Envelope Design Training
- 1. Energy Trust New Buildings Envelope Design Training October 27th, 2015
- 2. About • Independent nonprofit • Serving 1.5 million customers of Portland General Electric, Pacific Power, NW Natural and Cascade Natural Gas • Providing access to affordable energy • Generating homegrown, renewable power • Building a stronger Oregon and SW Washington
- 3. Energy Trust service territory
- 4. 4 Projects served: • New construction • Major renovation • Tenant build-out • Additions or expansions
- 5. Trainings and Events • Allies for Efficiency Training Series • Building Energy Simulation Forum • Allies for Efficiency 2.0 (tentative title) Priority Registration for New Buildings Allies!
- 6. Trainings & Education Site
- 7. Energy Trust of Oregon Envelope Design Training AIA Portland October 2015 Marty Houston, AIA, CSI, LEED AP Walsh Construction Co.
- 8. Enclosure Design Training • The Role of the Building Enclosure in the Creation of Low Energy Buildings… • Critical Barriers • The Thermal Barrier • The Air Barrier 8
- 9. Definition: Water Vapor Water in it’s gaseous state 9
- 10. Definition: Water Vapor Water in it’s gaseous state 10
- 11. Definition: Water Vapor Diffusion The process by which water vapor spreads or moves through permeable materials caused by a difference in water vapor pressure. 11
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- 13. Definition: Vapor Permeability Permeability, rated in Perms, is a measure of the rate of transfer of water vapor through a material. The higher the number, the easier it is to pass water vapor through a material. 13
- 14. Vapor Permeability of Standard Building Materials 1. Polyethylene .06 2. XPS Rigid 1 3. OSB 2 4. Plywood 3.5 5. EPS Rigid 3.5 6. 15# Felt 6 7. 2 PSJTX 11 8. Tyvek CW 23 9. Cat5 18 10. Vaproshield 50/212 14
- 15. Definition: Condensation Condensation is the change in the phase of water from the gaseous phase into liquid droplets or solid grains . 15
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- 17. Definition: Dew Point • The dew point is the temperature to which a given parcel of air must be cooled, at constant barometric pressure, for water vapor to condense into water. 17
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- 20. 20 Pop Quiz 1. How many of you know the difference between an air barrier, a weather resistive barrier and a vapor barrier? 2. How many materials do you need to have all three in one wall?
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- 23. The Path to Low Energy Buildings 1 2 3 4 23 Basic Building Design Enclosure MEP On-site Renewable Energy
- 24. The Path to Low Energy Buildings 1 2 3 4 24 Basic Building Design Enclosure MEP On-site Renewable Energy Load Reduction
- 25. The Path to Low Energy Buildings 1 2 3 4 25 Basic Building Design Enclosure MEP On-site Renewable Energy Load Reduction Meeting loads as efficiently and cleanly as possible…
- 26. The Path to Low Energy Buildings 1 2 3 4 26 Basic Building Design Enclosure MEP On-site Renewable Energy Load Reduction
- 27. Enclosure – Key Attributes • Insulation • Airtightness • Optimized Glazing 27
- 28. Basic Building Design (BBD) 28 • Low energy building design should focus first on a few basic building design concepts: – Building size & shape • As small as possible for the given program • As compact as possible for the given program, relative to climaticfactors – Building orientation – Optimized glazing design
- 29. 29 E-W Orientation = 5%-6% Reduction in Annual Energy Use
- 30. Dwg: Building Shape 30 20 24 26 26 All contain 8 volume units- what about surface area?
