd be!
Let not my plaints, poor lambkins, you amaze!
There, underneath that dark and dusky bower,
Whole showers of Tears to Chloris I will pour!
SONNET IV.
Hole showers of Tears to Chloris I will pour
As true oblations of my sincere love.
If that will not suffice, most fairest Flower!
Then shall my Sighs, thee to pity move.
If neither Tears nor Sighs can ought prevail;
My streaming Blood thine anger shall appease!
This hand of mine by vigour shall assail
To tear my heart asunder, thee to please!
Celestial powers, on you I invocate!
You know the chaste affections of my mind!
I never did my faith yet violate!
Why should my Chloris then be so unkind?
That neither Tears, nor Sighs, nor streaming Blood
Can unto mercy move her cruel mood.
SONNET V.

Ou Fauns and Silvans, when my Chloris brings
Her flocks to water in your pleasant plains,
Solicit her to pity Corin's stings!
The smart whereof, for her, he still sustains.
For she is ruthless of my woeful song.
My oaten reed she not delights to hear.
O Chloris! Chloris! Corin thou dost wrong;
Who loves thee better than his own heart dear.
The flames of Etna are not half so hot
As is the fire which thy disdain hath bred.
Ah, cruel Fates! why do you then besot
Poor Corin's soul with love? when love is fled!
Either cause cruel Chloris to relent,
Or let me die upon the wound she sent!
SONNET VI.
Ou lofty Pines, co-partners of my woe,
When CHLORIS sitteth underneath your shade;
To her those sighs and tears, I pray you show,
Whilst you attending, I for her have made.
Whilst you attending droppèd have sweet balm,
In token that you pity my distress:
Zephirus hath your stately boughs made calm;
Whilst I, to you my sorrows did express.
The neighbour mountains bendèd have their tops,
When they have heard my rueful melody;
And Elves, in rings about me leap and hop,
To frame my passions to their jollity.
Resounding echoes, from their obscure caves
Reiterate what most my fancy craves.
SONNET VII.

Hat need I mourn? seeing Pan, our sacred King,
Was, of that Nymph, fair Syrinx coy, disdained.
The World's great Light, which comforteth each thing,
All comfortless for Daphne's sake remained.
If gods can find no help to heal the sore
Made by Love's shafts, which pointed are with fire;
Unhappy Corin, then thy chance deplore!
Since they despair by wanting their desire.
I am not Pan, though I a shepherd be;
Yet is my Love as fair as Syrinx was.
My Song cannot with Phœbus's tunes agree;
Yet Chloris doth his Daphne far surpass.
How much more fair, by so much more unkind
Than Syrinx coy, or Daphne, I her find.
SONNET VIII.
O sooner had fair Phœbus trimmed his car,
Being newly arisen from Aurora's bed;
But I, in whom Despair and Hope did war,
My unpenned flock unto the mountains led.
Tripping upon the snow-soft downs I spied
Three Nymphs, more fairer than those Beauties Three
Which did appear to Paris on Mount Ide.
Coming more near, my goddess I there see.
For She, the field Nymphs oftentimes doth haunt,
To hunt with them the fierce and savage boar:
And having sported, Virelays they chant;
Whilst I, unhappy, helpless cares deplore.
There did I call to her, ah, too unkind!
But tiger-like, of me she had no mind.
SONNET IX.

Nto the fountain, where fair Diana chaste
The proud Acteon turnèd to a hart,
I drave my flock that water sweet to taste;
'Cause from the welkin, Phœbus 'gan depart.
There did I see the Nymph whom I admire.
Remembering her locks; of which the yellow hue
Made blush the beauties of her curlèd wire.
Which Jove himself with wonder well might view.
Then red with ire, her tresses she berent;
And weeping hid the beauty of her face:
Whilst I, amazèd at her discontent,
With tears and sighs do humbly sue for grace.
But she, regarding neither tears nor moan,
Flies from the fountain, leaving me alone.
SONNET X.
M I a Gorgon? that she doth me fly!
Or was I hatchèd in the river Nile?
Or doth my Chloris stand in doubt that I,
With Siren songs, do seek her to beguile?
If any one of these she can object
'Gainst me, which chaste affectèd love protest;
Then might my fortunes by her frowns be checked:
And blameless She from scandal free might rest.
But seeing I am no hideous monster born;
But have that shape which other men do bear:
Which form great Jupiter did never scorn
Amongst his subjects here on earth to wear.
Why should she then that soul with sorrow fill
Which vowèd hath to love and serve her still?
SONNET XI.

