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Communication Engineering class 2
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Mr.R.VIJAY ANANDH
INSTRUCTIONS TO ALL PARTICIPANTS
➢ Kindly mute your Audio & Video while entering and
till the session end. Don’t try to record Video.
➢ Get your pen, notebook and calculator along with
you.
➢ Google classroom will be formed to share materials
with you.
➢ Subject clarifications will be given wherever necessary
and during Q&A sessions also.
HOW THE CLASSES WOULD BE:
➢ Discussion on concepts with Block diagram .
➢ Circuit diagram with explanation.
➢ Classes will be interactive with Brain storming
activities, demo , quiz ,small derivations & calculations
➢ Interesting facts about Basic communication
technology.
➢ Group activities off line /online, Assignments will be
given.
EC8395-COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
1 ANALOG MODULATION
2 PULSE MODULATION
3 DIGITAL MODULATION AND TRANSMISSION
4 INFORMATION THEORY AND CODING
5 SPREAD SPECTRUM AND MULTIPLE ACCESS
Why Communication and Engineering are coined?
✓ COMMUNICATING OVER LONG DISTANCES IS ANOTHER PROBLEM.
Use your communication concepts & equations, apply
your innovative ideas to design communication
equipments and solve barriers in long distance
communication.
My understanding is that….
The Parameters required are
(1)Amplitude
(2)Frequency
(3)Phase or Angle
!!! Wow !!!
That’s GREAT
!!!
I can generate
wave using a
simple equation.
This is an example for analog signal
since it varies with time.
What happens if I change the Parameters one by
one….????
Observe &
Understand
Frequency is inversely proportional to
wavelength.
 Low Frequency in the range of 20 Hz to
20 KHz
 These are original message signals/
baseband signal .
 It travel slow and cover short distance.
 Eg. Human Voice
VOICE SIGNALS vs Carrier Signals
 High Frequency in the range above 500 KHz
to 1.5 GHz
 These are generated by Oscillators.
 It travel fast and cover long distance.
 Eg. Oscillator Signals .
m(t)=Amsin(ωmt)
c(t)=Acsin(ωct)
voice / message/ Input/
modulating/ baseband signals
Carrier Signals
m(t)=Amsin(ωmt)
c(t)=Acsin(ωct)
!!! All signal equations are represented with Sinusoidal terms !!!
Different text books follow different notation,
but the concepts are same.
ym=VmCos(ωmt) yc=VcCos(ωct)
FUN ACTIVITY : THREAD SPINNER
Communication Engineering class 2
FUN ACTIVITY : THREAD SPINNER
Our task is to send our voice (Low frequency)
signal to long distance destination . Any
Suggestions from you?...
Communication Engineering class 2
Communication Engineering class 2
5
Learn with Fun: Demo
Modulation.
Advantages.
Why we need Antenna and Problems.
Summary
4
3
2
1
TODAY’S SESSION
SLIDE 1
LEARN WITH FUN ACTIVITY :
What do you understand from these demo…
SLIDE 1
FUN ACTIVITY : THREAD SPINNER
When two threads are of same length and are
rotated at same speed…How the thread spins..
Give your answer
A
B
C
SLIDE 1
FUN ACTIVITY : THREAD SPINNER
Here , the two threads are of same length
and are Spinned at same speed.
➢ The two threads twisted with each other
➢ gives spring effect and amplitude height
varies up and down
C
III GREAT III , Now answer this question….
SLIDE 1
Observe the below given two waveforms and
interpret what will happen when they are
spinned or mixed together ???
➢ Wavelength is long and different and
frequency is LOW. (i.e.., Message signal)
➢ Wavelength is short and regular
intervals and frequency is HIGH.
(i.e.., Carrier Signal)
Message Signal + Carrier Signal = ???
SLIDE 1
Observe the below given two waveforms and
interpret what will happen when they are
spinned or mixed together ???
➢ Wavelength is long and different and
frequency is LOW. (i.e.., Message signal)
➢ Wavelength is short and regular
intervals and frequency is HIGH.
(i.e.., Carrier Signal)
Message Signal + Carrier Signal = MODULATED WAVE
➢ No change in the shape of Message signal
.But, carrier signal undergoes changes.
