![SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN
Centre for Modern Architecture Studies in Southeast Asia
Bachelor of Science (Honours) (Architecture)
BUILDING SCIENCE 2 [ARC 3413]
Project 2: Integration with Design Studio 5
(Calculation of Lighting & Acoustic)
Name: Ling Teck Ong
ID. NO: 0303127](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/bscalculation-141216125533-conversion-gate01/85/Bs-calculation-1-320.jpg)
Bs calculation
- 1. SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN Centre for Modern Architecture Studies in Southeast Asia Bachelor of Science (Honours) (Architecture) BUILDING SCIENCE 2 [ARC 3413] Project 2: Integration with Design Studio 5 (Calculation of Lighting & Acoustic) Name: Ling Teck Ong ID. NO: 0303127
- 2. Length (mm) Type HE for max luminous efficiency Effect (W) and max luminous flux (Lumen) 1149 28 W, 2600 lm There is a range of fluorescent lamps with different shapes, dimensions, effects and characteristics and they all have the benefits of high luminous efficiency and long lives. The fluorescent lamp T8 has a diameter of 26 mm. Maximum luminous flux at approx. 25°C (ambient temperature at the tube). T8 is available with magnetic or electronic ballast. Fluorescent Light Tubes Compact fluorescent lamp Type of Artificial Light used in the building: (Learning Space, Cafeteria, Retail Shop ) Symbol Symbol
- 3. Learning Space: Second Floor Plan
- 4. Location Learning Space Dimension, m L= 3.6, W= 5.5 Area, m² 19.8 Height of ceiling, m 3.0 Height of work level, m 1.0 Type of light 23 Watt Compact Fluorescent Light Bulb Average luminous flux of lighting / F, lm 1650 Height of luminaries, m 2 Vertical distance from work place to luminaries, m 1 Luminance factors, % Ceiling Raw concrete with paint (white) 25-30 Wall Brick Wall (orange) 20-30 Floor Raw concrete with paint (medium grey) 25-30 Room Index Room Index (𝐿 𝑥 𝑊) 𝐿 + 𝑊 𝑋 𝐻 = (3.6𝑋 5.5) 3.6 + 5.5 𝑋 1 = 2.2 Utilization Factor / UF (refer to UF table) 0.5 Maintenance Factor/ MF 0.76 X 0.85 X 0.8 X 0.86 = 0.44 Lighting Calculation for Learning Space:
- 5. Illuminance level required / E, lx E= 𝐹 𝑥 𝑈𝐹 𝑥 𝑀𝐹 = 𝐴 1650 𝑋 0.5 𝑋 0.44 19.8 = 18.3 lux MS 1525 recommended Illuminance, lx Recommended average illumination levels by MS 1525 : 200 – 300 lux (Learning Space) 200lux (minimum) Number of light required/ N N = 𝐸 𝑥 𝐴 𝐹 𝑥 𝑈𝐹 𝑥 𝑀𝐹 = 200 𝑋 19.8 1650 𝑋 0.5𝑋 0.44 = 11 Spacing Height Ratio SHR = 1 𝐻𝑚 𝐴 𝑁 = 1 2.5 19.8 11 =0.54 SHR = 𝑆 𝐻 = 0.54, Therefore, (s)= 0.54 x 3 = 1.61m Fitting Layout by approximately Fitting require along the 5.5m wall, 5.5 / 1.61= 3.42= 4 rows Fitting require along the 3.6 m wall, 3.6/1.61= 2.23 = 3 rows Therefore, 4 x 3 = 12 luminaires required Conclusion Therefore, 11 lamps are required to achieve recommended average illuminance levels by MS 1525 in Learning Space.
