![44
Designing to the Standard of Care
Standard of care
• “The degree of care a reasonable person would take to prevent an injury
to another” (http://www.lectlaw.com/def2/s063.htm)
• “Standard that would be exercised by the reasonably prudent
manufacturer of a product, or the reasonably prudent professional in that
line of work” (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_of_care)
• “[S] the duty to have that degree of learning and skill ordinarily
possessed by reputable (structural engineers), practicing in the same or
similar locality and under similar circumstances. It is (the structural
engineer's) further duty to use the care and skill ordinarily used in like
cases by reputable members of the (structural engineering) profession
practicing in the same or similar locality under similar circumstances, and
to use reasonable diligence and (the structural engineer's) best judgment
in the exercise of professional skill and in the application of learning, in
an effort to accomplish the purpose for which (the structural engineer)
was employed. A failure to fulfill any such duty is negligence”
(http://www.onlineethics.org/CMS/profpractice/ppessays/standard_of_care.aspx)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/2015-x472class8-codesconstructiondocumentationandcoordination-160225171034/85/2015-x472-class-8-codes-construction-documentation-and-coordination-44-320.jpg)
2015 x472 class 8 - codes, construction documentation and coordination
- 1. X472 HVAC System Design Considerations Class 8 – Codes, Construction Documentation and Coordination Todd Gottshall, PE Western Allied Redwood City, CA Reinhard Seidl, PE Taylor Engineering Alameda, CA Fall 2015 Mark Hydeman, PE Continual Energy, Inc. mark.hydeman@continual.net 415-602-9982 www.continual.net
- 2. 2 General Contact Information Reinhard: rseidl@taylor-engineering.com Mark: mark.hydeman@continual.net Todd: tgottshall@westernallied.com Text • None Slides • download from web before class • Log in to Box at https://app.box.com/login • Username: x472student@gmail.com • Password: x472_student (case sensitive)
- 3. 3 Course Outline Date Class Topic Teacher 9/02/2015 1. Introduction / Systems Overview / walkthrough RS 9/09/2015 2. Generation Systems TG 9/16/2015 3. Distribution Systems RS 9/23/2015 4. Central Plants TG 9/30/2015 5. System Selection 1 - class exercises RS 10/07/2015 6. Specialty Building types (High rise, Lab, Hospital, Data center) TG 10/14/2015 7. System Selection 2 - class exercises RS 10/21/2015 8. Construction codes and Project delivery methods TG 10/28/2015 9. 2013 T24 and LEED v4 MH 11/04/2015 10. Life-Cycle Cost Analysis and exam hand-out TG There are three instructors for this class. Todd Gottshall (TG), Reinhard Seidl (RS) and Mark Hydeman (MH). The schedule below shows what topics will be covered by who, and in what order.
- 5. 5 THE FUTURE Project Delivery Methods
- 6. 6 Design-Bid-Build (Plan Spec) Sub-Contractors Install per Plans/Specs Architect Owner General Contractor Mech Elec Plumbing Mech Consultants (Engineers of Record – EOR) ElecPlumbing Fire IT Life Safety Civil Fire IT Life Safety Traditional Struct Project Delivery Methods
- 7. 7 Design/Build Sub-Contractors (Finalize OPR, Design, Build, EOR) Architect Owner General Contractor Mech Elec Plumbing Mech Consultants (If Any) Elec Plumbing Fire IT Life Safety Civil Fire IT Life Safety Growing in Popularity Struct Project Delivery Methods
- 8. 8 o Comparison of Project Delivery Methods Project Delivery Methods
- 9. 9 Tension of Multiple Goals Contractual Obligations Code/Legal Obligations Standard of Care Obligations (ASHRAE/Industry) Client Project Requirements
- 10. 10 Challengesof Design/Build Owner’s Vision Contractor Delivery: • Unclear Communication • Budget Project Delivery Challenges Especially Design/Build
- 11. 11 Example of Cost/Benefit Tension Rain Coats
- 12. 12 OR…Perhaps?
