Aera2014 sampling
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This document summarizes the findings of a study that analyzed 102 studies focused on social presence and online learning. The study found that most of the research was published in journals (73%) rather than dissertations (23%). Graduate students made up the largest proportion of subjects (55%). Sample sizes tended to be small, with 13% having 10 or fewer students and the median being 43 students. The document calls for future research to spend more time justifying sampling methods, study more diverse groups and contexts, and share more dissertation research through publication.
![Results [Type of Publication]
4%
23%
73%
Journal
Dissertation
Journal
Article](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/aera2014sampling-140406130415-phpapp01/85/Aera2014-sampling-10-320.jpg)
![Results [Popular Outlets]
Journal of Interactive Online Learning
• 8 articles
Internet and Higher Education
• 8 articles
International Review of Research in
Open & Distance Learning
• 4 articles
Journal of Asynchronous Learning
• 4 articles
Computers & Education
• 4 articles](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/aera2014sampling-140406130415-phpapp01/85/Aera2014-sampling-11-320.jpg)
![Results [Methodology]
16% Mixed
methods](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/aera2014sampling-140406130415-phpapp01/85/Aera2014-sampling-12-320.jpg)
![Results [Subject]
79%
9%
6%
6%
Education
Buisness
Nursing
Psychology](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/aera2014sampling-140406130415-phpapp01/85/Aera2014-sampling-13-320.jpg)
![Results [Format]
19%
15%
1%
65%
Blended
Both
F2F
Online](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/aera2014sampling-140406130415-phpapp01/85/Aera2014-sampling-14-320.jpg)
![Results [Level]
High School 4
Undergraduate 25
Graduate 35
6%
39%
55%
High School
Undergraduate
Graduate](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/aera2014sampling-140406130415-phpapp01/85/Aera2014-sampling-15-320.jpg)
![Results [Sample Size]
• 13%: 10 or less students
• 24 %: 20 or less students
• 34%: 50 or more students
• 25%: 100 or more students
• Mean: 101
• Mode: 6
• Median: 43
• Range: 2 to 709](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/aera2014sampling-140406130415-phpapp01/85/Aera2014-sampling-16-320.jpg)
Aera2014 sampling
- 1. Prevalence of Convenient Sampling An investigation into sampling trends in online learning research Patrick R. Lowenthal & Ross Perkins Boise State University
- 2. Online Growth + million post-secondary students Source: Class Differences: Online Education in the United States, 2010
- 3. Poor Quality Research Studies “suffered from weaknesses such as small sample sizes; failure to report retention rates for students in the conditions being contrasted; and, in many cases, potential bias stemming from the authors’ dual roles as experimenters and instructors” (Means et al., 2009, p. xviii) Online learning research is “severely wanting in terms of depth of reporting”
- 4. Bias Context matters: A description and typology of the online learning landscape. www.patricklowenthal.com/publications/AE CT2009TypologyOnlineLearning.pdf
- 5. Balance
- 6. What are the sampling trends of online learning research?
- 7. What are the sampling trends of online learning research focused on social presence?
- 8. “social presence” & “online learning” Ebsco--Academic Search Premier, Applied Science & Tech full text (H.W. Wilson), Communication & Mass Media Complete, Education Research Complete, ERIC, PsycINFO Key Words
- 10. Results [Type of Publication] 4% 23% 73% Journal Dissertation Journal Article
- 11. Results [Popular Outlets] Journal of Interactive Online Learning • 8 articles Internet and Higher Education • 8 articles International Review of Research in Open & Distance Learning • 4 articles Journal of Asynchronous Learning • 4 articles Computers & Education • 4 articles
- 15. Results [Level] High School 4 Undergraduate 25 Graduate 35 6% 39% 55% High School Undergraduate Graduate
- 16. Results [Sample Size] • 13%: 10 or less students • 24 %: 20 or less students • 34%: 50 or more students • 25%: 100 or more students • Mean: 101 • Mode: 6 • Median: 43 • Range: 2 to 709
- 17. More time reporting on sampling rationale Study under- represented groups & subjects Replicate studies in different contexts Share & publish more dissertation research
- 18. More time reporting on sampling rationale Study under- represented groups & subjects Replicate studies in different contexts Share & publish more dissertation research
- 19. More time reporting on sampling rationale Study under- represented groups & subjects Replicate studies in different contexts Share & publish more dissertation research
- 20. More time reporting on sampling rationale Study under- represented groups & subjects Replicate studies in different contexts Share & publish more dissertation research
Editor's Notes
- #3: In the fall of 2009, 5.6 million students took at least one online course according to Sloan-C
- #5: Lowenthal, P. R., Wilson, B., & Parrish, P. (2009, October). Context matters: A description and typology of the online learning landscape. Paper presented at the 2009 AECT International Convention, Louisville, KY. http://www.patricklowenthal.com/publications/AECT2009TypologyOnlineLearning.pdf
- #6: We posit that researchers need to do a better job of researching various contexts of online learning and investigating how the context shapes the experience. We are not arguing as some have that we simply need more experimental or multi-institutional studies with samples in the thousands but rather that we need to do a better job of investigating various and diverse samples of online learning (which then might lead to larger multi-institutional studies).
- #10: Initially found 194 results (1994-2011) After deleting duplicates, 156 studiesCouldn’t locate 16 dissertations Couldn’t locate 11 journal articlesCouldn’t locate 4 journal articlesRemoved 10 articles that were reviews
- #12: Journal of Interactive Online learning: 8Internet and Higher Ed: 8International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning: 4Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks: 4Computers & Education: 4
- #13: 16 out of 102
- #14: 12 weren’t listed
- #15: 12 weren’t listed
- #16: 12 weren’t listed
- #18: 12 weren’t listed
- #19: 12 weren’t listed
- #20: 12 weren’t listed
- #21: 12 weren’t listed