- 7. Lighting Calculation for Cafeteria: Location Cafeteria Dimension, m L= 5.2, W= 11 Area, m² 57.2 Height of ceiling, m 3.0 Height of work level, m 1.0 Type of light 23 Watt Compact Fluorescent Light Bulb Average luminous flux of lighting / F, lm 1650 Height of luminaries, m 2 Vertical distance from work place to luminaries, m 1 Luminance factors, % Ceiling Raw concrete with paint (white) 25-30 Wall Brick Wall (orange) 20-30 Floor Ceramic Tiles (medium grey ) 30-35 Room Index Room Index (𝐿 𝑥 𝑊) 𝐿 + 𝑊 𝑋 𝐻 = (5.2𝑋 11) 5.2 + 11 𝑋 1 = 3.5 Utilization Factor / UF (refer to UF table) 0.52 Maintenance Factor/ MF 0.76 X 0.85 X 0.8 X 0.86 = 0.44
- 8. Illuminance level required / E, lx E= 𝐹 𝑥 𝑈𝐹 𝑥 𝑀𝐹 = 𝐴 1650 𝑋 0.52 𝑋 0.44 57.2 = 6.6 lux MS 1525 recommended Illuminance, lx Recommended average illumination levels by MS 1525 : 150– 300 lux (Cafeteria) 150lux (minimum) Number of light required/ N N = 𝐸 𝑥 𝐴 𝐹 𝑥 𝑈𝐹 𝑥 𝑀𝐹 = 150 𝑋 57.2 1650 𝑋 0.52𝑋 0.44 = 23 Spacing Height Ratio SHR = 1 𝐻𝑚 𝐴 𝑁 = 1 2.5 57.2 23 =0.63 SHR = 𝑆 𝐻 = 0.63, Therefore, (s)= 0.63 x 3 = 1.9m Fitting Layout by approximately Fitting require along the 5.2m wall, 6.2 / 1.9= 3.2= 4 rows Fitting require along the 3.6 m wall, 11/1.9= 5.8 = 6 rows Therefore, 6 x 4 = 24 luminaires required Conclusion Therefore, 23 lamps are required to achieve recommended average illuminance levels by MS 1525 in Cafeteria
- 9. Retail Shop: Ground Floor Plan
- 10. Location Retail Shop Dimension, m L= 3.5, W= 2.5 Area, m² 8.8 Height of ceiling, m 3.0 Height of work level, m 1.0 Type of light 28 Watt Fluorescent Light Tubes Average luminous flux of lighting / F, lm 2600 Height of luminaries, m 2.5 Vertical distance from work place to luminaries, m 1.5 Luminance factors, % Ceiling Raw concrete with paint (white) 35-45 Wall Brick Wall (orange) 20-30 Floor Ceramic Tiles (medium grey ) 20-25 Room Index Room Index (𝐿 𝑥 𝑊) 𝐿 + 𝑊 𝑋 𝐻 = (3.5𝑋 2.5) 3.5 + 2.5 𝑋 1.5 = 1 Utilization Factor / UF (refer to UF table) 0.44 Maintenance Factor/ MF 0.76 X 0.85 X 0.8 X 0.86 = 0.44 Lighting Calculation for Retail Shop:
- 11. Illuminance level required / E, lx E= 𝐹 𝑥 𝑈𝐹 𝑥 𝑀𝐹 = 𝐴 2600𝑋 0.44 𝑋 0.44 8.8 = 57.2lux MS 1525 recommended Illuminance, lx Recommended average illumination levels by MS 1525 : 150– 300 lux (Retail Shop) 150lux (minimum) Number of light required/ N N = 𝐸 𝑥 𝐴 𝐹 𝑥 𝑈𝐹 𝑥 𝑀𝐹 = 150 𝑋 8.8 2600 𝑋 0.44𝑋 0.44 = 3 Spacing Height Ratio SHR = 1 𝐻𝑚 𝐴 𝑁 = 1 2.5 8.8 3 =0.69 SHR = 𝑆 𝐻 = 0.69, Therefore, (s)= 0.69 x 2.5 = 1.73m Fitting Layout by approximately Fitting require along the 5.5m wall, 3.5 / 1.73= 2= 2 rows Fitting require along the 3.6 m wall, 2.5/1.73= 1.45 = 2 rows Therefore, 2 x 2 = 4 luminaires required Conclusion Therefore, 3 Fluorescent Light Tubes are required to achieve recommended average illuminance levels by MS 1525 in Retail Shop.
