Comparison of Multicarrier PWM Techniques for Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter

International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive System (IJPEDS)
Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2017, pp. 861~868
ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v8i2.pp861-868  861
Journal homepage: http://iaesjournal.com/online/index.php/IJPEDS
Comparison of Multicarrier PWM Techniques for Cascaded
H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter
Hashim Hasabelrasul, Xiangwu Yan
State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources (North China Electric
Power University), China
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Jan 14, 2017
Revised Mar 14, 2017
Accepted Mar 29, 2017
One of the preferred choices of electronic power conversion for high power
applications are multilevel inverters topologies finding increased attention in
industry. Cascaded H-Bridge multilevel inverter is one of these topologies
reaching the higher output voltage, power level and higher reliability due to
its modular topology. Level Shifted Carrier Pulse Width Modulation
(LSCPWM) and Phase Shifted Carrier Pulse Width Modulation are used
generally for switching cascaded H-bridge (CHB) multilevel inverters. This
paper compares LSCPWM and PSCPWM in terms of total harmonics
distortion (THD) and output voltage among inverter cells. Simulation for
21-level CHB inverter is carried out in MATLAB/SIMULINK and
simulation results are presented.
Keyword:
Cascaded H-Bridge multilevel
inverter
Level-shifted carrier PWM
Phase-shifted carrier PWM
Total harmonic distortion Copyright © 2017 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science.
All rights reserved.
Corresponding Author:
Hashim Hasabelrasul,
Department of Electrical Power System and its automation
North China Electric Power University,
Changping District, Beijing 102206, China.
Email: hashimh10@yahoo.com
1. INTRODUCTION
The concept of the multilevel inverter is come from the idea of a step approximation of a sinusoidal
voltage. The output voltage waveform of multilevel inverter can be achieved by parallel connection of the
switching devices, but the more common objective of the multilevel topologies is to generate a high voltage
waveform using lower voltage rating switching devices connected in series. Typically, series devices are
switched sequentially, giving an output pattern which consists of discrete predefined voltage steps. Every one
of the switches blocks its rated normal voltage, but the total output voltage can be much higher [1]-[4]. In
electrical power industry, multilevel inverters have become very important. They offer a new set of
contributions for high voltage high power application. The main three types of multilevel inverters are:
cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter, diode clamped multilevel inverter and capacitor clamped multilevel
inverter, each one strongly depending on the application. Especially the cascaded H-bridge multilevel
inverter has been successfully commercialized for high power and power quality demanding applications up
to a range of 31MVA [5]. There is various modulation schemes used in the multilevel inverter. Generally, the
modulation schemes aim to generate train of pulses, which have the same fundamental voltage-second
average as a base reference waveform at any instant. The major difficulty with these pulse trains is that they
also contain unwanted harmonic components, which should be minimized. The main objective is to
determine the most effective way of arranging the switching processes to minimize unwanted harmonic
distortion, switching losses, etc [6]. Different methods have been used in the literature works for multicarrier
PWM techniques in multilevel inverters. As In [7] the level- and phase-shifted pulse width modulation
(LPS-PWM) and level-shifted pulse width modulation (LS-PWM) are applied to the seven-level
switched-capacitor (SC) inverter. It is confirmed that the power conversion efficiency of the seven-level

 ISSN: 2088-8694
IJPEDS Vol. 8, No. 2, June 2017 : 861 – 868
862
switched-capacitor (SC) with LPS-PWM is higher than that with LS-PWM because of the less voltage
reduction during the discharging term of SCs. PS-PWM technique for the flying capacitor (FC) multi-level
converter in [8] have been proposed an improved that enhances the quality of the output line-to-line voltages
and currents. The proposed PS-PWM has natural capacitor voltage balance, it combined with voltage
balancing methods to improve the voltage balancing dynamics. In [9], PSC PWM method has been proposed
for modular multi-level converters (MMCs) to achieve an easy application and to solve the redundant control.
In this paper, carrier based PWM techniques such as level-shifted PWM and phase-shifted PWM
techniques have been applied for a 21-level for CHB Multilevel Inverter for comparison purpose in order to
identify the best PWM modulation techniques for it by considering the voltage output among cells and output
THD. The rest of this paper is organized as follows: section 2 gives the concept of cascaded H-bridge
multilevel inverter. Carrier based modulation schemes described in section 3, in section 4 the simulation
results and analysis are discussed and finally conclusions are mentioned in section 5.
2. CASCADED H-BRIDGE MULTILEVEL INVERTER
Cascaded H-Bridge multilevel inverter is composes of several full bridge (cell) connecting in series
per phase. Figure 1 depicts the three-phase inverter which consists of cascaded connection of 10 cells of
H-Bridge in each phase of the inverter. Each bridge consists of four insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT)
switches driven by pulse width-modulated (PWM) gate circuits, and isolated DC source.
Figure 2 shows the power circuit for one phase leg of a three-level cascaded inverter. The circuit
generates three voltages at the output (+Vdc, 0, -Vdc) as in Table 1. We assume that the DC bus of the VSC
is constant. Then, The AC output phase voltage is constructed by adding the voltages generated by the
different cells. One advantage of this structure is that the output waveform is nearly sinusoidal [10]-[12].
+
-
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
S
DC
+
-
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
S
DC
+
-
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
S
DC
+
-
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
S
DC
Phase a
cell 1
cell 2
cell 3
cell 10
+
-
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
S
DC
+
-
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
S
DC
+
-
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
S
DC
+
-
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
S
DC
cell 1
cell 2
cell 3
cell 10
+
-
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
S
DC
+
-
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
S
DC
+
-
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
S
DC
+
-
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
S
DC
cell 1
cell 2
cell 3
cell 10
Phase b Phase c
Figure 1. Three phase 21-level cascaded H-Bridge multilevel inverter (Y- connected)
Vdc
S1 S3
S2 S4
Vout
iout
F
Figure 2. One cell structure of cascaded inverter

