GIS Basic
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This document provides an overview of geographic information systems (GIS). It defines GIS as a computer system for capturing, storing, analyzing and displaying spatial data. The key components of a GIS are hardware, software, data and personnel. GIS allows users to analyze spatial relationships and patterns in data, model "what if" scenarios, and make decisions supported by maps and other outputs. Common applications of GIS include environmental assessments, land use mapping, facility management, and more.
GIS Basic
- 1. GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (G I S )
- 2. WHAT IS G – I - S ? GEOGRAPHIC implies that locations of the data items are known, or can be calculated, in terms of Geographic coordinates (Latitude, Longitude) INFORMATION implies that the data in a GIS are organized to yield useful knowledge, often as coloured maps and images, but also as statistical graphics, tables, and various on-screen responses to interactive queries. SYSTEM implies that a GIS is made up from several inter- related and linked components with different functions. Thus, GIS have functional capabilities for data capture, input, manipulation, transformation, visualization, combinations, query, analysis, modelling and output.
- 3. What is a GIS? A GIS is a database management system for spatially distributed features and the associated attributes. • Spatial data capture • Management • Analysis • Display • Decision making • Research
- 4. A SET OF TOOLS FOR COLLECTING STORING, RETRIEVING , TRANSFORMING AND DISPLAY OF SPATIAL DATA FROM THE REAL WORLD
- 5. A Geographical information system is a computerized information system for spatial and non-spatial data referenced by Geographic coordinates. It is designed to acquire, store, retrieve, manipulate, analyse and display these data according to user defined specifications.` DEFINITION: An organized collection of computer hardware, software, Geographical data and personnel designed to efficiently capture, store, update, manipulate, analyze & display all forms of Geographically referenced information
- 6. GEOSPATIAL DATA USERS COMPUTER SYSTEM KEY COMPONENTS OF GIS Hardware&Software Capture, Storage, processing Analysis, Display etc., Maps, Aerial photographs, Satellite Images, Statistic Tables etc, Design of Standards, Updating, Analysis and Implementations
- 7. REPORTING/ OUTPUT SUBSYSTEMS DATA MANIPULATION AND ANLYSIS SUBSYSTEM DATA INPUT/ DATA CAPTURE SUBSYSTEM DATA STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SUBSYSTEM GIS Architecture G I S
- 8. Contribution Disciplines Geography Cartography CAD, CAC Computer Software Automated Cartography Mathematics Statistics Surveying Photogrametry Digital Photogrametry Remote Sensing Technology G I S
- 9. What Data is in Your GIS? • What features do you map? • What attributes do you need to collect data on? • What attribute values can you give the attribute?
- 10. ATTRIBUTE DATA Attributes can be numeric or alfanumeric data that is assigned to a point, line or area spatial features Example Attributes… Stand ID, Compartment no,Vegetation type, Name of the Forest Block,Type of Road,VSS code etc.,
- 11. Geographic Data