Ell me, my dear, what moves thy ruthless mind
To be so cruel, seeing thou art so fair?
Did Nature frame thy beauty so unkind;
Or dost thou scorn to pity my despair?
O no, it was not Nature's ornament,
But wingèd Love's impartial cruel wound,
Which in my heart is ever permanent,
Until my Chloris makes me whole and sound.
O glorious Love-God, think on my heart's grief!
Let not thy vassal pine through deep disdain!
By wounding Chloris, I shall find relief;
If thou impart to her some of my pain.
She doth thy temples and thy shrines abject!
They with Aminta's flowers by me are decked.
SONNET XII.
Ease eyes to weep, sith none bemoans your weeping!
Leave off, good Muse, to sound the cruel name
Of my love's Queen! which hath my heart in keeping;
Yet of my love doth make a jesting game.
Long hath my sufferance laboured to enforce
One pearl of pity from her pretty eyes;
Whilst I, with restless oceans of remorse,
Bedew the banks where my fair Chloris lies,
Where my fair Chloris bathes her tender skin;
And doth triumph to see such rivers fall
From those moist springs, which never dry have been
Since she their honour hath detained in thrall.
And still she scorns one favouring smile to show
Unto those waves proceeding from my woe.
A Dream.
SONNET XIII.

Hat time fair Titan in the zenith sat
And equally the fixèd poles did heat;
When to my flock my daily woes I chat,
And underneath a broad beech took my seat:
The dreaming god, which Morpheus Poets call,
Augmenting fuel to my Etna's fire,
With sleep possessing my weak senses all,
In apparitions makes my hopes aspire.
Methought I saw the Nymph I would embrace,
With arms abroad, coming to me for help:
A lust-led Satyr having her in chase;
Which after her, about the fields, did yelp.
I seeing my Love in perplexed plight,
A sturdy bat from off an oak I reft;
And with the ravisher continued fight
Till breathless I upon the earth him left.
Then when my coy Nymph saw her breathless foe,
With kisses kind she gratifies my pain;
Protesting never rigour more to show.
Happy was I this good hap to obtain.
But drowsy slumbers, flying to their cell,
My sudden joy convertèd was to bale.
My wontèd sorrows still with me do dwell.
I lookèd round about on hill and dale:
But I could neither my fair Chloris view;
Not yet the Satyr, which erst while I slew.
SONNET XIV.

Ournful Amyntas, thou didst pine with care,
Because the Fates, by their untimely doom,
Of life bereft thy loving Phillis fair;
When thy love's Spring did first begin to bloom.
My care doth countervail that care of thine;
And yet my Chloris draws her angry breath:
My hopes, still hoping, hopeless now repine;
For living, She doth add to me but death.
Thy Phillis dying, lovèd thee full dear.
My Chloris living, hates poor Corin's love.
Thus doth my woe as great as thine appear;
Though sundry accents both our sorrows move.
Thy swan-like Song did shew thy dying anguish:
These weeping Truce-men shew I living languish.
SONNET XV.
Hese weeping Truce-men shew I living languish;
My woeful wailings tell my discontent:
Yet Chloris nought esteemeth of mine anguish;
My thrilling throbs, her heart cannot relent.
My kids to hear the rhymes and roundelays,
Which I, on wasteful hills, was wont to sing,
Did more delight than lark in summer days:
Whole echo made the neighbour groves to ring.
But now my flock, all drooping, bleats and cries;
Because my Pipe, the author of their sport,
All rent, and torn, and unrespected, lies:
Their lamentations do my cares consort.
They cease to feed, and listen to the plaint;
Which I pour forth unto a cruel Saint.
SONNET XVI.

Hich I pour forth unto a cruel Saint,
Who merciless my prayers doth attend:
Who tiger-like doth pity my complaint;
And never unto my woes will lend.
But still false hope despairing life deludes;
And tells my fancy I shall grace obtain.
But Chloris fair, my orisons concludes
With fearful frowns, presagers of my pain.
Thus do I spend the weary wandering day,
Oppressèd with a chaos of heart's grief:
Thus I consume the obscure night away,
Neglecting sleep which brings all cares relief.
Thus I pass my lingering life in woe:
But when my bliss will come, I do not know!
SONNET XVII.
He perils which Leander took in hand,
Fair Hero's love and favour to obtain;
When, void of fear, securely leaving land,
Through Hellespont he swam to Cestos main:
His dangers should not counterpoise my toil.
If my dear Love would once but pity show,
To quench these flames which in my breast do broil,
Or dry these springs which from mine eyes do flow;
Not only Hellespont, but ocean seas,
For her sweet sake, to ford I would attempt!
So that my travails would her ire appease;
My soul, from thrall and languish to exempt.
O what is't not, poor I, would undertake;
If labour could my peace with Chloris make?
SONNET XVIII.

