Introduction of microbiology
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This document provides an overview of microbiology. It discusses the history and scope of microbiology, including its importance in fields like medicine, industry, and the environment. It also describes the different types of microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protists. Specifically, it details the six major groups that bacteria are classified into based on their morphology - cocci, bacilli, actinomycetes, spirochaetes, mycoplasmas, and rickettsiae. It provides examples of microorganisms that fall into each group.
![The history of microbiology is divided into three stages namely Discovery
stage, Transition stage & Modern Microbiology.
01]. Discovery stages:
โAristotleโ described living & nonliving organisms & their differentiation.
โRoger baconโ described disease are caused by living creatures.
โFracastoriusโ described communicable disease were caused by living agents
known as germs.
โRobert Hookโ described first report on cell structure.
โAntony van Leeuwenhoekโ first person who used a microscope of his own
design to direct observation of microbes. Form the time he was known as one
of the founders of microbiology.
02]. Transition stage:
โFrancesco Rediโ maggots would not arise form decaying covered meat.
โJohn Needhamโ proposed that tiny organisms arise spontaneously on the
mutton gravy & he support the spontaneous generation theory.
โLazzaro Spallanzaniโ air carried germs to culture medium & also revealed that
boiled broth would not give growth of microorganisms.
โJohn Tyndallโ proved the need for prolonged heating for elimination of
microbial life from infusions.
๏ B. HISTORY](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/introductionofmicrobiology-191227112530/85/Introduction-of-microbiology-2-320.jpg)
![โAugustino Bassiโ silk worm disease called muscardine was due to fungal
infection.
03]. Modern Microbiology:
โLouis Pasteurโ is also known as father of microbiology, because he was coined
the terms microbiology, aerobic & anerobic.
โLord Joseph listerโ is known as father of antiseptic surgery.
โRobert Kochโ he gave first germs theory of diseases.
โPaul Erlichโ discovered the treatment of syphilis by using arsenic
(arsphenamine).
โAlexander Flamingโ who discovered worldโs first antibiotic substance
benzylpenicillin form the mould penicillium notatum.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/introductionofmicrobiology-191227112530/85/Introduction-of-microbiology-3-320.jpg)
Introduction of microbiology
- 1. BASICS OF MICROBIOLOGY โ Learning objects โ About introduction, history, scope & importance of microbiology. โ About introduction of Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes organisms. โ About detail study of Bacteria with respect to structure, their classification, growth requirement, their isolation techniques & qualitative measurements. โ About study of different types of microscopy for detection of microorganisms. Microbiology is the branch of science which deals with microorganisms. They also small living things that include unicellular, multicellular or acellular. Unicellular โ Single cell organisms like cocci, vibrio & spirillae. Multicellular โ Filaments & sheaths to form cell colonies like blue green algae (cyanobacteria), fungi, protozoans & bacteria. Acellular โ without cell organisms like viruses, prions. These microorganisms are not visible by naked eyes, only observed under microscope. Many microorganisms are beneficial to human & some are pathogenic in nature. ๏ A. INTRODUCTION
- 2. The history of microbiology is divided into three stages namely Discovery stage, Transition stage & Modern Microbiology. 01]. Discovery stages: โAristotleโ described living & nonliving organisms & their differentiation. โRoger baconโ described disease are caused by living creatures. โFracastoriusโ described communicable disease were caused by living agents known as germs. โRobert Hookโ described first report on cell structure. โAntony van Leeuwenhoekโ first person who used a microscope of his own design to direct observation of microbes. Form the time he was known as one of the founders of microbiology. 02]. Transition stage: โFrancesco Rediโ maggots would not arise form decaying covered meat. โJohn Needhamโ proposed that tiny organisms arise spontaneously on the mutton gravy & he support the spontaneous generation theory. โLazzaro Spallanzaniโ air carried germs to culture medium & also revealed that boiled broth would not give growth of microorganisms. โJohn Tyndallโ proved the need for prolonged heating for elimination of microbial life from infusions. ๏ B. HISTORY
- 3. โAugustino Bassiโ silk worm disease called muscardine was due to fungal infection. 03]. Modern Microbiology: โLouis Pasteurโ is also known as father of microbiology, because he was coined the terms microbiology, aerobic & anerobic. โLord Joseph listerโ is known as father of antiseptic surgery. โRobert Kochโ he gave first germs theory of diseases. โPaul Erlichโ discovered the treatment of syphilis by using arsenic (arsphenamine). โAlexander Flamingโ who discovered worldโs first antibiotic substance benzylpenicillin form the mould penicillium notatum.
