Chapter1&2ReviewerENG3A.docx
- 1. CHAPTER 1: COMMUNICATION PROCESSES, PRINCIPLES AND ETHICS COMMUNICATION -Derived from the Latin words con which means “with”, munus which means “a business”, communis which means “common” and communico which means “to confer” -It is therefore defined as the process of accomplishing a goal -Described as the transfer of information, thoughts, or ideas to create a shared understanding between a sender and a receiver -It is a dynamic, two-way process According to Sanchez (2017), effective communication is the most critical component of total quality management. TYPES OF COMMUNICATION 1. Verbal Communication - uses words or symbols. It is done through speaking or writing. *Spoken communication can be done through face-to-face interaction, through mobiles or computers, public speaking, etc. *Written communication can be written, digitized or printed. According to Mehrabian (2017), 55% of information gathered when people are speaking to each other in person is determined through body language, 38% of the information relayed in a conversation through tone of voice, and only 7% of the words that are spoken are used to understand what is being said. In verbal communication, meanings are also taken from non-verbal forms and are better known as NON-VERBAL CUES *Non-verbal cues - make the message clearer and give the listener an indication in what way the information should be received.
- 2. Examples of Non-verbal Cues: Intonation Facial expressions Pause Hand gestures Use of visuals Body movement Eye contact 2. Non-verbal Communication - sending of message using methods other than spoken language. It may be intentional or unintentional. According to Tidwell (2016) there are two kinds of non-verbal communication: -Non-verbal messages produced by the body -Non-verbal messages produced by the broad setting such as time, space and silence ELEMENTS OF THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS 1. Sender - a person, group or organization who initiates communication. Also called as encoder, source, speaker, writer or communicator. 2. Message - is the element transmitted in the communication process. The message should be coded by the sender in a way that it will be easily understood by the receiver. 3. Channel - pathway or medium through which the message travels to reach its destination. It may be oral, written or visual. Each kind of channel has a specific use depending on the message. Examples: Face-to-face, through writing letters, social media, mobile phone call, etc 4. Receiver - the person who receives, understands, analyzes and interprets the message. Also called as decoder, reader or listener. 5. Noise - a form of distortion, barrier or obstacle that occurs in any of the phases of the oral communication process. It may be visual, aural, physical or psychological in forms. 6. Feedback - the receiver’s response that provides information to the sender. It shows whether the receiver understood the message or not. 7. Adjustment - it is done if the message is not clearly understood by the receiver.
- 3. According to Bovee and Thill (1992), even the lack of response, is in a sense, a form of response. It is a very important element of the process because it makes the communication dynamic, two-way interactive event. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Aspects of Communication 1.Communication is integrated in all parts of our lives Ex. In school A. Academics -students who are good in writing and speaking perform better not only in the English class but also in other learning areas. #Communication is very important, if u cannot read and write communicate with your teacher because when they do not know something po or if they can’t read and write they communicate with their teachers so that they can understand it better po B. Professional -employer who are better in communicating have the higher chance of getting hired. #Just like in job interview, you need to communicate and show some skills C. Personal -having a vocabulary to name the communication phenomena in our lives increases our ability to alter consciously our communication in order #civic is about SOCIETY #you need to know about yourself or how to express yourself D. Civic -civic engagement refers to working to make a difference in our communities by I improving the quality of life. 2. Communication meets needs Physical Needs – Keep our brain and body functioning Instrumental Needs – Instructing people, Giving Directions
- 4. Relational Needs – Initiate, Maintain or end a relationship Identity Needs – people present their imagine through the way they communicate 3. Communication is Learned The Case of the Feral Children - raised by animals, isolated from human contact -kung ano kinalikahan mo yun yung ma aadapt mo 4. Communication has ethical communications ex. you have to do pagmamano or say po at opo Issues in Communication 1. Content -refers to the information and experiences that are provided to the receiver of the communication process. -The message must be presented in a language that makes a grammatical sense. -Words have different meanings and may be used or interpreted differently. -Therefore, content should be tailored or edited for the public to ensure effective communication. 2. Process -refers to the way the message is presented or delivered. - The non-verbal forms that we use often cause messages to be misunderstood as we tend to believe what we see more than what we hear. -Therefore, we should be mindful of the non-verbal cues that accompany our verbal communication. 3. Context -Refers to the situation or environment in which your message is delivered. -if the sender is unaware of a specific context, the sender might say improper words or messages. -If the receiver is unaware of the context, the message might be interpreted incorrectly. -Therefore, it is important to assert and understand the context before saying something.