- 13. 13 Hmm…Interesting • Best Rain Coat = $371 • Ticket = $50 • 6 Pack Beer = $10 • 2 Burritos = $10 • Total = $441 • OVER BUDGET (-$191) • 4 PVC Suits = $60 • Ticket = $50 • 2 Cases Beer = $30 • 2 Super Burritos = $10 • Chips and Guac = $8 • Motel = $80 • Total = $238 • CONTINGENT ($12) Game Day Value Engineering Analysis with $250 Budget
- 14. 14 Then again…
- 15. 15 Keep Talking… • 4 Ponchos = $8 • Ticket = $50 • Keg Beer = $60 • 2 Lb. Fred’s Steak from Schaub’s = $40 • Holiday Inn Express = $90 • Total = $248 • CONTINGENT ($2) SOLD!!! • 4 PVC Suits = $60 • Ticket = $50 • 2 Cases Beer = $30 • 2 Super Burritos = $10 • Chips and Guac = $8 • Motel 6 = $80 • Total = $238 • CONTINGENT ($12) Game Day Value Engineering Analysis with $250 Budget
- 16. 16
- 17. 17 Common Components of a Design Package Basis of Design Load/Energy Calcs Permit and Bid Drawing Sets Title-24/Code Compliance System/Equip Selection Duct/Pipe Layouts Schematics Control Diagrams/Control Points/SOO Details Product Specifications Test and Balance Procedures LEED Documentation
- 18. 18 Closeout Documents AsBuilt Drawing Set CAD? PDF? REVIT?! Operation and Maintenance Manuals (O&Ms) Systems Manuals (CxA) Training
- 19. 19 Codes Overview Construction Codes • Overview of PE License • Overview of CA codes, Titles • Code Enforcement Code Highlights Standards
- 20. 20 Construction Codes Codes • Regulations governing how buildings are constructed • Defines “Worst Building” you can build by law Professional Engineers/Architects • Licensed to “protecting the health, safety, and welfare of the public through the regulation of the practice”
- 21. 21 Professional Engineers “Responsible Charge” (Business and Profession Code 6703) • Make, Review, Approve Engineering Decisions • Develop Standards • Preparation of Plans and Specifications, Calculations, Reports • Select or Development of methods of testing to be used in evaluating completed projects • Evaluate the character and integrity of the completed project • Develop and control operating and maintenance procedures Seal and Signature (Business and Profession Code 6735) • Final Documents for Permit or Released for Construction: Stamped- Signed-Dated • Interim Documents (Prelim, Not for Construction): Name and License Number
- 22. 22 Construction Codes Codes • Written by different, non- and for-profit entities, released at regular intervals • Codes committee members are everyday practictioners like us • California Building Standards Committee (BSC) adopts a selection of these codes, and changes them slightly to fit local requirements • See http://contractormag.com/plumbing/cm_newsarticle_309/ and • http://www.fireengineering.com/articles/2003/08/california-adopts-nfpa- 5000tm-building-construction-and-safety-codetm-and-nfpa-1-uniform-fire- codetm.html Organizations • IAPMO – International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials Partnered with ASHRAE and NFPA • ICC – International Code Council • ASHRAE – American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air- Conditioning Engineers • NFPA – National Fire Protection Association
- 23. 23 Construction Codes T24 Triennial Edition CBC CMC CPC CEC CFC 1998 1997 UBC 1997 ICBO UMC 1997 IAPMO UPC 1996 NFPA NEC 1997 UFC WFCA 2001 1997 UBC 2000 IAPMO UMC 2000 IAPMO UPC 1999 NFPA NEC 2000 UFC WFCA 2004 1997 UBC 2000 IAPMO UMC 2000 IAPMO UPC 2002 NFPA NEC 2003 UFC NFPA 2007/8 2006 IBC 2003/6 IAPMO UMC 2003/6 IAPMO UPC 2005 NFPA NEC 2006 IFC 2010 2009 IBC 2009 IAPMO UMC 2009 IAPMO UPC 2008 NPFA NEC 2009 IFC 2013 2012 IBC 2012 IAPMO UMC 2012 IAPMO UPC 2011 NPFA NEC 2012 IFC 2016 (Coming Jan 1, 2017) 2015 IBC 2015 IAPMO UMC 2015 IAPMO UPC 2014 NPFA NEC 2015 IFC
- 24. 24 California Titles http://government.westlaw.com/linkedslice/default.asp?Ac tion=TOC&RS=GVT1.0&VR=2.0&SP=CCR-1000 Note: Title 24 for building regulations separately managed by BSC (Building Standards Commission)
- 25. 25 California Title 24 http://www.bsc.ca.gov/Home/Current2013Codes.aspx Note: Title 24 Part 6 is the Energy Code often referred to as Title-24
- 26. 26 California Title 24 Part 6 - Energy http://www.energy.ca.gov/title24/ 2013standards/index.html USE HOTLINE!!!