Y Love, I cannot thy rare beauties place
Under those forms which many Writers use.
Some like to stones, compare their Mistress' face.
Some in the name of flowers do love abuse.
Some make their love a goldsmith's shop to be,
Where orient pearls and precious stones abound.
In my conceit these far do disagree
The perfect praise of beauty forth to sound.
O Chloris, thou dost imitate thyself!
Self's imitating passeth precious stones
Or all the Eastern Indian golden pelf,
Thy red and white, with purest fair atones,
Matchless for beauty Nature hath thee framed:
Only "unkind" and "cruel" thou art named.
SONNET XIX.
He Hound, by eating grass, doth find relief:
For, being sick, it is his choicest meat.
The wounded Hart doth ease his pain and grief;
If he, the herb Dictamion may eat.
The loathsome Snake renews his sight again,
When he casts off his withered coat and hue.
The sky-bred Eagle fresh age doth obtain
When he, his beak decayèd doth renew.
I worse than these, whose sore no salve can cure;
Whose grief, no herb, nor plant, nor tree can ease:
Remediless, I still must pain endure
Till I, my Chloris's furious mood can please.
She, like the scorpion, gave to me a wound;
And, like the scorpion, she must make me sound.
SONNET XX.

E wasteful woods, bear witness of my woe!
Wherein my plaints did oftentimes abound.
Ye, careless birds, my sorrows well do know!
They, in your songs, were wont to make a sound.
Thou, pleasant spring, canst record likewise bear.
Of my designs and sad disparagement!
When thy transparent billows mingled were
With those downfalls which from mine eyes were sent.
The echo of my still-lamenting cries,
From hollow vaults, in treble voice resoundeth;
And then into the empty air it flies,
And back again from whence it came reboundeth.
That Nymph, unto my clamours doth reply,
"Being likewise scorned in love, as well as I."
SONNET XXI.
Eing likewise scorned in love as well as I"
By that self-loving Boy; which did disdain
To hear her, after him for love to cry:
For which in dens obscure she doth remain.
Yet doth she answer to each speech and word
And renders back the last of what we speak.
But 'specially, if she might have her choice,
She of "Unkindness" would her talk forth break.
She loves to hear of Love's most sacred name;
Although, poor Nymph, in love she was despised:
And ever since she hides her head for shame,
That her true meaning was so lightly prized.
She, pitying me, part of my woes doth hear;
As you, good Shepherds, list'ning now shall hear.
SONNET XXII.

fairest Fair, to thee I make my plaint, my plaint,
To thee from whom my cause of grief doth spring: doth spring:
Attentive be unto the groans, sweet Saint! sweet Saint!
Which unto thee in doleful tunes I sing. I sing.
My mournful Muse doth always speak of thee. of thee.
My love is pure, O do not it disdain! disdain!
With bitter sorrow still oppress not me; not me;
But mildly look upon me which complain. which complain.
Kill not my true-affecting thoughts; but give but give
Such precious balm of comfort to my heart, my heart,
That casting off despair, in hope to live, hope to live,
I may find help at length to ease my smart. to ease my smart.
So shall you add such courage to my love, my love,
That fortune false, my faith shall not remove. shall not remove.
SONNET XXIII.
He Phœnix fair which rich Arabia breeds,
When wasting time expires her tragedy;
No more on Phœbus' radiant rayes she feeds:
But heapeth up great store of spicery;
And on a lofty tow'ring cedar tree,
With heavenly substance, she herself consumes.
From whence she young again appears to be,
Out of the cinders of her peerless plumes.
So I, which long have frièd in love's flame,
The fire, not made of spice, but sighs and tears,
Revive again, in hope Disdain to shame,
And put to flight the author of my fears.
Her eyes revive decaying life in me;
Though they augmentors of my thraldom be.
SONNET XXIV.