- 5. Principles in Communication Principle of Clarity Messages should be worded clearly. Messages should not be ambiguous or can be interpreted in different ways. It should be straightforward so the receiver will easily understand what the speaker is saying. It is always the responsibility of the sender to make the message clear so that the receiver will understand the message correctly. Principle of Attention The receiver's attention should be drawn to the message to make the communication effective. In order to achieve successful communication, the receiver should be listening to the sender to understand the message. There are many distractors that may cause the receiver to lose the focus on the message. Avoid any circumstances that may lead to the loss of attention of the receiver. Principle of Feedback There should be a feedback in communication in order for the sender to know whether the message was clearly understood by the receiver. The feedback will also indicate whether the sender needs to make adjustments on the message for the receiver to understand the message. Principle of Informality In academic or business setting, the language used is mainly formal. However, in circumstances where formal language fails to meet its goal, which is to make receiver/s understand the message, the sender should be flexible in switching to informal language to code the message clearer. Informal communication is as important as formal communication. Principle of Consistency Communication should always be consistent with the policies, plans, programs and objectives of the organization and not in conflict with them. If leaders are not following the rules, the subordinates will be confused. Principle of Timeliness Communication should be done in real time. It helps transactions to be done fast. Principles of Adequacy When communicating, information should be adequate and complete. Incomplete information may cause delay and confusion.
- 6. COMMUNICATION ETHICS It deals with the behavior of an individual or a group which is governed by their morals and in turn affects communication. The National Communication Association (NCA) formulated the Credo for Ethical Communication in November 1999. It reminds us that ethical communication is relevant across contexts and applies to every channel of communication. Essential Integrity of Communication Advocate truthfulness, accuracy, honesty, and reason as essential to the integrity of communication. Endorse freedom of expression - in politics, academics etc. Strive to understand and respect each other communicators before evaluating and responding. Promote access to communication resources and opportunities as necessary to fulfill human potential Ex. Pag nakita mo walang pasok, share mo sa klasmeyt mo beh para happy Promote Communication climates of caring and mutual understanding that respect the unique needs and characteristics of individual communicators. (Always ask permission) Condemn Communication that degrades individuals and humanity through distortion, intimidation, coercion, and violence, and through the expression of intolerance and hatred. (When negativity prevails, communication prevails too, pag bastos ang tao prangkahin mo) Commit to the courageous expression of personal convictions in pursuit of fairness and justice (kailangan maging fair, hindi yung nakagraduate ka ng walang ginagawa or nangongopya lang ale) Advocate sharing information, opinions and feelings when facing significant choices while also respecting privacy and confidentiality Accept responsibility for the short- and long-term consequences (dapat may isang salita and be responsible about it)
- 7. ETHICS RESOURCE CENTER Simple three-part guide for ethical business communication: be honest be respectful show sensitivity to cultural differences COMMUNICATION IN ACADEMICS -Avoid Plagiarism the intentional representation of another person’s words, thoughts, or ideas as one’s own.” Data gathered from participants for a research or study should be always kept confidential, unless given the permission of the participant. -Students should always show respect to authorities in school. -Never tell a lie or misrepresent facts to your teachers, classmates, or any people.