- 27. 27 Local Code Adoption • California Building Standards Commission adopts codes on a 3-year cycle. This means they take the original codes (UMC etc) and alter them slightly to generate the California version. • Counties, Cities can again change the California Codes and adapt them to create their own local codes. • They can also take portions of other standards and adopt them as codes (Example: NFPA guidelines adopted as code) Examples • http://www.municode.com/Resources/OnlineLibrary.asp • http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/ENVI/SFCodes.html Construction Codes
- 28. 28 Local Code Adoption http://www.municode.com/Resources/gateway.asp?pid=16574&sid=5
- 29. 29 Green Building Ordinances San Francisco http://www.sfenvironment.org/downloads/library/sf_green_building_ordinance_2010.pdf Oakland http://www.zerowasteoakland.com/Page90.aspx Palo Alto http://www.cityofpaloalto.org/depts/pln/green_building/default.asp San Mateo http://www.energy.ca.gov/title24/2005standards/ordinances/2010-06- 23_san_mateo/MAT_Board_of_Supervisors_Letter_on_Green_Building_Ordinance.pdf Sunnyvale http://sunnyvale.ca.gov/Departments/Community+Development/Planning+Division/Current+Projects+Planning/Plan ning-Green+Buildings.htm Milpitas http://www.ci.milpitas.ca.gov/government/building/green.asp San Carlos http://www.cityofsancarlos.org/generalplanupdate/whats_new_/draft_elements/draft_climate_action_plan/default.asp Hayward http://www.ci.hayward.ca.us/municipal/HMCWEB/GreenBuildingRequirementsforPrivateDevelopment.pdf
- 30. 30 Construction Codes Permits and Inspections • 2012 IBC (2013 CBC) §104 : Duties and Powers of the Building Official §105 : Permits §1.8.4 and 109 : Fees §110 : Inspections §111 : Certificate of Occupancy http://www.ecodes.biz/ecodes_support/free_resources/2013California/13Building/PDFs/Cha pter%201%20-%20Administration.pdf
- 31. 31 Construction Codes Code Enforcement • Construction Permit City Plan Checking Department Third-party Plan Checker • Final Inspection for Certificate of Occupancy Building Inspector Fire Inspector State Fire Marshal (for specific projects such as hospitals) {
- 32. 32 Construction Codes Code enforcement • If code defects are not caught during design, Plan Check and Inspection offer no protection during construction. PE is still responsible if defects are not caught. • Building Inspector has to show what code rules are being broken in case of conflict • However, in real life, delaying construction until dispute is resolved is often more costly than “giving in”
- 33. 33 Construction Codes Code enforcement • In general, existing buildings and systems do not have to be “brought up” to meet the current code during Alterations • Exceptions may be Fire Life Safety and Structural systems
- 34. 34 Codes Overview Codes • Overview of CA codes, Titles • Code Enforcement Code Highlights Standards
- 35. 35 Construction Codes Review of some important code items • Title-24 Energy Code • CBC Chapter 5 Occupancy • CBC Chapter 7 Fire/Smoke Protections • CMC Chapter 3 General Requirements • CMC Chapter 4 Ventilation/Exhaust Requirements • CMC Chapter 5 Exhaust Systems • CMC Chapter 11 Refrigeration • CMC Chapter 12 Hydronics
- 36. 36 Construction Codes Review of some important code items • Title-24 Energy Code • CBC Chapter 5 Occupancy • CBC Chapter 7 Fire/Smoke Protections • CMC Chapter 3 General Requirements • CMC Chapter 4 Ventilation/Exhaust Requirements • CMC Chapter 5 Exhaust Systems • CMC Chapter 11 Refrigeration • CMC Chapter 12 Hydronics
- 37. 37 Requirements in CBC Chapter 5 Occupancy Separation
- 38. 38 Types of Smoke/Fire Protection
- 39. 39 Types of Smoke/Fire Protection Shafts • Fire and Smoke Barrier protecting occupied floors • Around vertical openings (Floor Penetrations) • 1-Hr: Less than 4 Stories • 2-Hr: 4 Stories or more • Requires Bottom • Duct Penetrations protected by FSD