- 31. Enclosure Area to Volume Ratio
- 32. Enclosure Area to Volume Ratio
- 33. BBD • Optimized Glazing Design – i.e. windows sized, configured and oriented to optimize daylighting, views and solar gain – Window-to-wall ratio managed to avoid excessive heat loss while allowing for daylighting and views – Glazing systems designed to avoid excessive solar gain – i.e. glass coatings, shadings, etc. – Use well-insulated & airtight glazing systems 33
- 35. Window to Wall Ratio
- 36. Critical Barriers • Water-Shedding Surface Rain Penetration Control • Water-Resistive Barrier Rain Penetration Control • Thermal Barrier Thermal Control • Air Barrier Air Leakage Control • Vapor Barrier Vapor Diffusion Control 36
- 37. Critical Barriers • Water-Shedding Surface Rain Penetration Control • Water-Resistive Barrier Rain Penetration Control • Thermal Barrier Thermal Control – Controls conductive and radiant heat flow • Air Barrier Air Leakage Control – Controls air flow / convective heat flow • Vapor Barrier Vapor Diffusion Control 37
- 38. Critical Barriers Thermal Barrier Exterior Stucco Cladding Air Space Sheathing Paper Exterior Sheathing Insulated Stud Space Polyethylene Sheet Interior Gypsum Board Interior Critical Barriers: Vapor Barrier Air Barrier Water Resistive Barrier Water Shedding Surface Exterior Interior
- 39. Continuity – A Key Principle • Continuous barriers are required to achieve effective thermal and moisture control • Continuity of critical barriers must be provided, not just at field areas, but also at interface details – Transitions – Penetrations – Terminations 39
- 40. Continuity – A Key Principle • Lack of continuity at critical barriers may lead to: – Water leakage – Air leakage – Thermal bridging – Condensation • Resulting in: – Poor energy performance – Durability problems 40
- 41. Design of Critical Barriers • Designer of the building enclosure should be able to trace the continuity of each critical barrier through the enclosure system • Begin with building sections / wall sections • Continue with foundation, wall and roof details • Establish lines of continuity of all five barriers 41
- 48. RDH Window: Aluminum Rebate (Box) Frame Wall Assembly: Non Combustible - Exterior Insulation Cladding: Brick Veneer WINDOW SILL – JAMB Steel Stud Framing Dens-Glass Wall Sheathing Beveled Wood Sub-Sill Self Adhered Membrane Metal Angle Sill Membrane Corner Membrane Jamb Membrane Shims Sealant Self Adhered Membrane Interior Gypsum Board Wood Stool Exterior Rigid Insulation Brick Veneer and Ties Metal Drip Edge Backer Rod & Exterior Sealant Backer Rod & Interior Sealant at jamb Window VAPOUR BARRIERVAPOUR BARRIER AIR BARRIERAIR BARRIER EXT. MOISTURE BARRIER VAPOUR BARRIER AIR BARRIER WATER SHEDDING SURFACE EXT. MOISTURE BARRIER VAPOUR BARRIER END 48 Source: RDH Building Sciences THERMAL BARRIER
- 49. Durability - A Key Principle • Durable = sustainable • Selection and use of durable materials - suited to the application / exposure - is critical • Effective design and detailing of the enclosure for watertightness, airtightness and thermal resistance is essential for achieving both energy performance and long term durability 49
- 50. The Air Barrier • The air barrier is the system of materials that controls air leakage / convective heat flow through the building enclosure • The air barrier is not one material but instead is an integrated system of many different materials/components 50
- 51. The Problem of Air Leakage • Air leakage accounts for 20-40% of the heat loss through building enclosures… • Air leakage = higher energy costs • Air leakage = larger carbon footprint • Air leakage = reduced water penetration control • Air leakage = increased condensation risk • Air leakage = poor airflow control – Impacts reliability of ventilation system design 51
- 52. 52 Source: State of Wisconsin Minimium Requirements for the Building Envelope
- 53. Air Barrier - Definitions • Air barriers are defined by their air permeance • Air Barrier Association of America (ABAA) has taken lead position in developing and promulgating standards • Now incorporated in many codes - including WSEC • “Materials” – ≤ 0.04 cfm/sf @ 1.57 psf pressure differential – ASTM E 2178, Standard Test Method for Air Permeance of Building Materials 53
