bone anatomy.pptx
- 1. Bassim Mohammed Jabbar MSc Aesthesia & Intensive care *
- 2. * BONES
- 3. * BONES Synonyms 1. Os (L), 2. Osteon (G). Compare with the terms, osteology, ossification, osteomyelitis, osteomalacia, osteoma, osteotomy, etc. Definition Bone is one-third connective tissue. It is impregnated with calcium salts which constitute two-thirds part. Approximately 60–70% of bone dry weight is made up of inorganic mineral salts in the form of microcrystalline hydroxyapatite
- 4. * The different types of bone cells include the following: *Osteoblast. Found within the bone, its function is to form new bone tissue. *Osteoclast. A very large cell formed in bone marrow, its function is to absorb and remove unwanted tissue. *Osteocyte. Found within the bone, its function is to help maintain bone as living tissue. *Hematopoietic. Found in bone marrow, its function is to produce red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. *Fat cells are also found within the bone marrow.
- 6. * According to Shape 1. Long bones: Each long bone has an elongated shaft (diaphysis) and two expanded ends (epiphyses) which are smooth and articular. The diaphysis is the hollow, tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone. Inside the diaphysis is the medullary cavity, which is filled with yellow bone marrow in an adult. The outer walls of the diaphysis (cortex, cortical bone) are composed of dense and hard compact bone, a form of osseous tissue. epiphysis , which is filled internally with spongy bone, another type of osseous tissue. Eg. humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia and fibula.
- 8. (b) miniature long bones have only one epiphysis like metacarpals, metatarsals and phalanges. (c) modified long bones have no medullary cavity like clavicle
- 9. (shaft )
- 10. 2. Short bones: Their shape is usually cuboid, cuneiform, trapezoid, or scaphoid. Examples: tarsal and carpal bones
- 11. 3. Flat bones resemble shallow plates and form boundaries of certain body cavities. Examples: ribs, sternum and scapula. Did you Know? Highest number of red blood cells in adults are found in the flat bones. These bones have a marrow, but not a bone marrow cavity. Occipital ● Parietal ● Frontal ● Nasal ● Lacrimal ● Vomer ● Scapula ● (Hip bone) ● Sternum ● Ribs Flat bones are broad bones that provide protection or muscle attachment.
- 13. 4. Irregular bones: Examples: vertebra, hip bone, and bones in the base of the skull
- 14. 5. Pneumatic bones: Certain irregular bones contain large air spaces lined by epithelium Examples: maxilla, sphenoid, ethmoid
- 15. 6. Sesamoid bones: These are bony nodules found embedded in the tendons or joint capsules. Examples: patella, pisiform, fabella.
- 17. one classification Features Function(s) Examples Long Cylinder-like shape, longer than it is wide Leverage Femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals, humerus, ulna, radius, metacarpals, phalanges Short Cube-like shape, approximately equal in length, width, and thickness Provide stability, support, while allowing for some motion Carpals, tarsals Flat Thin and curved Points of attachment for muscles; protectors of internal organs Sternum, ribs, scapulae, cranial bones Irregular Complex shape Protect internal organs Vertebrae, facial bones Sesamoid Small and round; embedded in tendons Protect tendons from compressive forces Patellae
- 18. * Joints
- 19. * Definition Joint is a junction between two or more bones or cartilages. It is a device to permit movements Related Terms 1. Arthron (G. a joint). Compare with the terms arthrology, synarthrosis, diarthrosis, arthritis, arthrodesis, etc. 2. Articulatio ; articulation. 3. Junctura.
- 21. * * Hold the skeletal bones together. * Allow the skeleton some flexibility so gross movement can occur. * Make bone growth possible.
- 22. * Joint are classified into structural and functional. 1- Structural classification is determined by how the bones connect to each other, 2- functional classification is determined by the degree of movement between the articulating bones.
- 24. * A. Structural Classification 1. Fibrous joints Fibrous Joints :- Bones are joined by fibrous tissue/dense connective tissue, consisting mainly of collagen. 1-Sutures :- Found between bones of the skull. In fetal skulls the sutures are wide to allow slight movement during birth. They later become rigid
- 25. * *2. Syndesmoses are joints where two adjacent bones are join together by a greater amount of connective tissue than in sutures in the form of interosseous ligaments and membranes. * Eg- radioulanr joint, tibiofibular joint.