- 12. Chris Buhi 1757 Millbrook Ln 28226 Y 2 Christian Carlson 1761 Millbrook Ln 28226 Y 1 Chris McGuire 1765 Millbrook Ln 28226 Y 2 Dale Loberger 1776 Millbrook Ln 28226 N 6 Donna Buccini 1780 Millbrook Ln 28226 Y 2 Doug Ruppel 1537 Sandberry Dr 28226 Y 1 Gary Waters 1541 Sandberry Dr 28226 Y 3 Holly Williams 1200 Yamasee Dr 28210 Y 4 Jim Wojcik 980 Harrowfield Rd 28226 N 1 Jo-Ann Brown 1812 Millbrook Ln 28226 N 2 Joe Rubisch 1090 Overhill Dr 28112 Y 4 Larry Young 1108 Kings Canyon Dr 28226 Y 3 Lee Ross 1605 Bosham Ln 28226 Y 2 Marcia Austin 1429 Quail Wood Dr 28226 Y 2 Mary Jo Fraley 1432 Quail Wood Dr 28226 Y 1 Mike Dyer 1430 Quail Wood Dr 28226 Y 3 Mike Rhoades 1332 Cameron Forest Dr 28173 Y 3 Mike Sweeney 1327 Red Hickory Ln 28173 Y 2 Paul Gallimore 1429 Buckeye Ct 28173 Y 2 Descriptive Data
- 13. Geographic Information Christian Carlson 1761 Millbrook Ln Y 1 Jo-Ann Bro 1812 Millbr Y 2 Chris McGuire 1765 Millbrook Ln Y Donna Buccini 1780 Millbrook Ln Y 2 N 6
- 14. MAPS AND MAP ELEMENTS Maps are graphic representation of our perception of the world around us. They represent cartographic interpretation and simplification of reality. Maps provide two types of information Locational information Spatial Relationships Maps contains features such as POINT LINE AREA SURFACE
- 15. MAPS AND MAP ELEMENTS Maps provide two types of information: Location information is graphically represented as points, lines and areas. Spatial relationships are derived through interpretation by the map user. Maps contain POINT features, LINE features and AREA features -wells -roads -urban areas -control points -hydro lines -water bodies -sample sites -rivers -soil/rock units -fire stations -contour lines -forest areas SPATIAL RELATIONSHIPS AMONG MAP FEATURES ARE DISPLAYED ON A MAP. THEIR SIGNIFICANCE MUST BE INTERPRETED BY THE MAP USER
- 16. Point Features Spatially distributed entities, activities or events • Points have a single geographic coordinate such as: – Tree – Traffic accident – Lamp post
- 17. Line Features Spatially distributed entities, activities or events • Lines (Arcs) are a series of geographic coordinates joined to form a line such as: – Road – Stream – Railway
- 18. Area Features Spatially distributed entities, activities or events • Areas (Polygons) are a series of geographic coordinates joined together to form a boundary such as: – Lake – Soil types
- 19. DATA STRUCTURE GIS GRAPHIC ALPHA NUMERIC VECTOR RASTER CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM IMAGE AREAL PHOTOGRAPH REMOTE SENSED SCANNED IMMAGES
- 20. SPATIAL DATA Raster Vector DATA MODELAND STRUCTURE RASTER MODEL VECTOR MODEL
- 21. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 R T 1 R T 2 H R 3 R 4 R R 5 R 6 R T T H 7 R T T 8 R 9 R Real World Vector Representation Raster Representation Concept of Vector and Raster line polygon point
- 22. BASIC FUNCTIONS OF GIS • DATA AQUISITION AND PREPROCESSING DIGITIZING EDITING TOPOLOGY BUILDING PROJECTION ATTRIBUTION • ANALYSIS
- 23. Data Capture Sources • Digitizing from paper maps • Scanning • Traditional surveying techniques • Paper records & field notes • Photogrammetry • Remote sensing • GPS
- 24. WHY GIS ? • To inventory and monitor resources • To test the sensitivity of our analysis assumptions • To simulate potential impacts of management alternatives • To make the map the 2nd time, the 50th time, the 100th time...
- 25. Uses of a GIS • Mapping geographical characteristics for analysis • Modeling alternative processes for management plans • Managing a utility’s assets • Monitoring changes in environmental factors
- 26. A GIS ANSWERS THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS LOCATION : WHERE IS THE FEATURE LOCATED ? CONDITIONAL : WHERE IS THE FEATURE WHICH SATISFIES ? TRENDS : WHAT HAS CHANGED SINCE? PATERNS : WHAT SPATIAL PATTERNS EXISTS ? MODELLING : WHAT IF ?
