![CEE
320
Winter
2006
Reliability
X = Probability distribution of stress
(e.g., from loading, environment, etc.)
Y = Probability distribution of strength
(variations in construction, material, etc.)
Probability
Stress/Strength
Reliability = P [Y > X] dx
dy
y
f
x
f
X
Y
P
x
y
x
](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pavement-design-220726180037-a8ad0928/85/Pavement-Design-ppt-35-320.jpg)
Pavement-Design.ppt
- 2. CEE 320 Winter 2006 Outline 1. Pavement Purpose 2. Pavement Significance 3. Pavement Condition 4. Pavement Types a. Flexible b. Rigid 5. Pavement Design 6. Example
- 3. CEE 320 Winter 2006 Pavement Purpose • Load support • Smoothness • Drainage DC to Richmond Road in 1919 – from the Asphalt Institute
- 4. CEE 320 Winter 2006 Pavement Significance • How much pavement? – 3.97 million centerline miles in U.S. – 2.5 million miles (63%) are paved – 8.30 million lane-miles total – Largest single use of HMA and PCC • Costs – $20 to $30 billion spent annually on pavements – Over $100 million spent annually in WA
- 9. CEE 320 Winter 2006 Pavement Condition • Defined by users (drivers) • Develop methods to relate physical attributes to driver ratings • Result is usually a numerical scale From the AASHO Road Test (1956 – 1961)
- 10. CEE 320 Winter 2006 Present Serviceability Rating (PSR) Picture from: Highway Research Board Special Report 61A-G
- 11. CEE 320 Winter 2006 Present Serviceability Index (PSI) • Values from 0 through 5 • Calculated value to match PSR P C SV PSI 9 . 0 1 log 80 . 1 41 . 5 SV = mean of the slope variance in the two wheelpaths (measured with the CHLOE profilometer or BPR Roughometer) C, P = measures of cracking and patching in the pavement surface C = total linear feet of Class 3 and Class 4 cracks per 1000 ft2 of pavement area. A Class 3 crack is defined as opened or spalled (at the surface) to a width of 0.25 in. or more over a distance equal to at least one-half the crack length. A Class 4 is defined as any crack which has been sealed. P = expressed in terms of ft2 per 1000 ft2 of pavement surfacing. FYI – NOT TESTABLE
- 12. CEE 320 Winter 2006 Typical PSI vs. Time Time Serviceability (PSI) p0 pt p0 - pt
- 13. CEE 320 Winter 2006 Design Parameters • Subgrade • Loads • Environment
- 14. CEE 320 Winter 2006 Subgrade • Characterized by strength and/or stiffness – California Bearing Ratio (CBR) • Measures shearing resistance • Units: percent • Typical values: 0 to 20 – Resilient Modulus (MR) • Measures stress-strain relationship • Units: psi or MPa • Typical values: 3,000 to 40,000 psi Picture from University of Tokyo Geotechnical Engineering Lab
- 15. CEE 320 Winter 2006 Subgrade Some Typical Values Classification CBR MR (psi) Typical Description Good ≥ 10 20,000 Gravels, crushed stone and sandy soils. GW, GP, GM, SW, SP, SM soils are often in this category. Fair 5 – 9 10,000 Clayey gravel and clayey sand, fine silt soils. GM, GC, SM, SC soils are often in this category. Poor 3 – 5 5,000 Fine silty sands, clays, silts, organic soils. CL, CH, ML, MH, CM, OL, OH soils are often in this category.