- 54. Air Barrier - Definitions • “Assemblies” – A collection of air barrier materials and air barrier components assembled together in a specific manner to create continuity (ABAA) – ≤ 0.04 cfm/sf @ 1.57 psf – ASTM E 2357, Standard Test Method for Determining Air Leakage of Air Barrier Assemblies 54
- 55. Air Barrier - Definitions • “System” – An air barrier system is a system of building assemblies within the building enclosure designed, installed, and integrated in such a manner as to stop the uncontrolled flow of air into and out of the building enclosure (ABAA) – A whole building air barrier is a system – ≤ 0.40 cfm/sf @ 1.57 psf – ASTM E 779, Standard Test Method for Determining Air Leakage Rates by Fan Pressurization – Alternate standard: ≤ 0.25 cfm/sf @ 1.57 psf (USACE) 55
- 56. Air Barrier - Materials • Exterior cladding • Sealants • Flashings (membrane flashing, metal flashing) • Windows • Doors (poor AB) • Housewraps (e.g. Tyvek) • Wall membranes (e.g. “peel & stick”) • Roof membranes • Drywall • Polyethylene sheet 56
- 57. Photo - Air Barrier 57
- 58. Air Barrier - Materials • Material selection criteria includes: – Air permeance – Vapor permeance – Water resistance (if serving as WRB also) – Cost – Constructability – Availability • Location / placement of air barrier relative to insulation location is major determinant 58
- 59. Air Barrier - Approaches • Interior Side – Airtight Drywall Approach – Sealed Polyethylene Approach • Exterior Side – Exterior Sheathing Approach – Sheathing Membrane Approach (“housewrap”) • Where cavity insulation approach is used • Vapor permeable 59
- 62. Air Barrier - Approaches • Exterior Side – Exterior Sheathing Approach – Sheathing Membrane Approach (“housewrap”) • Where cavity insulation approach is used • Vapor permeable – Sheathing Membrane Approach (“peel & stick”) • Where exterior insulation approach is used • Vapor impermeable 62
- 64. Air Barrier - Approaches • Exterior Side – Exterior Sheathing Approach – Sheathing Membrane Approach (“housewrap”) • Where cavity insulation approach is used • Vapor permeable – Sheathing Membrane Approach (“peel & stick”) • Where exterior insulation approach is used • Vapor impermeable – Sheathing Membrane Approach (fluid-applied) • Vapor permeabilitydependent on whether cavity insulation or exterior insulation approach is used 64
- 66. Air Barrier - Continuity • To design and construct a complete air barrier system for the building, continuity must be provided at interfaces between all materials and components… • Easier said than done! 66
- 67. Air Barrier - Continuity • Key Details for Air Barrier Continuity: – Wall to foundation – Roof to wall – Floor lines – Window and door perimeters – Other penetrations – Transitions between wall types – Transitions between cladding materials 67
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- 69. Airtightness & IAQ • Mechanical ventilation becomes increasingly important as building airtightness increases • Effectiveness - and efficiency - of ventilation system becomes more highly critical to ensuring overall building performance, including indoor air quality… – Dedicated fresh air delivery to each space – Controlled air flow between spaces – Controlled ventilation rates – Heat recovery from exhaust air – IF YOU BUILD IT TIGHT- VENTILATE RIGHT! 69
- 70. KEN 70
- 71. The Thermal Barrier • The thermal barrier is the system of materials that controls conductive and radiant heat flow through the building enclosure • Insulation - yes - but many other materials and components serve as part of the thermal barrier 71
- 72. Thermal Barrier Problems • Thermal Bridges • Insulation Material Selection • Insulation Installation “Defects” 72
- 73. Get Your Thermal Bridge On
- 75. Thermal Barrier Problems • Thermal Bridges • Insulation Material Selection • Insulation Installation Defects • Glazing Assemblies 75
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- 78. Thermal Barrier Problems • Thermal Bridges • Insulation Material Selection • Insulation Installation Defects • Glazing Assemblies? 78
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- 80. Thermal Bridges • Exterior Wall Framing Members – Light gauge steel framing – Wood framing 80
- 82. Photo - Light Steel Frame Walls 82