- 12. Zone DF (%) Distribution Very Bright >6 Very large with thermal and glare problem Bright 3-6 Good Average 1-3 Fair Dark 0-1 Poor Daylight factor and distribution (Department of standards Malaysia, 2007) a) Learning Space DF = 𝐸𝑖 𝐸𝑜 x 100% DF = 280 32000 x 100% =0.88% This space has poor daylight factor, hence the use of artificial light to enhance the space. b) Cafeteria DF = 𝐸𝑖 𝐸𝑜 x 100% DF = 1630 32000 x 100% = 5.1% This space has good daylight factor, hence the use of PSALI to control the use of artificial lightings. c) Retail Shop DF = 𝐸𝑖 𝐸𝑜 x 100% DF = 700 32000 x 100% = 2.2% This space has fair daylight factor, hence the space still need to used use of artificial light to enhance the space. Daylighting:
- 13. Materials Area (m2) Acoustic Absorption Coefficient Area x Absorption Coefficient Wall -Brick Wall -Glass Paneled Window with aluminum frame 9.3 5.8 0.03 0.18 0.28 1.04 Floor -Painted concrete 19.8 0.07 1.39 Ceiling -Painted concrete 19.8 0.06 1.19 People 5 0.46 2.3 Air 59.4m2 0.01 0.59 Total Absorption 6.79 Reverberation Time Calculation Learning Space RT = 0.16 x Volume of Space/ Total Sound Absorption RT = 0.16 x 59.4 / 6.79 = 1.39 s Conclusion of Learning Space The reverberation time for Learning Space is 1.39s. These calculations ignore the outdoor environmental factor. When environment factors are taken into consideration, the reverberation time will be much lower due to the escape of sound wave to the surrounding. Learning Space: Second Floor Plan
- 14. Materials Area (m2) Acoustic Absorption Coefficient Area x Absorption Coefficient Wall -Brick Wall -Glass Paneled Window with aluminum frame 52 8 0.03 0.18 1.56 1.44 Floor -Painted concrete 57.2 0.07 4 Ceiling -Painted concrete 57.2 0.06 3.43 5 0.46 2.3 Air 171.6 0.01 1.72 Total Absorption 14.45 Reverberation Time Calculation Cafeteria RT = 0.16 x Volume of Space/ Total Sound Absorption RT = 0.16 x 171.6 / 14.45 = 1.9 s Conclusion of Cafeteria The reverberation time for Cafeteria is 1.9s. These calculations ignore the outdoor environmental factor. When environment factors are taken into consideration, the reverberation time will be much lower due to the escape of sound wave to the surrounding. Cafeteria: Ground Floor Plan
- 15. Materials Area (m2) Acoustic Absorption Coefficient Area x Absorption Coefficient Wall -Brick Wall -Glass Paneled Window with aluminum frame 18 5.3 0.03 0.18 0.54 0.95 Floor -Painted concrete 8.8 0.07 0.62 Ceiling -Painted concrete 8.8 0.06 0.53 5 0.46 2.3 Air 28.16 0.01 0.28 Total Absorption 5.22 Reverberation Time Calculation Retail Shop RT = 0.16 x Volume of Space/ Total Sound Absorption RT = 0.16 x 28.16 / 5.22 = 0.86 s Conclusion of Retail Shop The reverberation time for Retail Shop is 0.86s. These calculations ignore the outdoor environmental factor. When environment factors are taken into consideration, the reverberation time will be much lower due to the escape of sound wave to the surrounding. Retail Shop: Ground Floor Plan