- 41. 41 Corridor • Rated “Hallway” intended for protection of the path of egress • FSDs in duct penetrations not required if: • Duct is 0.019” Thick • No openings to Corridor • Corridor can’t be used to transfer air but ceiling plenum in Corridor may be used • Corridor can use full height walls or “Tunnel” with lid
- 42. 42 CMC • Ch.3: • Access, labeling, installation, condensate • Ch. 4 • Exhaust Air Rates • Ventilation is superceded by T-24 Energy Code • Ch. 5 Exhaust • General Exhaust and Exhaust Ducts and Terminations • Kitchen Exhaust Systems • Ch. 6 Ducts • Smoke Detector in Ducts moving more than 2000 cfm, kill fan • Ch. 11 Refrigeration • Definition and scope of a Refrigeration Room (applied mostly to chillers located indoors) • Ch. 12 Hydronics • Piping materials and installation
- 43. 43 Codes Overview Codes • Overview of CA codes, Titles • Code Enforcement Code Highlights Standards
- 44. 44 Designing to the Standard of Care Standard of care • “The degree of care a reasonable person would take to prevent an injury to another” (http://www.lectlaw.com/def2/s063.htm) • “Standard that would be exercised by the reasonably prudent manufacturer of a product, or the reasonably prudent professional in that line of work” (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_of_care) • “[S] the duty to have that degree of learning and skill ordinarily possessed by reputable (structural engineers), practicing in the same or similar locality and under similar circumstances. It is (the structural engineer's) further duty to use the care and skill ordinarily used in like cases by reputable members of the (structural engineering) profession practicing in the same or similar locality under similar circumstances, and to use reasonable diligence and (the structural engineer's) best judgment in the exercise of professional skill and in the application of learning, in an effort to accomplish the purpose for which (the structural engineer) was employed. A failure to fulfill any such duty is negligence” (http://www.onlineethics.org/CMS/profpractice/ppessays/standard_of_care.aspx)
- 45. 45 Designing to the Standard of Care Standard of care • How do you determine what level of skill and learning other engineers in your circumstances would use? • ASHRAE standards are one way of documenting what the engineering / contracting community has determined as good practice. List of TPS (Title, Purpose, Scope) for all ASHRAE Standards • http://www.ashrae.org/publications/detail/14891 ASHRAE Bookstore • http://www.ashrae.org/bookstore ASHRAE Standards Presentation • http://www.energycodes.gov/news/2006_workshop/presentations/track_d/b_harrison- comgreenbuildings_a.ppt
- 46. 46 Designing to the Standard of Care Best known ASHRAE Standards • Standard 90.1 : Energy efficient design of non-residential buildings (Used in LEED or in other States. See http://sspc901.ashraepcs.org/ • Standard 62 : Ventilation for Acceptable IAQ (Used in LEED or in other States). See http://sspc621.ashraepcs.org/ • Standard 55 : Comfort (Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy). (Used in LEED and as Standard of Care). See http://sspc55.ashraepcs.org/content.html
- 47. 47 Designing to the Standard of Care Other ASHRAE Standards • Websites of Standing Standard Project Committees: http://www.ashrae.org/publications/detail/15373 • Standard 15: Refrigeration System Safety Standard • Standard 41: Methods for Measurement • Standard 62.2 : Ventilation for Residential Buildings • Standard 103: Testing AFUE of residential furnaces and boilers • Standard 169: Weather Data for Building Design • Standard 179P: Testing of Positive Displacement Compressors • Standard 183: Load Calculations • Standard 189P: High-Performance Green Buildings
- 48. 48 Drawings and Coordination Outline Drawing Standards Specification Standards Documentation Terminology Coordination
- 49. 49 Drawing Standards Drawing Standards • SD, DD, CD • Demo drawings for existing construction • Shop Drawings
- 50. 50 Drawing Standards “Always remember the food chain” • Who are the drawings for? • What is the purpose of the drawings? • How do you get the message across most efficiently? • What is expected?
