Articulating Africa-Wide Policy Issues for Adaptation and Mitigation
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The document discusses Africa's policy issues regarding climate change adaptation and mitigation. It outlines the challenges Africa faces from climate change as a vulnerable continent that contributes relatively little to global greenhouse gas emissions. It describes various programs and policies Africa is implementing to address climate change impacts on agriculture, including the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) and the Africa Bio-Carbon Initiative. The document argues these programs can help adaptation by promoting sustainable agriculture and carbon sequestration, while linking mitigation strategies to their goals.
Articulating Africa-Wide Policy Issues for Adaptation and Mitigation
- 1. Articulating Africa-Wide Policy Issues for Adaptation and Mitigation CCAFS Launch Conference: Building Food Security in the face of Climate Change Lindiwe Majele Sibanda (PhD) Nairobi, Kenya 4 May 2010 LMSibanda@fanrpan.org www.fanrpan.org
- 2. Outline Saving the Planet or a Win -‐ Win Treaty? • Global Climate Change Scenario • Clash of the Titans Climate Change and Africa • Status of Smallholder Farmers • Climate Change Impacts What is Africa Doing? • CAADP • The African Climate Posi>on -‐ Road to Copenhagen • Priori>es for Africa -‐ Adapta>on and Mi>ga>on • Model for Engagement www.fanrpan.org
- 3. Growing Challenges • 1.7 billion more people to feed • Ra>o of arable land to popula>on declining by 40-‐55% • Growing water scarcity • Climate change www.fanrpan.org
- 4. Saving the Planet or a Win -‐ Win Treaty Clash of the Titans Least Developed Countries!!! America + Europe G77 + China, India, Brazil When the bull elephants fight – AFRICA suffers www.fanrpan.org
- 5. Climate Change and Sustainable Development in Africa Africa contributes only about 3.8% of total GHGs Yet African countries are among the most vulnerable to climate change, because of the following factors: • High poverty levels • Heavy reliance on climate-‐sensi>ve sectors (e.g. rain-‐fed agriculture, mining, oil & gas, fisheries, forests, tourism, etc.) • Poor economic and social infrastructure • Exis>ng stresses on health and well being (e.g., HIV/AIDS, Malaria, illiteracy) • Conflicts • Low adap>ve capacity (limited human, ins>tu>onal, technological and financial capaci>es) www.fanrpan.org
- 6. Climate Change in Africa • Africa _ 0.5C warmer now than 100 years ago x • Temperatures have risen much higher , parts of Kenya have become 3.5°C hoaer in the past 20 years (Oxfam, the New Economics FoundaOon and the Working Group on Climate Change and Development) • Agriculture contributes over 20% GDP • Climate change nega>ve impact on agriculture -‐ up to 2% by 2010 6 www.fanrpan.org
- 7. Why Africa’s Climate Change Burden is Greater • 300 million people – 35% of Africans live in extreme poverty • 250 million people – 30% directly affected by deser>fica>on and drought • Africa is the least polluter -‐ (3.8%) of the GHG concentra>ons in the atmosphere 7 www.fanrpan.org
- 8. COMESA: 2003 Crop Yields(MT/ha) COMESA vs. Global Crop COMESA Global Maize 1.39 4.47 Rice 1.12 3.84 Wheat 1.38 2.66 Sorghum 0.67 1.30 Cassava 8.18 10.76 Beans 0.60 0.70 Bananas 4.69 15.25 www.fanrpan.org
- 9. What is Africa Doing? • AFRICAN UNION-‐CAADP • Africa Bio-‐Carbon Ini>a>ve • FARMING FIRST 9 www.fanrpan.org
- 10. The Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) • Endorsed by the AU Assembly – July 2003 • Goal “to help African countries reach a higher path of economic growth through agriculture-‐led development, which eliminates hunger, reduces poverty & food insecurity & enables expansion of exports.” 10 www.fanrpan.org
- 11. What is Africa Doing? Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Plan CAADP Areas of IntervenOon Pillar 1 Extending the area under sustainable land management and reliable water control systems Pillar 2 Improvement of rural infrastructure and enhanced market access Pillar 3 Increased food availability and nutriOon Pillar 4 Improving agricultural research and technology disseminaOon and adopOon www.fanrpan.org