- 8. COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION Communication and globalization in the 21st century introduce us to a new dimension of perspectives. GLOBALIZATION It is the structural phenomenon of increasing interdependence among various parts of the world (Cornali & Tirocchi, 2012). The advancement of technology and numerous technology revolutions have been globalizing the world into a closely interconnected society. The process of globalization is an unavoidable feature of modernity and development. It promotes the development and prevalence of digital technologies that make communication faster and information more easily accessible. Heidegger’s Prophecy Heidegger prophesized in 1950 that “new communication and information technologies would spawn novel possibilities for dramatically extending the scope of virtual reality. Definitions of Globalization (Scheuerman, 2014) Globalization is associated with deterritorialization o Deterritorialization - a weakening of connection between culture and place. Globalization is linked to the growth of social interconnectedness across existing geographical and political boundaries. Globalization must also include a reference to the speed or velocity of social activity Globalization should be conceived as a relatively long-term process Globalization should be understood as a multi-pronged process Major Trends in Globalization (Chen, 2005) Technology development has made globalization inevitable and irreversible (Eichengreen, 1999) The internet is the most significant contribution to the global interconnectivity Economic transformation has led to a new landscape of economic world
- 9. In the emergence of globalization, exchange of goods across geographical locations become easier. New developments in technology brought in new jobs. Movement of domestic firms to global firms The Impact of Globalization Globalization requires the development of a person’s language ability. 1. Virtual interactions – technology allowed us to communicate virtually from people at distant locations. To use these mediums effectively, we must select the most appropriate tool to use in certain situations. 2. Cultural awareness in speech – even when two people are speaking the same language, cultural differences can affect vocabulary, colloquial expressions, voice tone, and taboo topics. In the Filipino workplace setting, avoid asking unprofessional questions, questions that can be easily researched in the internet, questions that have already been asked Think first, Google second, ask third 3. Cultural awareness in body language – being aware that not all physical expressions of one’s own culture are universally-accepted 4. Time differences – the advent of global collaboration introduces another new dynamic to communication skills- the need to communicate and share information with people across several time zones The Role of Media in the Globalization Process • It enables communication to take place in real time over great distances • It advances the 21st century into what we speak as the globalization of communication • The emergence of the electronic media and the digital media has brought about a radical change on how we see education Language and Globalization Language continues to evolve. It keeps on developing as people are becoming more literate in the global world WHY IS ENGLISH CONSIDERED THE “UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE”? It is the world's second largest native language, the official language in 70 countries, and English-speaking countries are responsible for about 40% of world's total GNP.
- 10. Competence According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, competence means the quality or state of being competent. Or in simple terms, it is the ability to do something successfully. Communication Competence It is the ability to function in a truly communicative setting. Components of Communicative Competence 1. Grammatical Competence - the domain of grammatical and lexical capacity. Grammar refers to the set of rules that explains how words are used in a language Lexical refers to the meanings of words 2. Sociolinguistic Competence - it pertains to an understanding of the social context in which communication takes place 3. Discourse Competence - it is the ability to interpret individual message elements in terms of their interconnectedness and of how meaning is represented in relationship to the entire discourse. 4. Strategic Competence - it relates to the coping strategies that communicators employ to initiate, terminate, maintain, repair and redirect communication. Expected Skills for College Graduates (21st Century Learners) • State - State ideas clearly. • Communicate - Communicate ethically. • Recognize - Recognize when it is appropriate to communicate. • Identify - Identify their communication goals. • Select - Select the most appropriate and effective medium for communicating. • Demonstrate - Demonstrate credibility. • Identify and manage - Identify and manage misunderstandings. • Manage - Manage conflict. • Be - Be open-minded about another’s point of view. • Listen – Listen attentively
- 11. Global Communication Competence Is the ability of individuals that relates effectively to self and others in daily life. Four Dimensions of Global Communication Competence (Chen, 2005) Global Mindset o Mindset is a psychological process that represents patterns of an individual or group thinking. It is a fixed mental attitude that leads people to see things and events from specific lens through perception and reasoning. o Global Mindset refers to openness to other cultures that facilitates intercultural interactions. Unfolding the Self o Unfolding the Self is mainly concerned with the ability to look for shared communication symbols and project the self into another person’s mind by thinking the same thoughts, feelings and emotions as the other person. Mapping the Culture o Understanding ourselves as a cultural being is a prerequisite to knowing other cultures. o Mapping the Culture refers to understanding the differences between one’s own culture and the other cultures that might result in adapting different culture to become more diverse and appropriate in the global setting. Aligning the Interaction o Being able to interact with people from different cultures by using the appropriate and effective approaches without violating the other people’s cultures, beliefs and norms.