- 51. 51 Drawing Standards What is expected? • No exact definition of drawings and what they should include at each level. Different people or companies may have different standards. • Construction Specifications Institute (CSI) http://www.csinet.org/s_csi/sec_expand.asp?CID=126&DID=4232 • ASME Engineering Drawing Practices Y14 series http://catalog.asme.org/home.cfm?SEARCH=y14&SearchWithin=1&CFNoCache=TRUE • ISO standards for drawing methods, symbols http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_tc_browse.htm?commid=46086 • Department of Defense MIL-STD 100G http://www.techstreet.com/cgi-bin/detail?product_id=9157 • CAD Standards http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAD_standards • Clarify – in your proposal, in your meetings, what you will provide
- 52. 52 Drawing Standards Schematic Design SD • Allow checks for programming: for MEP, this means Go through different system types / options Shafts , Mechanical Rooms Main HVAC runs / space constraints • Do not need exact sizing (duct, pipe), equipment selection and schedules, VAV zones, thermostats, P&ID’s, etc. • Used in Estimating round to test design against the initial conceptual design budget
- 53. 53 Drawing Standards Design Development DD • Check code requirements • Coordinate with other trades – space / layout • For HVAC: Prelim. Selection of major equipment. Show on plans Shafts , Mechanical Rooms Main HVAC duct and pipe runs / sizes VFD’s, Fire/smoke dampers Preliminary schedules (zone count) • Don’t need to draw any low-side ductwork, diffusers, etc. Show number of zones. • Used in Estimating round to test design against the initial conceptual design budget
- 54. 54 Drawing Standards Construction Drawings CD • All details, required to build systems • Drawings must relay all required information to someone who has not been involved in the design process • Must bear a stamp by the engineer of record • For HVAC: All duct, pipe plans (floors, roofs, equipment rooms) With details (Diffusers, callouts, dampers, installation notes) Elevations, Schematics, Schedules, Riser diagrams Control schematics, sequence of operations, points list • Used in Estimating round to test design against the initial conceptual design budget
- 55. 55 Drawing Standards Construction Drawings CD • Who determines what types of drawings to use? Example: Should piping isometric be included? • Engineer is the ultimate judge of what works and what doesn’t • Drawing set should match complexity of building • Include whatever is necessary to clarify what needs to be installed and how, so that bids can be clearly made and compared, and so that items are constructible • Tell a good story that someone unfamiliar with the job can understand by following along in the drawings
- 56. 56 Drawing Standards Example of Three SD Options from Architect
- 57. 57 Drawing Standards Example Zoning Plans - Basis of Design
- 61. 61 Drawing Standards Construction Drawings CD • Who determines what types of drawings to use? • Engineer is the ultimate judge of what works and what doesn’t • Drawing set should match complexity of building • Include whatever is necessary to clarify what needs to be installed and how, so that bids can be clearly made and compared, and so that items are constructible
- 62. 62 Example 1 CD •Single-line runouts, unclear where ducts go without looking hard •Callouts overlap other items, hard to read •Piping and ductwork on one drawing Drawing Standards
- 63. 63 Drawing Standards Example 2 CD •Double duct drawing •This example extremely “tight” but well readable – no callouts on diffusers, all done by schedule •Larger scale (i.e. ¼” instead of 1/8”) doubles number of drawings •Note: Elevations on ducts •Requires separate grille and VAV Box schedules
- 64. 64 Drawing Standards Example 3 CD • Consider Axonometric Views for added clarity
- 65. 65 Drawing Standards Example 4 CD • Diffuser Schedule
- 66. 66 Drawing Standards Example 5 CD • VAV Schedule