Hough they augmentors of my thraldom be:
For her I live, and her I love and none else.
O then, fair eyes, look mildly upon me!
Who poor, despised, forlorn, must live alone else:
And, like Amyntas, haunt the desert cells
(And moneyless there breathe out thy cruelty)
Where none but Care and Melancholy dwell.
I, for revenge, to Nemesis will cry!
If that will not prevail; my wandering ghost,
Which breathless here this love-scorched trunk shall leave,
Shall unto thee, with tragic tidings post!
How thy disdain did life from soul bereave.
Then, all too late, my death thou wilt repent!
When murder's guilt, thy conscience shall torment.
SONNET XXV.
Ho doth not know that Love is triumphant,
Sitting upon the throne of majesty?
The gods themselves, his cruel darts do daunt:
And he, blind boy, smiles at their misery!
Love made great Jove ofttimes transform his shape.
Love made the fierce Alcides stoop at last.
Achilles, stout and bold, could not escape
The direful doom which Love upon him cast.
Love made Leander pass the dreadful flood,
Which Cestos from Abydos doth divide.
Love made a chaos where proud Ilion stood.
Through Love the Carthaginian Dido died.
Thus may we see how Love doth rule and reign;
Bringing those under, which his power disdain.
SONNET XXVI.

Hough you be fair and beautiful withal;
And I am black, for which you me despise:
Know that your beauty subject is to fall!
Though you esteem it at so high a price.
And time may come when that whereof you boast,
Which is your youth's chief wealth and ornament,
Shall withered be by winter's raging frost;
When beauty's pride and flowering years are spent.
Then wilt thou mourn! when none shall thee respect.
Then wilt thou think how thou hast scorned my tears!
Then, pitiless, each one will thee neglect;
When hoary grey shall dye thy yellow hairs.
Then wilt thou think upon poor Corin's case!
Who loved thee dear, yet lived in thy disgrace.
SONNET XXVII.
LOVE, leave off with sorrows to torment me!
Let my heart's grief and pining pain content thee!
The breach is made; I give thee leave to enter!
Thee to resist, great god, I dare not venture!
Restless desire doth aggravate my anguish;
Careful conceits do fill my soul with languish:
Be not too cruel, in thy conquest gained!
Thy deadly shafts have victory obtained!
Batter no more my Fort with fierce affection;
But shield me, captive, under thy protection!
[Two lines wanting.]
I yield to thee, O Love, thou art the stronger!
Raise then thy siege, and trouble me no longer!
SONNET XXVIII.

Hat cruel star, or fate, had dominion
When I was born? that thus my love is crossed.
Or from what planet had I derivation?
That thus my life in seas of woe is crossed.
Doth any live that ever hath such hap,
That all their actions are of none effect?
Whom Fortune never dandled in her lap;
But, as an abject, still doth me reject.
Ah, fickle Dame! and yet thou constant art
My daily grief and anguish to increase!
And to augment the troubles of my heart;
Thou, of these bonds will never me release!
So that thy darlings, me to be may know,
The true Idea of all Worldly Woe.
SONNET XXIX.
Ome in their hearts, their Mistress's colours bear;
Some hath her gloves; some other hath her garters;
Some in a bracelet wear her golden hair;
And some with kisses seal their loving charters:
But I, which never favour reapèd yet,
Nor had one pleasant look from her fair brow;
Content myself in silent shade to sit,
In hope at length my cares to overplow.
Meanwhile mine eyes shall feed on her fair face!
My sighs shall tell to her my sad designs!
My painful pen shall ever sue for grace!
To help my heart, which languishing now pines.
And I will triumph still amidst my woe,
Till mercy shall my sorrows overflow.
SONNET XXX.

He raging sea, within his limits lies;
And with an ebb, his flowing doth discharge:
The rivers, when beyond their bounds they rise,
Themselves do empty in the ocean large:
But my love's sea, which never limit keepeth;
Which never ebbs, but always ever floweth,
In liquid salt unto my Chloris weepeth;
Yet frustrate are the tears which he bestoweth.
This sea, which first was but a little spring,
Is now so great, and far beyond all reason,
That it a deluge to my thoughts doth bring;
Which overwhelmèd hath my joying season.
So hard and dry is my Saint's cruel mind;
These waves no way in her to sink can find.
SONNET XXXI.
Hese waves no way in her to sink can find;
To penetrate the pith of contemplation.
These tears cannot dissolve her hardened mind,
Nor move her heart on me to take compassion.
O then, poor Corin, scorned and quite despised,
Loathe now to live! since life procures my woe.
Enough thou hast thy heart anatomised,
For her sweet sake which will no pretty show.
But as cold winter's storms and nipping frosts
Can never change sweet Amaranthus' hue;
So, though my love and life by her are crossed,
My heart shall still be constant firm and true!
Although Erinnyes hinder Hymen's rites,
My fixèd faith against oblivion fights.
SONNET XXXII.

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