- 12. His Excellency Ngwazi Dr. Bingu wa Mutharika “MALAWI SHALL NEVER GO BEGGING FOR FOOD AGAIN” 2004 “IN 5 YEARS NO AFRICAN CHILD SHOULD DIE OF HUNGER AND MALNUTRITION” January 2010 www.fanrpan.org
- 13. Bringing PerspecOves Together CAADP addresses the climate challenge by: • enhancing biodiversity through sustainable agriculture and agroforestry • safeguarding the produc>vity of farms through SLWM But, recognizing climate change, both local and global, as a threat to these objecOves, by • using these same approaches as adapta>on strategies to climate change. And, recognizing the role that carbon plays in land use, as well as in the global climate regime, by • linking mi>ga>on strategies, especially carbon sequestra>on, to these goals. www.fanrpan.org
- 14. The Africa Bio-Carbon Initiative • An iniOaOve of COMESA, EAC and SADC – NOW AFRICAWIDE • Launched in Poznan in December 2008 • Endorsed African Heads of States-‐ Libya 2009 – Nobel Laureate Wangari Maathai – Honourable Rejoice MabudaKasi, Deputy Minister of Environmental Affairs, South Africa, – Mr Agus Purnomo from Indonesia's NaSonal Council on Climate Change – Honourable Ligia de Doens, Minister of Environment for Panama – Honourable Ambassador Blake of AnSgua and Barbuda – Brent Swallow from the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) – Alexander Mueller from the Food and Agriculture OrganisaSon (FAO) 14 www.fanrpan.org
- 15. The Africa Bio-‐Carbon IniOaOve Vision • To reduce climate change impacts and enhance community resilience • Enhance access to rural energy and empower rural popula>ons, • Increased agricultural produc>vity and improved food security PURPOSE A post-‐2012 climate change framework that: • Acknowledges Africa's food security efforts • Rewards i climate change mi>ga>on in agriculture, forestry and other land-‐uses • Promotes adapta>on CALL • To call for release of funding for research and the development ac>vi>es to enhance learning and ensure that sustainable agriculture/forestry/land use ac>vi>es are rewarded and eligible for funding in the interna>onal post-‐2012 framework. 15 www.fanrpan.org
- 16. The Africa Climate Change Focus IniOaOve • IntegraOon – Climate Change considera>ons must be integrated into policies, sectoral planning and implementa>on at local, na>onal and regional levels • Disaster reducOon and risk management – beaer diagnosis of vulnerabili>es and strengthen local leadership and response • Building economic and social resilience • Reflects African reali>es and priori>es -‐ poverty reduc>on and community benefits • Reduced emissions for deforestaOon and forest degradaOon (REDD) • Agriculture, Forest and Other Land Use (AFOLU) • Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) www.fanrpan.org
- 17. The Africa Bio-‐Carbon IniOaOve Principles • Africa reaffirms its commitment to climate change mi>ga>on and adapta>on • Ini>a>ve advanced and driven by African leadership • Reflects African reali>es and priori>es -‐ poverty reduc>on and community benefits • Builds on exis>ng African ins>tu>ons and frameworks (e.g. NEPAD -‐ CAADP, ) • Seeks to Establish stronger linkages between food security, climate change and global environmental conven>ons • Avoids duplica>on and leverages on global partnerships for evidence to support policy processes 17 www.fanrpan.org
- 18. Addressing Climate Change – To Do • ADAPTATION is happening today! • NAPAS-‐ African countries ac>vely preparing these and need support • MITIGATION –focus on opportuni>es! • Recognize that total CO2 emissions are low, but per capita emissions are high if land-‐use changes are taken into account • Focus on mi>ga>on op>ons which reduce land degrada>on and vulnerabili>es • 13 African countries have prepared NAMAs 18 www.fanrpan.org
- 19. NAPAS-‐Country X • Sensi>za>on of popula>on on effec>ve water use • Dis>lling exis>ng water dams and construc>on of new ones • Expansion of food subsidies in rural areas • Conserva>on and protec>on of the country’s water towers • Encourage water harves>ng in urban and rural areas • Enhanced food relief supply to the vulnerable • Increased use of insec>cide treated materials www.fanrpan.org