Upper
Envelope
Lower
Envelope
SLIDE 2
Modulation
➢ The input signal is too weak to travel. So, we include a carrier wave to assist to
reach long distance.
➢ The Modulated signal are then changed to Electromagnetic waves with the help of
the Antenna and send to the Communication channel to reach the Receiver.
SLIDE 2
So,what happens during Modulation process…
Note: when each parameter of the carrier wave is changed in accordance
with message signal,then different types of modulation techniques are
obtained.
➢Amplitude Modulation
➢Frequency Modulation
➢Phase Modulation.
SLIDE 2
Amplitude Modulation
In amplitude modulation, only the amplitude of the carrier wave is
changed, while the frequency and phase of the carrier wave remain
constant (i.e.,unchanged).
Note: The shape of the Upper and Lower
Envelope of AM signal looks same as the
message signal.
Upper
Envelope
Lower
Envelope
SLIDE 2
Amplitude Modulation AIM : To send voice data Signal to longer
distance.
❖The carrier signal does not contain any information .so even if we change
the amplitude of the carrier signal, no information loss will occur.
❖However, if we change the characteristics (amplitude, frequency, or phase)
of the message signal, information loss will occur because the message
signal contains the information.
❖So, the characteristics of the message signal should not be changed.
Message
Signal
SLIDE 2
Frequency Modulation
In frequency modulation, the frequency of the carrier signal is varied
whereas the amplitude of the carrier signal remains constant. Frequency
modulation is also simply referred to as FM.
➢The frequency of the modulated wave
is high when the message signal
reaches its maximum amplitude.
➢More SNR than AM.
SLIDE 2
Phase Modulation
In phase modulation, the phase of the carrier signal is varied whereas
the amplitude of the carrier signal remains constant. Phase modulation
is also referred to as PM.
➢During the positive half cycle of
message signal, the carrier signal
phase shifts in one direction, whereas
during the negative half cycle, the
carrier signal phase shifts in the
opposite direction.
➢SNR is good than AM but not as good
as FM.
SLIDE 2
Types of Modulation techniques & its Application:
➢Amplitude Modulation - it is used to transmit voice signals by radio
signals, VHF aircraft radio, and in computer modems in the form of
QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation).
➢Frequency Modulation- FM broadcasting , radar, telemetry, seismic
prospecting, video transmission systems, music synthesis, two-way
radio systems, and magnetic tape recording systems.
➢Phase Modulation.- Used in Wi-Fi, GSM (Global System for mobile) and
satellite television
SLIDE 2
Ok.., Good …Now , Give the reason for the need of
Modulation techniques:
(A) The Message signal strength is
weak for long distance.
(B) Modulating or Data signal is
not altered ,but carrier signal
parameters are changed to
reach long destination.
(C) The baseband(input) signal is
incompatible for direct
transmission over Channel.
(D) All the above.
SLIDE 3
Advantages of Modulation
SLIDE 4
ANTENNA / MOBILE TOWER:
 Also called as Signal Boosters /
Repeaters
 Used for Long distance
communication
 Converts Modulated signal into
Electromagnetic radio waves
How to
determine
the height
of the
antenna ?..
SLIDE 4
Relation between antenna height and
wavelength:
 Research studies said that the minimum height
required for the antenna is (h) = λ/4
Example1:To find antenna height (for low frequency) :
Antenna height (h) = λ/4
Antenna height (h) = λ/4
Example2:To find antenna height (for high frequency):
SLIDE 4
Conclusion: Antenna height is
reduced for HIGH frequency signals
and therefore its installation cost and
operating cost are also get reduced.
SLIDE 5
SUMMARY
1 Simple demo to understand Modulation
2 Modulation process & its need
3 Modulation Techniques & Advantages
4 Antenna - its uses & problems
5 Carrier Signal does not Carry Information.
Next Topic
Blooms Taxonomy
➢ Bloom's taxonomy is a powerful tool to
help develop learning objectives because it
explains the process of learning:
➢ Before you can understand a concept,
you must remember it.
➢ To apply a concept you must first
understand it.
