TOEFL MATERIAL. This topic is about structure and written expression
- 1. STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION Nurwahida, S.Pd., MA TESOL SAINT MICHAEL’S COLLEGE, USA
- 2. STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION 1. Structure (Question 1-15) 2. Written Expression (Question 16-40)
- 3. General Strategies • Be familiar with the directions. • Begin with questions 1 through 15. • Continue with questions 16 through 40. • Guess to complete the section before time is up. • Never leave any answer blank. • Study the sentence. • Do not spend too much time on the structure questions.
- 4. Skill 1: Be Sure the Sentence Has a Subject and a Verb • A sentence in English must have at least one subject and one verb • Subject= noun Noun is someone or something
- 5. What can be a subject: 1. Pure noun = pen, doctor 2. Pronoun= I, you, we, they, she, he, it 3. Gerund: reading, loving, etc. 4. To V1 = To miss you is the reason why I am here 5. Noun phrase : a new book Menerangkan Diterangkan 6. Noun clause Where he lives is not known.
- 6. Skill 1: Be Sure the Sentence Has a Subject and a Verb Example 1 ____was backed up for miles on the freeway. A. Yesterday B. In the morning C. Traffic D. cars
- 7. Skill 1: Be Sure the Sentence Has a Subject and a Verb • Example 2 Engineers____for work on the new space program. A. Necessary B. Are needed C. Hopefully D. Next month
- 8. What can be a predicate/verb 1. Verb (kata kerja) : verb 1 and verb 2 2. Auxiliary (kata kerja bantu) a. to be (is, am, are, was, were) b. to do (do, does, did) (negative dan pertanyaan) c. to have (have, has, had) d. modals (will, can, shall, may, must, would, should, could, might, etc.) + verb 1
- 9. Have/has:present + V3 had= past + V3 • I have eaten: saya sudah/telah makan • I had eaten when you came yesterday: saya telah makan ketika kamu datang kemarin • She/he/it = has + verb 3 • I/you/they/we =have + verb 3
- 10. • Provide provided provided
- 11. • I don’t study = present (sekarang) • I didn’t study = past (lampau) • She/he/it doesn’t study • She/he/I/we/they/it/you didn’t study
- 12. Auxiliary (kata kerja bantu) a. to be (is, am, are, was, were) • I am drinking (kalimat aktif) • I am walking • The water is drunk (kalimat pasif) • The apple is eaten
- 13. • semua to be (am/is/are/was/were) + Ving = kalimat aktif (me/ber) • Semua to be (am/is/are/was/were) + VIII= kalimat pasif (di/ter)
- 14. • The car is sold • The car is stolen • The car was stolen • The car will be stolen • The car has been stolen • Sell sold sold • Steal stole stolen
- 15. • Saya sudah makan • I have eaten / I haven’t eaten • I have studied • I have drunk • I have finished • She/he has
- 16. Skill 2: Be Careful of Object of Prepositions • An object of preposition is a noun or pronoun that comes after a preposition, such as in, at, of, to, by, behind, on, after, and so on, to form a prepositional phrase. • (After his exams) Tom will take a trip (by boat) Example 1 With his friend____found the movie theater. A. has B. He C. Later D. when
- 17. Example 1 With his friend____found the movie theater. A. has B. He C. Later D. when • With/in/at/on/to/by/behind/after/between/ before/for/
- 18. • Flowers = subject • Can be delivered = verb
- 19. Skill 3: Be Careful of Appositives
- 20. • Example 1
- 21. • Example 2
- 22. PARTICIPLES (Kata kerja yang berfungsi sebagai kata sifat) PAST PARTICIPLES o The book written by Randi is interesting. (kata sifat) o The man has written a book. (kata kerja) PRESENTS PARTICIPLES o The girl writing a note is a pharmacist. (kata sifat) o The girl is writing a poem. (Kata kerja)
- 23. • The man has written woman / women • The men have written • The book • The books • Mouse tooth » Teeth • mice
- 24. PARTICIPLES (Kata kerja yang berfungsi sebagai kata sifat) PAST PARTICIPLES o V.3 o Pasif o Yang di-/ter o The book written last year was sold out PRESENTS PARTICIPLES o V.ing o Aktif o Yang me-/ber- o The girl dancing in the cafe is my friend. PARTICIPLES
- 25. Skill 4: Be Careful of Present Participles
- 26. • Example
- 28. Skill 5: Be Careful of Past Participles
- 29. • Example
- 30. SENTENCES WITH MULTIPLE CLAUSES
- 31. SKILL 6. COORDINATE CONNECTORS And but or so yet S V, coordinate connector S V She laughed, but she wanted to cry
- 32. • Example:
- 33. Skill 7: Use Adverb Time and Cause Connectors Correctly
- 34. Cause • Karena Because Since For As Because of Due to + Phrase S + Verb Example: 1. She doesn’t go to campus because it is raining. S V 2. She doesn’t go to campus because of the bad weather. Phrase
- 35. • Example:
- 36. Skill 8: Use Other Adverb Connectors Correctly
- 37. Contrast • Meskipun Although Even though Though Despite In spite of + Phrase S + Verb Example: 1. She always reads a book although she is tired. S V 2. She goes to campus despite the bad weather. Phrase
- 39. MORE SENTENCES WITH MULTIPLE CLAUSES
- 40. Skill 9: Use Noun Clause Connectors Correctly
- 41. Noun = 1. as a subject 2. as an object: a. object of verb= I love you. b. object of preposition= She came here with him.
- 42. • Example: 1. I know when he will arrive. 2. When he will arrive is not important. 3. I don’t know where she lives. (Benar) I don’t know where does she live. (Salah) S Verb Noun Clause as Object Noun Clause as Subject
- 43. I don’t know where she lives. (Benar) WH-Q + S + verb I don’t know where does she live. (Salah) WH-Q + Aux. + S Noun Clause Pernyataan WH-Q + S + auxiliary/verb
- 45. Skill 10: Use Noun Clause Connectors/Subjects Correctly
- 46. Example 1. I don’t know what is in the box. s v noun clause as an object 2. Whoever is coming to the party must bring a gift. noun as a subject verb
- 48. Skill 11 and 12: Adjective Clause Klausa yang menjelaskan kata benda, bermakna “yang” who, whom, whose, which, that, where, when Human: Non-Human: 1. Who = subjek 2. Whom= objek 3. Whose = kepunyaan 1. Which = subjek/objek 2. Of which = kepunyaan
- 49. Human: Non-Human: 1. Who + auxiliary/verb 2. Whom + S + auxiliary/verb 3. Whose + Noun 1. Which + auxiliary/verb 2. Which + S + auxiliary/verb Example: 1. The man who is reading a book is my brother. 2. The girl whom you met yesterday is a doctor. 3. The girl whose hair is long is my neighbor. 4. The book which I read is interesting.
- 50. Example:
- 51. Example:
Editor's Notes
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