- 27. DATAANALYSIS AND MODELLING •RETRIEVAL •RE-CLASSIFICATION •MEASURMENT •OVERLAY •DISTANCE AND CONNECTIVITY •NEIGHBORHOOD AND CONTINUITY
- 28. Measuring and Integrating the Parts... Social Factors Biodiversity Engineering Land Use Environmental Considerations …Means Seeing the Whole
- 31. BASIC FUNCTIONS OF GIS WHAT IS IT….? (LOCATIONS) LAND PARCEL (X,Y) WHERE IS IT ….? (CONDITIONS) WITHIN THE VILLAGE HOW HAS IT CHANGED …? (TRENDS) CHANGES IN LAND USE OVER TIME WHICH DATAARE RELATED ….? (PATTERNS) NEAREST OTHER VILLAGE WHAT IF….? (MODELS) FINDING SOLUTIONS TO OTHER QUESTIONS
- 32. Images—dumb rasters (although they look good!) Smart Raster—5 feet grids Smart Vector—Pavement polygons Dumb Images & Smart GIS Data
- 33. Overlay based on Common Geographic Location
- 34. Parcels within a half mile buffer of Park and Central Photographic Image Scanned Drawing Analysis Data Table
- 35. UPDATION OF SPATIAL INFORMATION USING LATEST SATELLITE DATA Drainage & Tank 1972 Drainage & Tank 2001 Merged Data Change in Drainage & Tank Tank Area(ha) Status in 1972 & 2001 1972 2001 Change Tank Area 9.81 119.96 + 110.15
- 36. Query and Analysis Data Query Output Mandals 3 villages of numbers 8,5and 3 are having population more than 1000 and with out a school. Zahirabadd Sadasivapet Identify villages where population is > 1000 but no school with In 5 Km Villages Population Report Sanga reddy 5 32 8 7 1 4 Village Buffer 5km 6 2 3 4 5 7 3 8 5 6
- 38. ELURU
- 39. Map showing Contours- 10m
- 41. Study Area –IRS P6 LISS-IV MX
- 42. VIRTUAL MODEL
- 44. Raster Image
- 45. Vector Map Generated from Raster
- 47. GOOD TANK POOR MODERATE MODERATE - GOOD NIL WATERSHED PLANNING INTEGRATION & ANALYSIS
- 48. Inselberg - Gneiss Inselberg - Schist Linear - Phyllite Pediment - Gneiss Pediment - Schist PIC - Gneiss PIC - Schist Pedipleain Moderate - Gneiss Pedipleain Moderate - Schist Pedipleain Shallow - Gneiss Pedipleain Shallow - Schist Residual Hill - Schist Structural Hill - Schist Basalt/Metabasalt Gneiss GIS FOR DRINKING WATER STRUCTURE Schistocity / Foliation - Moderate Fault (Confirmed) - Major Fracture/Linament(Confirmed)- Minor Fracture/Linament(Inferred)- Minor Trend Line Quartz Reef Basic Dyke Farm Points Recharge Pits Tank Irrigation G W Irrigation Base Map Irrigation Drainage Structure Lithology Geomorphology Integrated Map Inselberg - Gneiss Inselberg - Schist Linear Ridge-Phyllite Pediment - Gneiss Pediment - Schist PIC - Gneiss PIC - Schist Pedipleain Moderate -Gneiss Pedipleain Moderate - Schist Pedipleain Shallow - Gneiss Pedipleain Shallow - Schist Residual Hill - Schist Structural Hill - Schist Water Body Poor to Nil Poor to Nil Poor to Moderate Poor to Moderate Poor to Nil Poor to Nil Good Good Moderate to Good Moderate to Good Poor to Nil Poor to Nil
- 49. LAND RESOURCES INFORMATION SYSTEM
- 50. POST-MONSOON (Rainy) WEEDS Tank Information System 183-48 Parcel level Information System
- 52. WHY IMPLEMENT A GIS ? MAP DATA IS MORE SECURE AND BETTER ORGANIZED REDUNDANCY AND OTHER PROBLEMS OF MULTIPLE MAP SETS ARE ELIMINATED MAP REVISIONS ARE EASIER AND FASTER MAP DATA IS EASIER TO SEARCH, ANALYZE AND PRESENT What is nearby? What is in this area? What else can you tell me about this? What areas have both of these characteristics? EMPLOYEES ARE MORE PRODUCTIVE MAP DATA IS INTEGRATED THROUGHTOUT THE ORGANIZATION
- 53. TYPICAL GIS APPLICATIONS ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTS LAND INFORMATION SYSTEM LAND USE AND THEMATIC MAPPING FACILITY MANAGEMENT HEALTH CARE, DISEASE PROFILE FORESTRY AND WILD LIFE TRACKING WASTE LAND DEVELOPMENT GROUND WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT K URBAN AND TOWN PLANNING K DEFENCE, KBUSINESS AND RETAILS,