- 16. External Noise Sound Pressure Level Combined SPL of External Noises Traffic noise at Jalan Tun H.S.Lee, 83dB Activity noise at Jalan Tun H.S.Lee, 80 dB 83 = 10 log 𝑙 1 1 𝑥 10 −12 Antilog 8.3 = 𝑙 1 1 𝑥 10−12 𝑙 1 = (2.995 x 108 ) x (1 𝑥 10 −12 ) = 1.995 x 10−4 80dB = 10 log 𝑙 1 1 𝑥 10−12 Antilog 8= 𝑙 1 1 𝑥 10−12 𝑙 1 = (1 x 108 ) x (1 𝑥 10 −12 ) = 1 x 10−4 Total Intensities = (1.995 x 10−4 ) + ( 1 x 10−4 ) = 2.995 x 10−4 Combined SPL = 10 log 2.995 𝑥 10−4 1 𝑥 10−12 = 10 x 8.476 = 84.76dB Conclusion: The combined SPL of the external noise of Jalan Tun H.S.Lee is 84.76dB
- 17. Source SPL (dBA) Faintest audible sound 0 Whisper 20 Quite learning area 30 Soft stereo in residence 40 Speech range 50-70 Cafeteria 80 Pneumatic jackhammer 90 Loud crowd noise 100 Accelerating motorcycle 100 Rock concert 120 Jet engine 140 Figure above shows the sound pressure levels of common sound sources. Sound Transmission Class A) Learning Space According to the standards table, average sound pressure level produced by a learning space, (quite learning area) is 30dB which is considered as internal noise source. The learning space consists of 48.2m² 𝑜𝑓 brick wall( 42dB) and a total of 12m² of curtain wall(33dB) TL for brick wall TL for curtain wall(25mm laminated glass) 42 = 10log 1 𝑇 Antilog 4.2 = 1 𝑇 T = 1 1.585 𝑋 104 T brick wall = 6.309 x 10−5 33 = 10log 1 𝑇 Antilog 3.3 = 1 𝑇 T = 1 1.995 𝑋 103 T window = 5.012 x 10−4 𝑇 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 48.2𝑥 6.309 𝑥 10−5 +(12 𝑥 5.012 𝑥 10−4) 48.2+12 = 1.84 x 10−4 SRI overall = 10 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 1 1.84 𝑥 10−4 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔10 (5434.8) = 37.35 dB 84.76dB – 37.35dB = 47.41dB Conclusion: Usage of material has reduced 37.35 dB of learning space maximum estimated noise. External noise (84.76dB) – 37.35dB = 47.41dB
- 18. Power Addition Method – Combined SPL of Internal Noises: Noise at learning space, 47.41dB Human Conservation, 50dB 47.41 = 10 log 𝑙 1 1 𝑥 10−12 Antilog 4.74 = 𝑙1 1 𝑥 10−12 𝑙1 = (5.5 x 104 ) x (1 x 10−12 ) = 5.5 x 10−8 50 = 10 log 𝑙 1 1 𝑥 10−12 Antilog 5 = 𝑙1 1 𝑥 10−12 𝑙1 = (1 x 105 ) x (1 x 10−12 ) = 1 x 10−7 Total Intensities = (5.5 x 10−8 ) + (1 x 10−7 ) = 1.55 x 10−7 Combined SPL = 10 log 1.55 𝑥 10−7 1 𝑥 10−12 = 10 log (155000) = 51.9dB Conclusion: The total noise in the learning space is 51.9dB
- 19. B) Cafeteria According to the standards table, average sound pressure level produced by a cafeteria, (cafeteria) is 80dB which is considered as internal noise source. The cafeteria consists of 59.2m² 𝑜𝑓 brick wall( 42dB) and a total of 21m² of curtain wall(33dB) TL for brick wall TL for curtain wall(25mm laminated glass) 42 = 10log 1 𝑇 Antilog 4.2 = 1 𝑇 T = 1 1.585 𝑋 104 T brick wall = 6.309 x 10−5 33 = 10log 1 𝑇 Antilog 3.3 = 1 𝑇 T = 1 1.995 𝑋 103 T window = 5.012 x 10−4 𝑇 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 59.2𝑥 6.309 𝑥 10−5 +(21 𝑥 5.012 𝑥 10−4) 59.2+21 = 1.78 x 10−4 SRI overall = 10 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 1 1.78 𝑥 10−4 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔10 (5618) = 37.5 dB 84.76dB – 37.5dB = 47.26dB Conclusion: Usage of material has reduced 37.5 dB of learning space maximum estimated noise. External noise (84.76dB) – 37.5dB = 47.26dB