➢ In order to evaluate a process, you must
have analyzed it.
Communication Engineering class 2

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Communication Engineering class 2

  • 3. INSTRUCTIONS TO ALL PARTICIPANTS ➢ Kindly mute your Audio & Video while entering and till the session end. Don’t try to record Video. ➢ Get your pen, notebook and calculator along with you. ➢ Google classroom will be formed to share materials with you. ➢ Subject clarifications will be given wherever necessary and during Q&A sessions also.
  • 4. HOW THE CLASSES WOULD BE: ➢ Discussion on concepts with Block diagram . ➢ Circuit diagram with explanation. ➢ Classes will be interactive with Brain storming activities, demo , quiz ,small derivations & calculations ➢ Interesting facts about Basic communication technology. ➢ Group activities off line /online, Assignments will be given.
  • 5. EC8395-COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 1 ANALOG MODULATION 2 PULSE MODULATION 3 DIGITAL MODULATION AND TRANSMISSION 4 INFORMATION THEORY AND CODING 5 SPREAD SPECTRUM AND MULTIPLE ACCESS
  • 6. Why Communication and Engineering are coined? ✓ COMMUNICATING OVER LONG DISTANCES IS ANOTHER PROBLEM. Use your communication concepts & equations, apply your innovative ideas to design communication equipments and solve barriers in long distance communication.
  • 7. My understanding is that…. The Parameters required are (1)Amplitude (2)Frequency (3)Phase or Angle !!! Wow !!! That’s GREAT !!! I can generate wave using a simple equation. This is an example for analog signal since it varies with time.
  • 8. What happens if I change the Parameters one by one….???? Observe & Understand Frequency is inversely proportional to wavelength.
  • 9.  Low Frequency in the range of 20 Hz to 20 KHz  These are original message signals/ baseband signal .  It travel slow and cover short distance.  Eg. Human Voice VOICE SIGNALS vs Carrier Signals  High Frequency in the range above 500 KHz to 1.5 GHz  These are generated by Oscillators.  It travel fast and cover long distance.  Eg. Oscillator Signals . m(t)=Amsin(ωmt) c(t)=Acsin(ωct)
  • 10. voice / message/ Input/ modulating/ baseband signals Carrier Signals m(t)=Amsin(ωmt) c(t)=Acsin(ωct) !!! All signal equations are represented with Sinusoidal terms !!! Different text books follow different notation, but the concepts are same. ym=VmCos(ωmt) yc=VcCos(ωct)
  • 11. FUN ACTIVITY : THREAD SPINNER
  • 13. FUN ACTIVITY : THREAD SPINNER
  • 14. Our task is to send our voice (Low frequency) signal to long distance destination . Any Suggestions from you?...
  • 17. 5 Learn with Fun: Demo Modulation. Advantages. Why we need Antenna and Problems. Summary 4 3 2 1 TODAY’S SESSION
  • 18. SLIDE 1 LEARN WITH FUN ACTIVITY : What do you understand from these demo…
  • 19. SLIDE 1 FUN ACTIVITY : THREAD SPINNER When two threads are of same length and are rotated at same speed…How the thread spins.. Give your answer A B C
  • 20. SLIDE 1 FUN ACTIVITY : THREAD SPINNER Here , the two threads are of same length and are Spinned at same speed. ➢ The two threads twisted with each other ➢ gives spring effect and amplitude height varies up and down C III GREAT III , Now answer this question….
  • 21. SLIDE 1 Observe the below given two waveforms and interpret what will happen when they are spinned or mixed together ??? ➢ Wavelength is long and different and frequency is LOW. (i.e.., Message signal) ➢ Wavelength is short and regular intervals and frequency is HIGH. (i.e.., Carrier Signal) Message Signal + Carrier Signal = ???
  • 22. SLIDE 1 Observe the below given two waveforms and interpret what will happen when they are spinned or mixed together ??? ➢ Wavelength is long and different and frequency is LOW. (i.e.., Message signal) ➢ Wavelength is short and regular intervals and frequency is HIGH. (i.e.., Carrier Signal) Message Signal + Carrier Signal = MODULATED WAVE ➢ No change in the shape of Message signal .But, carrier signal undergoes changes. Upper Envelope Lower Envelope
  • 23. SLIDE 2 Modulation ➢ The input signal is too weak to travel. So, we include a carrier wave to assist to reach long distance. ➢ The Modulated signal are then changed to Electromagnetic waves with the help of the Antenna and send to the Communication channel to reach the Receiver.