- 26. * *3. Gomphoses :- It is a fixation of teeth in alveolar sockets of the maxilla or mandible.
- 27. * 2. Cartilaginous joints In this type of joint the bones are joined by cartilage. There are two types of cartilaginous joints: (a) Primary cartilaginous joints or synchondrosis (b) Secondary cartilaginous joints or symphysis
- 28. * *These joints are immovable and mostly temporary in nature. This cartilage may ossify with age. * Examples in humans are the joint between the first rib and the manubrium of the sternum * Joint between epiphysis and diaphysis of growing long bone.
- 29. *Secondary cartilaginous joints Known as "symphysis". *In these joints the articular surfaces of bone forming the joints are covered by thin plates of hyaline cartilage,which are connected by a disc of fibrocartilage. * Example:-symphysis pubis * Intervertebral disc
- 30. * c) Synovial joints These joints possess a cavity and the articular ends of bones forming the joint are enclosed in a fibrous capsule.As a result they are seprated by a narrow cavity,the articular cavity,which is filled with a fluid called synovial flud. (a) Ball-and-socket or spheroidal joints (b) Sellar or saddle joints (c) Condylar or bicondylar joints (d) Ellipsoid joints (e) Hinge joints (f) Pivot or trochoid joints (g) Plane joints
- 32. * Hinge Joint. This type of joint permits movement in one plane around transverse axis. This movement consists of flexion and extension. Two examples are the elbow joint, knee joint, interphalangeal joint ,ankle joint.
- 33. * *Movement is limited to the rotation around a central axis . * Examples of this type of joint are the joints between the proximal ends of the radius and ulna .atlanto axial joint.
- 35. * .these joint permit movements in 2 direction. Examples – right and left temporomandibular joints. knee joint
- 36. *
- 37. * this unique artiulation is modified condyloid joint that allows a wide range of movement. An example would be the joint between the trapezium and the metacarpal bones of the thumb,sternoclavicular joint.
- 38. Sternocavicular joint saddle variety
- 39. * This type of joint allows for a wider range of motion than any other kind. It permits movement in all planes, and a rotational movement around a central axis. Two examples of this type of joint would be the hip, shoulder joints and incudostapedial joint.
- 40. * B. Regional & Functional classification (according to the degree of mobility) 1. Skull type Synarthrosis (immovable), like fibrous joints 2. Vertebral type Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable), like cartilaginous joints. 3. Limb type Diarthrosis (freely movable), like synovial joints.
- 41. * D. According to number of articulating bones 1. Simple joint: When two bones articulate, e.g. interphalangeal joints (Fig. 3.3) 2. Compound joint: More than two bones articulate within one capsule, e.g. elbow joint, wrist joint (Fig. 3.4). 3. Complex joint: When joint cavity is divided by an intra- articular disc, e.g., temporomandibular joint (Fig. 3.5) and sternoclavicular joint.
- 42. Complex joint temporomandibular joint
- 43. Skull Skull is the bony framework, that gives the head, its characteristic shape.
- 44. * The function of the skull is to protect the soft and the vital tissues of the head, particularly the brain.
- 45. *The Skull consists of the Cranium (the bony box housing the brain) and the face. *The skull is composed of 22 bones, 8 in the cranium and 14 in the face.
- 46. The Eight bones of the Cranium are :- (1) Frontal forms the forehead , Inside the bone, just behind the eyebrows are two air spaces called the frontal sinuses. (2) Occipital The spinal cord leaves the cranium through an opening in the occipital bone called the foramen magnum (3) Sphenoid : The sphenoid bone is the central part of the base of the cranium. The sphenoid air sinuses lie in this bone. The pituitary gland lies in a bony socket called the sella turcica, located on the superior aspect of the sphenoid bone. (4) Ethmoid It transmits the olfactory nerve (nerve of smell) (5) Two Parietal bones The Parietal bones forms a large part of the cranial vault and extend from the frontal bone to the occipital bone. (6) Two Temporal bones the sides and part of the base of the cranium. These bones contain organs of hearing and equilibrium.
- 50. *There are 14 bones in the face. * (i) Mandible (1) * (ii) Maxillae (2) *(iii) Zygomatic Bones (2) *(iv) Lacrimal Bones (2) *(v) Nasal Bones (2) *(vi) Inferior conchae (2) *(vii) Palatine Bones (2) *(viii) Vomer (1)
- 57. cranial sutures
- 58. Cranial foramen
- 59. *