- 20. Power Addition Method – Combined SPL of Internal Noises: Noise at Cafeteria, 47.26dB Human Conservation, 50dB 47.26 = 10 log 𝑙 1 1 𝑥 10−12 Antilog 4.73 = 𝑙1 1 𝑥 10−12 𝑙1 = (5.37 x 104 ) x (1 x 10−12 ) = 5.37 x 10−8 50 = 10 log 𝑙 1 1 𝑥 10−12 Antilog 5 = 𝑙1 1 𝑥 10−12 𝑙1 = (1 x 105 ) x (1 x 10−12 ) = 1 x 10−7 Total Intensities = (5.37 x 10−8 ) + (1 x 10−7 ) = 1.537 x 10−7 Combined SPL = 10 log 1.537 𝑥 10−7 1 𝑥 10−12 = 10 log (153700) = 51.87dB Conclusion: The total noise in the learning space is 51.87dB
- 21. C) Retail Shop According to the standards table, average sound pressure level produced by a Retail Shop, (speech range) is 60dB which is considered as internal noise source. The Retail Shop consists of 36m² 𝑜𝑓 brick wall( 42dB) and a total of 3m² of curtain wall(33dB) TL for brick wall TL for curtain wall(25mm laminated glass) 42 = 10log 1 𝑇 Antilog 4.2 = 1 𝑇 T = 1 1.585 𝑋 104 T brick wall = 6.309 x 10−5 33 = 10log 1 𝑇 Antilog 3.3 = 1 𝑇 T = 1 1.995 𝑋 103 T window = 5.012 x 10−4 𝑇 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 36 𝑥 6.309 𝑥 10−5 +(3 𝑥 5.012 𝑥 10−4) 59.2+21 = 9.68 x 10−5 SRI overall = 10 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 1 9.68 𝑥 10−5 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔10 (10330) = 40.1 dB 84.76dB – 40.1dB = 44.66dB Conclusion: Usage of material has reduced 40.1 dB of learning space maximum estimated noise. External noise (84.76dB) – 40.1dB = 44.66dB
- 22. Power Addition Method – Combined SPL of Internal Noises: Noise at Cafeteria, 44.66dB Human Conservation, 50dB 44.66 = 10 log 𝑙 1 1 𝑥 10−12 Antilog 4.47 = 𝑙1 1 𝑥 10−12 𝑙1 = (3 x 104 ) x (1 x 10−12 ) = 3 x 10−8 50 = 10 log 𝑙 1 1 𝑥 10−12 Antilog 5 = 𝑙1 1 𝑥 10−12 𝑙1 = (1 x 105 ) x (1 x 10−12 ) = 1 x 10−7 Total Intensities = (3x 10−8 ) + (1 x 10−7 ) = 1.3 x 10−7 Combined SPL = 10 log 1.3 𝑥 10−7 1 𝑥 10−12 = 10 log (1300000) = 61.1dB Conclusion: The total noise in the learning space is 61.1dB
- 23. Reference: a) Long, M. (2006). Architectural acoustics. A msterdam: Elsevier / Academic Press. b) LED light colour, CRI and experiment. (n.d). LED light colour, CRI and experiments. Retrieved December 2, 2014, from http://swhs.homexs4all.nl/fiets/tests/verlichting/experiment/index_en.html#cri c) T regenza, P., & Wilson, M. (2011). Daylighting : architecture and lighting design. London: Routledge. d) (n.d). .Retrieved December 4, 2014, from http://www.conrad.com/.../Osram-36W- 25WE14LED-Warm e) Acoustics and Noise Control, R J Peters, B J Smith and Margaret Hollins