- 20. NAPAS-‐Country Y • Sensi>za>on of popula>on on effec>ve water use • Replacement of household goat herds with sheep herds to reduce pressure on fragile rangelands • Introduc>on of drought-‐resistant seed varie>es and increased fish and poultry produc>on • Introduc>on of new water harves>ng/spreading techniques • Rehabilita>on of exis>ng dams as well as improvements in water basin infrastructure for increased water storage capacity • Improvement of access to groundwater supplies by humans and animals though installa>on of water pumps www.fanrpan.org
- 21. Africa’s Strategy – “REDD – AFOLU CoaliOon” • Africa promotes REDD +-‐ the reduc>on of greenhouse gas emissions by forest sources – REDD provides a unique opportunity for forest naSons to be rewarded for forest protecSon and stewardship – REDD++ is a welcome opportunity • Africa promotes AFOLU -‐ carbon sequestra>on through agriculture, forestry and land use 21 www.fanrpan.org
- 22. Climate Change in Africa Status of African Farmers • Land owned – maximum 2 acres • Main Crops – Staples (Corn) • Livestock-‐mul>ple use low returns • Yield Maize 100kg/ha • Fer>lizer used: 0.2 of recommended/desired levels • Use of recycled seeds • Agricultural implements owned -‐ hand hoe • Policy engagements Nil www.fanrpan.org
- 23. Puing Farming First -‐ Key Principles www.fanrpan.org
- 24. PrioriOse Research ImperaOves meet the challenges of the future • Conduct research on food systems, soil fer>lity, water availability, crop losses , livestock systems -‐-‐-‐ climate change • Improving produc>vity through responsible science and technology • Increase public and private investment in R&D • Promote farmer-‐centered research • Establish public-‐private partnerships www.fanrpan.org
- 25. Safeguard Natural Resources Improve land management pracOces • Conserva>on >llage • Watershed management • Wildlife habitat and biodiversity protec>on • Create incen>ves for ecosystem services www.fanrpan.org
- 26. Actors in the food systems CGIAR, Earth System Science Partnership, Global Research Partnerships CCAFS FARA:CORAF, NASRO, ASARECA, CARDESA, NARES, African Researchers UNIVERSITIES Agro-Inputs, Processing, Private Sector Packaging, Trade and Marketing Farmer organisations Evidence based, predictable policies NGOs, Media and Advocacy orgs Rallying point for advocacy www.fanrpan.org
- 27. Food System ACTIVITIES Producing food: natural resources, inputs, markets, … Processing & packaging food: raw materials, standards, storage requirement, … Distributing & retailing food: transport, marketing, advertising, … Consuming food: acquisition, preparation, customs, … Food System OUTCOMES Contributing to: Social Welfare Food Security, i.e. stability over time Environmental • Income for: Welfare • Employment • Ecosystem • Wealth FOOD FOOD stocks & flows UTILISATION ACCESS • Social capital • Ecosystem • Political capital • Nutritional Value • Affordability services • Human capital • Social Value • Allocation • Access to natural • Food Safety • Preference capital FOOD AVAILABILITY • Production • Distribution • Exchange www.fanrpan.org
- 28. MulO – Stakeholder Policy Engagements NATIONAL LEVEL REGIONAL LEVEL Policy Ongoing Research Advisory • Coordination of multi-country studies Studies Process • Synthesis of research evidence National Into Agenda for Policy engagements Policy Emerging Issues and Dialogues Agenda for • Networking, sharing of information, regional and FANR Policies Tracking (Periodic) Policy global representation Engagement Africa Region Across all AU-RECs (Representatives from all FANR Stakeholder Groups) (CGIAR, Earth System Science Partnership, • Farmers’ Organisations CCAFS • Governments • Private Sector All Stakeholder Groups) • Researchers • Development Partners • Media • NGOs – www.fanrpan.org