- 84. Thermal Bridges • Exterior Wall Framing Members – Light gauge steel framing – Wood framing • Regions of Framing “Build-up” – Exterior Wall Openings (e.g. headers, posts) – Exterior Wall Corners – Exterior Wall to Floor Intersections – Exterior Wall to Roof Intersections 84
- 85. Photo: Not so advanced framing…
- 86. Other Thermal Bridges • Window Frames (Aluminum & Steel) • Metal Subframing at Cladding Systems • Steel Ledger Angles at Cladding Systems • Projecting Slab Edges (Concrete) • Large Structural Framing Members (Steel) 86
- 87. Drawing – Straube report 87
- 88. Drawing – Straube report 88
- 89. Drawing – Straube report 89 Image courtesy of Mike Williams
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- 96. Condensation Risk • Thermal bridges not only cause problems with poor thermal performance but can also lead to significantly increased risk of condensation problems 96
- 98. PERFECT WALL Source: BuildingScience Corporation
- 99. PERFECT WALL Source: BuildingScience Corporation
- 100. PERFECT WALL Source: BuildingScience Corporation
- 101. PERFECT WALL Source: BuildingScience Corporation
- 102. PERFECT WALL Source: BuildingScience Corporation
- 103. PERFECT WALL
- 105. INSULATION STRATEGIES Interior Insulation(wall) • Advantages • easier to install • Materialcosts low • Disadvantages • Allows dewpoint interior to weather barrier • May requirefire separationfrom habitable space • Does not protect weather barrier from thermal movements • Thermal bridgingat framing members reduces effectiveR-value
- 106. INSULATION STRATEGIES Interior Insulation (wall) • Product Types • Fiberglass batts (3.1 to 4.3/in) • Mineral wool (3.7 to 4.5/in) • Cotton batts (3.5/in) • Sprayed-in cellulose (3.6 to 3.8/in) • Sprayed-in fiberglass (3.7 to 4.2/in) • Closed cell spray foam (6/in) • Open cell spray foam (3.5/in)
- 107. INSULATION STRATEGIES Exterior Insulation (wall) • Advantages • Mitigates thermal bridging • Protects weather barrier from thermal movements • Pushes dewpoint exterior of weather barrier • Disadvantages • Installation requires more coordination • Higher material cost • Drying time of wall may lengthen depending on material choices
- 108. INSULATION STRATEGIES Exterior Insulation (wall) • Product Types • Extruded polystyrene (XPS) (4.5 to 5.0/in) • Expanded polystyrene (EPS) (3.6 to 4.0/in) • Polyisocyanurate (5.6/in) • Closed cell spray foam (6/in) • Mineral wool (3.7 to 4.5/in)
- 109. INSULATION STRATEGIES Split Insulation(wall) • Advantages • Mitigatesthermal bridging • Protects weather barrier from most thermal movements • Sometimes cost effective • Disadvantages • Installationstill requires more coordination • Drying time of wall may lengthendepending on materialchoices • Weather barrier materialchoices narrow • Dewpoint will reside in stud cavity….but for how long?
- 110. INSULATION STRATEGIES Interior Insulation(roof) • Advantages • Easier to install • Materialcosts low • Disadvantages • Allows dewpoint interior to roof membrane • Does not protect roof membrane from thermal movements and weathering • Susceptible to moistureduring construction • Thermal bridgingat fasteners reduces effectiveR- value mildly
- 111. INSULATION STRATEGIES Infrared Scan of EPDM Roof THERM model w/ fasteners thru all insulation THERM model w/ fasteners thru first layer of insulation
- 112. INSULATION STRATEGIES Exterior Insulation (roof) • Advantages • Mitigates thermal bridging • Protects roof membrane from thermal movements • Pushes dewpoint exterior of roof membrane • Quicker “dry-in” of building • Disadvantages • Installation requires more coordination • Insulation needs to be covered (pavers, ballast, vegetation, etc.) to protect from exposure
- 114. INSULATION STRATEGIES Source: Roxul Source: Roxul
- 115. INSULATION STRATEGIES Figure source: Roxul
- 117. Why is CONTINUITY important? PORTLAND AIR INFILTRATION WATER VAPOR DIFFUSION 1” SQUARE HOLE 10000 1000 100 10 1 0.1 # GRAINS PER HOUR INTERIOR 68°F 50%RH EXTERIOR 41°F 80%RH SOURCE: WBDG
- 118. Why is CONTINUITY important? MIAMIAIR INFILTRATION INTERIOR 70°F 50%RH WATER VAPOR DIFFUSION 1” SQUARE HOLE EXTERIOR 91°F 56%RH 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 # GRAINS PER HOUR SOURCE: WBDG
- 119. Why is CONTINUITY important? Solve the air and water first……..then worry about insulation!