- 4. Microbiology is classified into main three branches which are tabulated below: By taxonomy By type of research Applied microbiology By Taxonomy By types of research Applied microbiology ๏ C. BRANCHES OF MICROBIOLOGY MICROBIOLOGY Bacteriology Astromicrobiology Medical microbiology Immunology Evolutionary microbiology Pharmaceutical microbiology Mycology Microbial physiology Industrial microbiology Nematology Microbial ecology Microbial biotechnology Parasitology Microbial genetics Agricultural microbiology Phycology Cellular microbiology Veterinary microbiology Protozoology Nano microbiology Environmental microbiology Virology Molecular microbiology geomicrobiology Biological agent Aero microbiology Generation microbiology Aquatic microbiology
- 5. ๏ D. SCOPE OF MICROBIOLOGY Some of the recent scopes are highlighted below: 01.Ecology & environment applications. 02.Food microbiology. 03.Medicines: clinical & pharmaceutical microbiology. 04.Disease treatment. 05.Vaccine & immunology. 06.In Genetic engineering. 07.In Biochemistry & physiology. 08.In Industries. 09. In Agricultural field. 10.Geochemical applications. 11.Exomicrobiology The importance of microbiology in various fields is such as; Pharmaceutical industry. Medical devices. Cosmetic microbiology. Microbiology processes are used in waste treatment, particularly dumping, waste incineration, composting & biomethanization. ๏ E. IMPORTANCE OF MICROBIOLOGY
- 6. As per morphological basis, bacteria are classified into six major groups as follows: MORPHOLOGY OF BACTERIA ๏ฒ ๏ฒ 01.True bacteria โ They further divided in to two sub-groups namely Cocci & Bacilli. Cocci are various type: like โซ Mono cocci = Monococcus Species. โซโซ Diplococci = Streptococcus Pneumonia. โซโซ โซโซ Tetrad = Micrococcus Species. ๏ญ๏ญ๏ญ ๏ญ๏ญ Sarcina = Sarcina Ventriculi. โซโซโซโซโซโซโซ Streptococci = Streptococcus Pyogenes. โซโซโซ โซโซ โซ Staphylococci = Staphylococcus Aureus. ๏ MORPHOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA True bacteria Actinomycetes Spirochaetes Mycoplasmas Chlamydiae Rickettsiae Cocci Bacilli
- 7. Bacilli are various type: like Coccobacilli Bacillus Diplobacilli Streptobacilli Palisades Club rod Enlarged rod 02. Actinomycetes: It looks like fungi. They are widely distributed in soil, compost etc. they are heterotrophic, aerobic & mesophilic organisms. 01. 02. 03
- 8. 03. Spirochaetes: They are double membrane bacteria, most have long, non- branched, helically coiled cells. The length varies between 3 to 500๏ญm & diameter around 0.09 to 3๏ญm. Ex. Leptospira interrogans. Spirochaetes 04. Mycoplasmas: They are small bacteria cell & not having rigid cell wall. They are highly pleomorphic in nature. They can parasitic or saprotrophic. Ex. Mycoplasma Pneumoniae. Ribosome Cell Membrane DNA
- 9. 05. Rickettsia: They are no-motile, gram negative, non-spore forming, small intracellular & pleomorphic bacteria. They are also present as cocci, rods or thread-like forms. Ex. Rickettsia conorii, Rickettsia typhi etc. 06. Chlamydiae: They are ovoid in shape & gram-negative bacteria. They are very small, obligate intracellular parasites. Ex. Chlamydia trachomatis & Chlamydophila pneumonia.