- 67. 67 Drawing Standards Construction Drawings CD – schedule example • Should you show diffuser and VAV schedules per sheet or on the front cover? • Should you use unique VAV symbols like “VAV 2-13” or typical VAV symbols like “VAV-8” which is simply an 8” terminal? • Should you use unique labels for fire/smoke dampers like “FSD-3-9” or use typical symbols like “FSD-1” for all similar types? Minimum Requirements • No ambiguity – 2 different installers will install the same system based on your drawings You can show VAV schedules on either the floor plan, or the main equipment schedule You can show unique VAV zones in the schedule, or you can show typical zones (although then you have to define coil HW flow somewhere else) • You’re free to show items multiple times, but beware of the additional engineering overhead and the likelihood of making mistakes!
- 68. 68 Drawing Standards Example CD •Note: no elevation on ducts – use section drawing instead
- 69. 69 Drawing Standards Example CD •Section drawing – shows only elevations in this area. Assumption is that mains stay at the elevations shown past the mains, or that other distribution runs are similar •Not everything is shown – no electrical cable trays, no IT wiring, no sprinklers. •Make notes on drawing to indicate what is not shown •Depending on contract type, some trades may be plan and spec, some may be design/build
- 70. 70 Drawing Standards Example CD •Piping drawing •Shows sizes and shows pipe guides and anchors for steam piping •Centerline Elevations
- 71. 71 Drawing Standards Example CD •Chilled water schematic •Valves and instruments shown
- 72. 72 Drawing Standards Example CD •Chilled water schematic •Valves and instruments shown
- 73. 73 Drawing Standards Example CD •Chilled water isometric •Valves and instruments not shown
- 74. 74 Drawing Standards Example CD •Chilled water isometric •Note: valves not shown
- 75. 75 Drawing Standards Example CD •Piping Diagrams
- 76. 76 Drawing Standards Construction Drawings CD – piping example • Do you show pipe reducers on your diagram? • Do you show pipe sizes, manual valves, actuated valves, sensors on your piping diagram? Minimum Requirements • No ambiguity – 2 different installers will install the same system based on your drawings You can show valves on either the piping floor plan, the schematic, or (for coils) a typical coil hookup detail You can show instruments on the points list, the piping schematic, the floor plan, a controls schematic You have to show the items you want installed at least once • You’re free to show items multiple times, but beware of the additional engineering overhead and the likelihood of making mistakes!
- 77. 77 Drawing Standards Example CD •Installation Details
- 78. 78 Drawing Standards Example CD •Riser diagrams and shaft plan
- 79. 79 Drawing Standards Example CD •Riser diagrams
- 83. 83 Example CD •Sequence for CHW System Drawing Standards
- 84. 84 Drawing Standards Construction Drawings CD • Who determines what types of drawings to use? • Engineer is the ultimate judge of what works and what doesn’t • Drawing set should match complexity of building • Include whatever is necessary to clarify what needs to be installed and how, so that bids can be clearly made and compared, and so that items are constructible
- 85. 85 Drawing Standards Drawing Standards • SD, DD, CD • Demo drawings for existing construction • Shop Drawings
- 86. 86 Existing Construction Retrofits • One drawing for DEMO • One drawing for New Construction
- 87. 87 Existing Construction Example Demo •Typically based on existing record set or field survey •Can scan paper drawings, and overlay as jpg in AutoCAD or REVIT
- 88. 88 Existing Construction Example Demo •Typically based on existing record set •Can scan paper drawings, and overlay as jpg in AutoCAD or REVIT
- 89. 89 Existing Construction Example New construction •Bold to show up clearly •Here: drawn to different standard (double line instead of single line) •Use Phasing in REVIT to delineate Phases
- 90. 90 Drawing Standards Drawing Standards • SD, DD, CD • Demo drawings for existing construction • Shop Drawings
- 91. 91 Drawing Standards Shop drawings • Are created by whoever actually produces the ductwork or pipe. • Geared to the limitations of the particular shop where the products are created to direct what is to be produced and where it is to be installed. • Example: Sheets or Rolls of Sheet Metal can be 3 ft, 4 ft, 5 ft or 6 ft wide, depending on the tools used in the machine shop to make duct and duct flanges. This changes the length of each piece of duct that is made.