  • 24. SLIDE 2 So,what happens during Modulation process… Note: when each parameter of the carrier wave is changed in accordance with message signal,then different types of modulation techniques are obtained. ➢Amplitude Modulation ➢Frequency Modulation ➢Phase Modulation.
  • 25. SLIDE 2 Amplitude Modulation In amplitude modulation, only the amplitude of the carrier wave is changed, while the frequency and phase of the carrier wave remain constant (i.e.,unchanged). Note: The shape of the Upper and Lower Envelope of AM signal looks same as the message signal. Upper Envelope Lower Envelope
  • 26. SLIDE 2 Amplitude Modulation AIM : To send voice data Signal to longer distance. ❖The carrier signal does not contain any information .so even if we change the amplitude of the carrier signal, no information loss will occur. ❖However, if we change the characteristics (amplitude, frequency, or phase) of the message signal, information loss will occur because the message signal contains the information. ❖So, the characteristics of the message signal should not be changed. Message Signal
  • 27. SLIDE 2 Frequency Modulation In frequency modulation, the frequency of the carrier signal is varied whereas the amplitude of the carrier signal remains constant. Frequency modulation is also simply referred to as FM. ➢The frequency of the modulated wave is high when the message signal reaches its maximum amplitude. ➢More SNR than AM.
  • 28. SLIDE 2 Phase Modulation In phase modulation, the phase of the carrier signal is varied whereas the amplitude of the carrier signal remains constant. Phase modulation is also referred to as PM. ➢During the positive half cycle of message signal, the carrier signal phase shifts in one direction, whereas during the negative half cycle, the carrier signal phase shifts in the opposite direction. ➢SNR is good than AM but not as good as FM.
  • 29. SLIDE 2 Types of Modulation techniques & its Application: ➢Amplitude Modulation - it is used to transmit voice signals by radio signals, VHF aircraft radio, and in computer modems in the form of QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation). ➢Frequency Modulation- FM broadcasting , radar, telemetry, seismic prospecting, video transmission systems, music synthesis, two-way radio systems, and magnetic tape recording systems. ➢Phase Modulation.- Used in Wi-Fi, GSM (Global System for mobile) and satellite television
  • 30. SLIDE 2 Ok.., Good …Now , Give the reason for the need of Modulation techniques: (A) The Message signal strength is weak for long distance. (B) Modulating or Data signal is not altered ,but carrier signal parameters are changed to reach long destination. (C) The baseband(input) signal is incompatible for direct transmission over Channel. (D) All the above.
  • 31. SLIDE 3 Advantages of Modulation
  • 32. SLIDE 4 ANTENNA / MOBILE TOWER:  Also called as Signal Boosters / Repeaters  Used for Long distance communication  Converts Modulated signal into Electromagnetic radio waves How to determine the height of the antenna ?..
  • 33. SLIDE 4 Relation between antenna height and wavelength:  Research studies said that the minimum height required for the antenna is (h) = λ/4
  • 34. Example1:To find antenna height (for low frequency) : Antenna height (h) = λ/4
  • 35. Antenna height (h) = λ/4 Example2:To find antenna height (for high frequency):
  • 36. SLIDE 4 Conclusion: Antenna height is reduced for HIGH frequency signals and therefore its installation cost and operating cost are also get reduced.
  • 37. SLIDE 5 SUMMARY 1 Simple demo to understand Modulation 2 Modulation process & its need 3 Modulation Techniques & Advantages 4 Antenna - its uses & problems 5 Carrier Signal does not Carry Information.
  • 38. Next Topic Blooms Taxonomy ➢ Bloom's taxonomy is a powerful tool to help develop learning objectives because it explains the process of learning: ➢ Before you can understand a concept, you must remember it. ➢ To apply a concept you must first understand it. ➢ In order to evaluate a process, you must have analyzed it.