- 16. CEE 320 Winter 2006 Loads • Load characterization – Tire loads – Axle and tire configurations – Load repetition – Traffic distribution – Vehicle speed
- 17. CEE 320 Winter 2006 Load Quantification • Equivalent Single Axle Load (ESAL) – Converts wheel loads of various magnitudes and repetitions ("mixed traffic") to an equivalent number of "standard" or "equivalent" loads – Based on the amount of damage they do to the pavement – Commonly used standard load is the 18,000 lb. equivalent single axle load • Load Equivalency – Generalized fourth power approximation factor damage relative lb. 000 , 18 load 4
- 18. CEE 320 Winter 2006 Typical LEFs Notice that cars are insignificant and thus usually ignored in pavement design. 1.35 1.85 5.11 0.10 0.0007 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Car Delivery Truck Loaded 18-Wheeler Loaded 40' Bus Loaded 60' Articulated Bus ESALs per Vehicle
- 19. CEE 320 Winter 2006 LEF Example The standard axle weights for a standing-room-only loaded Metro articulated bus (60 ft. Flyer) are: Axle Empty Full Steering 13,000 lb. 17,000 lb. Middle 15,000 lb. 20,000 lb. Rear 9,000 lb. 14,000 lb. Using the 4th power approximation, determine the total equivalent damage caused by this bus in terms of ESALs when it is empty. How about when it is full?
- 20. CEE 320 Winter 2006 Environment • Temperature extremes • Frost action – Frost heave – Thaw weakening
- 21. CEE 320 Winter 2006 Pavement Types • Flexible Pavement – Hot mix asphalt (HMA) pavements – Called "flexible" since the total pavement structure bends (or flexes) to accommodate traffic loads – About 82.2% of paved U.S. roads use flexible pavement – About 95.7% of paved U.S. roads are surfaced with HMA • Rigid Pavement – Portland cement concrete (PCC) pavements – Called “rigid” since PCC’s high modulus of elasticity does not allow them to flex appreciably – About 6.5% of paved U.S. roads use rigid pavement
- 22. CEE 320 Winter 2006 Flexible Pavement • Structure – Surface course – Base course – Subbase course – Subgrade
- 23. CEE 320 Winter 2006 Types of Flexible Pavement Dense-graded Open-graded Gap-graded
- 24. CEE 320 Winter 2006 Flexible Pavement – Construction FYI – NOT TESTABLE
- 25. CEE 320 Winter 2006 Rigid Pavement • Structure – Surface course – Base course – Subbase course – Subgrade
- 26. CEE 320 Winter 2006 Types of Rigid Pavement • Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement (JPCP)
- 27. CEE 320 Winter 2006 Types of Rigid Pavement • Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement (CRCP) Photo from the Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute
- 28. CEE 320 Winter 2006 Rigid Pavement – Construction Slipform Fixed form FYI – NOT TESTABLE
- 29. CEE 320 Winter 2006 Pavement Design • Several typical methods – Design catalog – Empirical • 1993 AASHTO method – Mechanistic-empirical • New AASHTO method (as yet unreleased)
- 30. CEE 320 Winter 2006 Design Catalog Example design catalog from the Washington Asphalt Pavement Association (WAPA) for residential streets
- 31. CEE 320 Winter 2006 Empirical • 1993 AASHTO Flexible Equation • 1993 AASHTO Rigid Equation 07 . 8 log 32 . 2 1 1094 40 . 0 5 . 1 5 . 4 log 20 . 0 1 log 36 . 9 log 10 19 . 5 10 10 18 10 R o R M SN PSI SN S Z W 25 . 0 75 . 0 75 . 0 10 46 . 8 7 10 10 18 10 42 . 18 63 . 215 132 . 1 log 32 . 0 22 . 4 1 10 624 . 1 1 5 . 1 5 . 4 log 06 . 0 1 log 35 . 7 log k E D J D C S p D PSI D S Z W c d c t o R