- 92. 92 Shop Drawing Example Shop drawing •Note length of each segment of duct •Note top/bottom elevations •Note distance of ducts from grid lines •Hanger Locations •Seismic Locations
- 93. 93 Shop Drawing Example Shop drawing •Note length of each segment of duct •Note top/bottom elevations •Note distance of ducts from grid lines •Hanger Locations •Seismic Locations
- 94. 94 Shop Drawing Example Shop drawing •Note length of each segment of duct •Note top/bottom elevations •Note distance of ducts from grid lines
- 95. 95 Drawings and Coordination Outline Drawing Standards Specification Standards Documentation Terminology Coordination
- 96. 96 Specification Standards CSI – Construction Standardization Institute www.csinet.org Masterformat 1995 – 16 Divisions • Mechanical, Controls and Plumbing was Div. 15 • Electrical was Div. 16 Masterformat 2004 – 48 Divisions • Plumbing is Div. 22 • Mechanical is now Div. 23 • Integrated Automation is Div. 25 • Electrical is Div. 26 and 48 • Table of contents and more at http://www.csinet.org/s_csi/sec.asp?CID=1377&DID=11339
- 97. 97 Specification Standards Comparison of formats http://www.architechmag.com/articles/detail.aspx?contentID=4860
- 100. 100 Specification Standards Most Specs have 3 Main Components Part 1 – General • Includes Summary of what’s included in Spec Section
- 101. 101 Specification Standards Part 2 – Products • Defines the “What” of what is to be specified and used in the Project • The characteristics of the different Duct types, different Pump components, etc.
- 102. 102 Specification Standards Part 3 – Execution • Defines the “How” of how the Products in Part 2 are to be installed, inspected, tested, and adjusted
- 103. 103 Drawings and Coordination Outline Drawing Standards Specification Standards Documentation Terminology Coordination
- 104. 104 Documentation Terminology Documentation Terminology • Bidding Terminology • Drawing set Terminology • Construction Administration Documents • Completion of work Documents • System Manuals
- 105. 105 Documentation Terminology Bidding • Sealed bids Usually for government type projects, to “level the playing field” between bidders – all bids (whether fax/mail) are opened at the same time. Late bids are thrown out. • RFP – Request for Proposal Includes the price, but also scope, conditions, schedule and other parameters that influence price • RFQ – Request for Qualifications For evaluating qualifications; to evaluate architectural and engineering teams or pre- qualifying bidders • Open Tenders Open call to all vendors or contractors capable of performing the work • Restricted Tenders Pre-qualified or short-listed contractors • MBE – Minority Business Enterprise Many state or federal projects require a minimum % of the contracts in a project to be executed by MBE’s • ROM – Rough Order of Magnitude Used only at early stages, to judge viability of a construction approach Sometimes called budget pricing
- 106. 106 Documentation Terminology Documentation Terminology • Bidding Terminology • Drawing set Terminology • Construction Administration Documents • Completion of work Documents • System Manuals
- 107. 107 Documentation Terminology Drawing terminology • SD, DD, CD sets – see previous slides and lessons • Progress Set Typically somewhere before a complete CD set, example 50% DD set • Permit Set / Plan Check set Drawing set that is issued to allow the local authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) to perform a permit review (or send out for a 3rd party plan check). Like a submittal review, this procedure is used to test for compliance with code, local ordinances, zoning restrictions and the like. A permit set is usually less detailed than a construction document set, although a CD set can be used for plan check. • Bid Set Depending on the way the project is scheduled, bidding may proceed before drawings are ready for either permitting or construction. For example, a 75% DD set may be used for bidding, to obtain initial estimates and to allow for changes should the project budget be exceeded. • For Construction / Not for Construction Regardless of the state to which drawings have progressed, they may not be ready for issue to the field, even though the title block may say “100% CD”. In such a case, the drawings should be clearly marked “Not for construction” to prevent someone mistakenly using them to produce materials or order equipment.