- 120. Case Study 1 – Exterior infiltration
- 121. Case Study 1 – Exterior infiltration
- 122. Case Study 1 – Exterior infiltration
- 123. Case Study 1 – Exterior infiltration
- 124. Case Study 1 – Exterior infiltration
- 125. Case Study 1 – Exterior infiltration
- 126. Case Study 1 – Exterior infiltration
- 127. Case Study – Exterior infiltration
- 128. Case Study 1 – Exterior infiltration
- 129. Case Study 2 – Interior infiltration • Case Study - Interior
- 130. Case Study 2 – Interior infiltration
- 131. Case Study 2 – Interior infiltration ???
- 132. Case Study 2 – Interior infiltration Temperature = 20°F Relative Humidity = 93% Vapor Pressure Force = 7.2psf Temperature = 70°F Relative Humidity = 53% Vapor Pressure Force = 15.7psf
- 133. Case Study 2 – Interior infiltration
- 134. Case Study 2 – Interior infiltration
- 135. Case Study 2 – Interior infiltration
- 136. Case Study 2 – Interior infiltration
- 137. Case Study 3 – Interior infiltration
- 138. Case Study 3 – Interior infiltration
- 139. Case Study 3 – Interior infiltration
- 140. Case Study 3 – Interior infiltration
- 141. Case Study 3 – Interior infiltration
- 142. Case Study 3 – Interior infiltration
- 143. Case Study 3 – Interior infiltration
- 144. Case Study 4 – Exterior infiltration
- 145. Case Study 4 – Exterior infiltration
- 146. Case Study 4 – Exterior infiltration
- 147. Case Study 4 – Exterior infiltration
- 148. Case Study 4 – Exterior infiltration
- 149. Case Study 4 – Exterior infiltration
- 150. Case Study 4 – Exterior infiltration
- 151. Case Study 4 – Exterior infiltration
- 152. Case Study 4 – Exterior infiltration
- 153. Case Study 4 – Exterior infiltration
- 155. PENCIL TEST – plans and sections UNCONDITIONEDCONDITIONED
- 156. PENCIL TEST – plans and sections UNCONDITIONED CONDITIONED
- 157. PENCIL TEST – plans and sections UNCONDITIONED CONDITIONED
- 158. PENCIL TEST – plans and sections UNCONDITIONED CONDITIONED
- 159. PENCIL TEST – plans and sections
- 160. DETAILS
- 161. DETAILS
- 162. DETAILS
- 163. DETAILS
- 164. DETAILS
- 165. DETAILS
- 166. DETAILS
- 167. THE OTHER “C” WORD - COMPATIBILITY
- 168. COMPATIBILITY
- 169. COMPATIBILITY
- 170. COMPATIBILITY
- 171. Energy Trust of Oregon The Quality Process- You Don’t Get Something for Nothing AIA Portland October 2015 Marty Houston, AIA, CSI, LEED AP Walsh Construction Co.
- 180. Quality= Results of Work Efforts 180 Total Costs
- 181. “Cost of Quality Versus Cost of Non- Quality in Construction: the Crucial Balance” Yehiel Rosenfeld Published November 2008 181
- 182. Key Ideas and Definitions • All Buildings are Prototypes • ISO9000: Quality is a Managerial Issue • Focus on Proactive Measures • Internal Failures • External Failures • Total Cost of Quality 182
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- 191. Total Costs of Quality • Prevention • Appraisal • Internal Failures • External Failures 191
- 192. Hidden Costs of Non- Quality • Exposure to Future Liabilities • Failure to Retain Existing Customers (tenants) • Loss of New Customers (tenants) • Short and Long-Term Damage to Reputation • Increased Insurance Costs 192
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- 195. 195 You get what you pay for
- 196. 196 You get what you pay for
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