- 32. CEE 320 Winter 2006 Terms – Flexible • W18 (loading) – Predicted number of ESALs over the pavement’s life. • SN (structural number) – Abstract number expressing structural strength – SN = a1D1 + a2D2m2 + a3D3m3 + … • ΔPSI (change in present serviceability index) – Change in serviceability index over the useful pavement life – Typically from 1.5 to 3.0 • MR (subgrade resilient modulus) – Typically from 3,000 to 30,000 psi (10,000 psi is pretty good)
- 33. CEE 320 Winter 2006 Terms – Rigid • D (slab depth) – Abstract number expressing structural strength – SN = a1D1 + a2D2m2 + a3D3m3 + … • S’c (PCC modulus of rupture) – A measure of PCC flexural strength – Usually between 600 and 850 psi • Cd (drainage coefficient) – Relative loss of strength due to drainage characteristics and the total time it is exposed to near-saturated conditions – Usually taken as 1.0
- 34. CEE 320 Winter 2006 Terms – Rigid • J (load transfer coefficient) – Accounts for load transfer efficiency – Lower J-factors = better load transfer – Between 3.8 (undoweled JPCP) and 2.3 (CRCP with tied shoulders) • Ec (PCC elastic modulus) – 4,000,000 psi is a good estimate • k (modulus of subgrade reaction) – Estimates the support of the PCC slab by the underlying layers – Usually between 50 and 1000 psi/inch
- 35. CEE 320 Winter 2006 Reliability X = Probability distribution of stress (e.g., from loading, environment, etc.) Y = Probability distribution of strength (variations in construction, material, etc.) Probability Stress/Strength Reliability = P [Y > X] dx dy y f x f X Y P x y x
- 38. CEE 320 Winter 2006 Design Utilities From the WSDOT Pavement Guide Interactive http://guides.ce.washington.edu/uw/wsdot
- 39. CEE 320 Winter 2006 New AASHTO Method • Mechanistic-empirical • Can use load spectra (instead of ESALs) • Computationally intensive – Rigid design takes about 10 to 20 minutes – Flexible design can take several hours
- 40. CEE 320 Winter 2006 Design Example – Part 1 A WSDOT traffic count on Interstate 82 in Yakima gives the following numbers: Parameter Data WSDOT Assumptions AADT 18,674 vehicles Singles 971 vehicles 0.40 ESALs/truck Doubles 1,176 vehicles 1.00 ESALs/truck Trains 280 vehicles 1.75 ESALs/truck Assume a 40-year pavement design life with a 1% growth rate compounded annually. How many ESALs do you predict this pavement will by subjected to over its lifetime if its lifetime were to start in the same year as the traffic count? i i P Total n 1 1
- 41. CEE 320 Winter 2006 Design Example – Part 2 Design a flexible pavement for this number of ESALs using (1) the WSDOT table, and (2) the design equation utility in the WSDOT Pavement Guide Interactive. Assume the following: •Reliability = 95% (ZR = -1.645 , S0 = 0.50) •ΔPSI = 1.5 (p0 = 4.5, pt = 3.0) •2 layers (HMA surface and crushed stone base) HMA coefficient = 0.44, minimum depth = 4 inches Base coefficient = 0.13, minimum depth = 6 inches Base MR = 28,000 psi •Subgrade MR = 9,000 psi
- 42. CEE 320 Winter 2006 Design Example – Part 3 Design a doweled JPCP rigid pavement for this number of ESALs using (1) the WSDOT table, and (2) the design equation utility in the WSDOT Pavement Guide Interactive. Assume the following: •Reliability = 95% (ZR = -1.645 , S0 = 0.40) •ΔPSI = 1.5 (p0 = 4.5, pt = 3.0) •EPCC = 4,000,000 psi •S’C = 700 psi •Drainage factor (Cd) = 1.0 •Load transfer coefficient (J) = 2.7 •Modulus of subgrade reaction (k) = 400 psi/in HMA base material
- 43. CEE 320 Winter 2006 Primary References • Mannering, F.L.; Kilareski, W.P. and Washburn, S.S. (2005). Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, Third Edition. Chapter 4 • Muench, S.T.; Mahoney, J.P. and Pierce, L.M. (2003) The WSDOT Pavement Guide Interactive. WSDOT, Olympia, WA. http://guides.ce.washington.edu/uw/wsdot • Muench, S.T. (2002) WAPA Asphalt Pavement Guide. WAPA, Seattle, WA. http://www.asphaltwa.com