- 108. 108 Documentation Terminology Drawing terminology • Addendum A supplement that is added after the fact (typically because of an omission). This does not alter the scope of documents that it builds on, but provides additional information or instructions. • Bulletin or Revision Often used to introduce large changes in the project, originating at the Architect’s level. Bulletins typically accompanied by re-budgeting (for owner changes), re-permitting (depending on scope), schedule changes • SKA, Supplement SKA=Architectural sketch. Typically a sketch (small format) originating at the architect, for clarifications or small changes that don’t involve the whole team. SKM=Mechanical sketch. • Coordination Drawing / Overlay Common drawing set used by multiple trades to ensure all systems (MEP, Fire/Life Safety, IT, etc) will fit into one space. Used to be done with light tables hence the name “Overlay”, these days typically done in REVIT, PDF, Navisworks, VEO, others • Shop Drawing See earlier slides – used to actually order materials, exact dimensions suited to the machines available in a particular shop, location of hangers • As-Built / Record Set Construction set, amended with notes from the field that are kept during construction and then incorporated into the construction drawings. Shows deviations from construction drawings.
- 109. 109 Drawings and Coordination Outline Drawing Standards Specification Standards Documentation Terminology Coordination
- 110. 110 Documentation Terminology Efforts required for Coordination • 3D BIM/REVIT shifting more coordination into Design Phases • Establish routing of trades around Arch and Structural elements • Coordination during Construction Administration (i.e.- Construction) Conflicts with ill-coordinated services (Fire Sprinklers and Conduits) Changes to the original design Questions about / Clarifications of the original design
- 111. 111 Documentation Terminology Revisions • Delta / Clouding / Narrative Decide how you will show changes. Often, the changes on drawings have to be clouded after a construction set is issued. The architect numbers the changes and alerts the team regarding the timing of a bulletin issue. Decide on layering standards, and on archiving previous versions of drawings Ask the architect what format narratives will be sent in. Request narratives if the architect was not planning on providing these. Depending on owners budget constraints, some bulletins may be rejected once pricing is received, and the project may “roll back” to a combination of original construction drawings plus a combination of certain bulletins but not others • Field changes vs Design team changes If you are a contractor (especially on design-build jobs), you may issue revisions to the field at greater frequency than the overall project bulletin cycle. Define a method for issuing drawings to the field that allows you to simply find out (over the phone) which drawing a field foreman is looking at as you discuss issues.
- 112. 112 Documentation Terminology Revisions • Revision block identifying issues for project team and/or internal changes. • Drawing with revision clouds and delta- notation • Narrative describing each change per sheet.
- 113. 113 Documentation Terminology Coordination • RFI’s – Request For Information Typically originate in the field, from the installing contractor or from the team of multiple trades Don’t understand design Understand design but can’t build it Information ambiguous or missing • Remember the food chain Always copy your contractual party on RFI’s. Don’t make decisions for others (i.e., don’t send an RFI that results in cost impacts directly to the contractor – go through the owner) Pick up the phone and talk with various parties before writing or answering an RFI
- 114. 114 Implementing sequence of operations Avoid Interactions that do not follow the “chain of command” Engineer General Contractor Mechanical Contractor Controls Contractor Test and Balance Contractor Architect Building Engineer Overview – DDC Systems – Implementation