- 29. Facing up to the Climate Change Challenge-‐ Partnerships • Iden>fy and develop regional and country programmes capacity to generate and administer an adequate base of knowledge base to address climate change challenge for sustainable development • Focus on climate-‐related ac>vi>es: • Policy research and analysis: control of ac>vi>es responsible for emissions, par>cipatory adapta>on cost assessment • Consensus building at community and na>onal level: alterna>ve grassroots climate change adapta>on strategies • Holding local corpora>ons to account (responsibility &liability ) • Capacity strengthening, technical advice and assistance • Communica>on and outreach and movement building • Knowledge management and peer learning • Linking agriculture and climate scien>sts www.fanrpan.org
- 30. The New Economy-‐ Bio-‐Carbon IniOaOve Model for DistribuOng New Money • Scale up of community managed environment programmes, e.g. CAMPFIRE –communal areas management program for indigenous resources • Scale up role of CSOs-‐ watch dog role (give evidence and voice to Farmers, media, women) • Smallholder farmers act as environmental custodians -‐ creates jobs -‐ local people are trained and become involved as environmental educators, etc • Benefits from carbon finance cement community collec>ve responsibility : -‐ incenSve for people to conserve environment, -‐ generates funds for community projects infrastructure and new market opportuniSes www.fanrpan.org
- 31. The Africa Bio-‐Carbon IniOaOve Road to Copenhagen –visible impact • 23-‐27 February 2009, New York, USA Intergovernmental Preparatory MeeOng (IPM) of the Seventeenth Session of the United NaOons Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD-‐17) -‐ Discussed policy opSons and possible acSons to enable the implementaSon of measures and policies on agriculture, rural development, land, drought, deserSficaSon in Africa • 14-‐16 April 2009 Durban, South Africa SACAU Policy Conference -‐ Developed clear strategy on climate change and agriculture in Southern Africa • 6-‐8 April, Kadoma, Zimbabwe COMESA Zimbabwe Climate Change Roundtable -‐ Developed a consensus on the Africa climate change posiSon • 4 – 6 April 2009, Lusaka, Zambia Regional ConservaOon Agriculture Tour -‐ ConservaSon agriculture’s role in miSgaSon and adaptaSon to Climate Change promoted www.fanrpan.org
- 32. Climate Change and Africa Status of African Farmers • Small scale producers responsible for over 80% of staple food crops • Women -‐ main food producers in sub-‐Saharan Africa accoun>ng for: a) 70% of the agricultural labour force b) 80% of food produc>on -‐ 64% of People Living With HIV and AIDS are in sub Saharan Africa (SSA) -‐ 75% of all Women LHWA are in SSA www.fanrpan.org
- 33. Wanjiku’s Dream –Secure Livelihood Land Owned -‐1 hectare Crops-‐ Staples & high values crops Yield Maize 3t/ha High quality seeds Fer>lizer used: 0.7 of recommended levels Agricultural Implements hires a tractor, Owns 2 cows, 5 goats www.fanrpan.org
- 34. Farmer of the Future-‐ICT Friendly www.fanrpan.org
- 35. The Africa Bio-‐Carbon IniOaOve Lessons for Barcelona • Align research agenda with global climate calendar • Include CSOs in main na>onal nego>a>ng delega>ons and form coali>ons • Highlight where Agriculture can be included & reinforced in nego>a>ng text • Ensure integra>on of African media in COP15 delega>ons to amplify African voice and hold governments accountable • Support nego>a>ng teams pre-‐ and during nego>a>ons • Evidence for collec>ve engagements in side mee>ng at COP16 www.fanrpan.org
- 36. What Needs To Be Done-‐ What Needs To Be Done in 2010-‐ • LULUCF inventory of emissions and rules explicitly include agriculture • Agriculture and food security are part of ac>ons in implemen>ng the Copenhagen Accord • Coherent mi>ga>on plans with adapta>on plans and poverty reduc>on strategies -‐ key for agriculture which is osen a priority sector in both NAMAs and NAPAs • Use of best prac>ce lessons from agriculture programmes to inform global and na>onal policies • Regional and na>onal ini>a>ves, such as CAADP are supported to integrate climate change into their policies and plans www.fanrpan.org
- 37. Conclusion Agriculture is the back-‐bone of Africa’s livelihoods. A climate change deal must include Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Uses (AFOLU) COP 16 -‐NO Agriculture is NO GLOBAL DEAL To endorse-‐ Visit www.africaclimatesoluOon.org www.fanrpan.org
- 38. COP16 NO AGRICULTURE NO DEAL www.fanrpan.org