IJPEDS ISSN: 2088-8694 
Comparison of Multicarrier PWM Techniques for Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel … (Hashim Hasabelrasul)
863
Table 1. The Switching States Corresponding to Figure 2
S1 S2 S3 S4 Vo
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
+Vdc
0
0
-Vdc
3. CARRIER BASED MODULATION SCHEMES
The carrier based PWM techniques used to control each phase of the multilevel inverter separately
and allow the line-to-line voltage to be developed implicitly. Multicarrier based PWM schemes classified
into two categories as [9]:
a. Phase-Shifted Carrier PWM (PSCPWM)
b. Level- Shifted Carrier PWM (LSCPWM)
Phase-shifted carrier PWM For an n-level multilevel inverter requires n-1 triangular carriers with same
frequency and amplitude, but there is a phase shift between any two adjacent carriers, given by
(1)
The logic to create the gating signal for switches is that the reference waveform for each phase is compared
with these carriers to determine how the phase leg should be switch. Figure 3b, shows the principle of phase-
shifted for 21-level cascaded H-Bridge multilevel inverter which is used as the main circuit in this paper. The
phase different between any two adjacent carriers according to Equation (1) is . The frequency modulation
index is given by:
⁄ (2)
Where and are carriers and fundamental frequencies respectively. The amplitude modulation index is
given by:
⁄ (3)
ϴc= 19π/10
(b)
Modulating Signal
ϴc= 0
vcr1
vcr2
vcr20
+
-
+
-
+
-
ϴc= π/10
Cell 1
Cell 2
Cell 10
Cell 1
Cr1+
cr1-
cr2+
cr 2-
cr10+
cr10-
+
-
+
-
+
-
+
-
+
-
+
-
Modulating Signal
(a)
Cell 2
Cell 10
Figure 3. Simplified modulation schematic for 21 -level cascaded H-Bridge multilevel inverter (a) Level-
Shifted Carrier PWM scheme (b) Phase-Shifted Carrier PWM scheme
On the other hand level-shifted carrier PWM shown in Figure 3.a , for an n-level of cascaded
H-Bridge multilevel inverter the level shifted modulation requires carriers, all this carriers have the
asme amplitude and frequency [13]-[14]. For multilevel inverters, the amplitude modulation index , and
the frequency modulation index, , are defined as:
⁄ For (4)

 ISSN: 2088-8694
864
⁄ (5)
Where and denote the amplitude of modulating and carrier signals; and denote the frequency of
the modulating and carrier signals.
4. SIMULATION RESULT AND ANALYSIS
In this section, a three phase 21-level cascaded H-bridge inverter was simulated in
MATLAB/SIMULINK. The system parameters load of 1MW, 6.6kV, 50 Hz. Figure 4a and Figure 4b shows
the carrier waveforms of the level shifted and phase shifted modulation respectively with parameters in
Table 2.
The simulation results for 21-level three-phase cascaded H-Bridge inverter are: Figure 5
and Figure 6 show the output of inverter phase and line-to-line voltages waveform and their corresponding
spectrum (THD) using LSC PWM. On the other hand the output of inverter waveforms obtained using PSC
PWM are shown in Figure 7 and Figure 8. Figure 9 shows the comparison of output voltage distribution
among cells for the different carrier based PWM modulation strategies. It can be seen from Figure 9 that
when PSCPWM is applied to 21-level CHB inverter, the output voltage among cell is equal, while when
LSCPWM is applied to it.
(a)
(b)
Figure 4. Carrier based for 21 -level cascaded H-Bridge multilevel inverter (a) with level shifted modulation
(b) phase shifted modulation
Table 2 Parameters used for phase and level shifted modulation technique
Parameters PSC LSC
Modulation frequency ( ) 50Hz 50Hz
Modulation amplitude signal ( ) 1pu 10pu
Carriers frequency ( ) 8kHz 8kHz
Carriers amplitude ( ) 1pu 1pu
per H-bridge cell 560V 560V

865
(a)
(b)
Figure5. output for 21-level CHB inverter with LSC PWM (a) Phase voltage (b) THD
(a)
Figure 6. Output for 21-level CHB inverter with LSC PWM (a) line-to-line voltage
(b)
Figure 6. Output for 21-level CHB inverter with LSC PWM (b) THD

 ISSN: 2088-8694
866
(a)
(b)
Figure 7. Output for 21-level CHB inverter with PSC PWM (a) Phase voltage (b) THD
(a)
(b)
Figure 8. Output for 21-level CHB inverter with PSC PWM (a) line-to-line voltage (b) THD

867
Figure 9. Voltage output among 10 cells for 21-level CHB
5. CONCLUSION
In this paper, PSC PWM and LSCPWM have been applied for 21-level cascaded H-bridge
multilevel inverter through MATLAB simulation. Using LSCPWM in CHB multilevel inverter does not
cause the equal output voltage among the cells, but when we use PSCPWM it cause equal voltage output
among cells. As far as THD is concerned, PSCPWM strategies produce lower harmonics which compare
with LSCPWM. We can conclude that PSCPWM strategy should be used for CHB multilevel inverter, as
overall performance is superior than using LSCPWM strategy for it.
REFERENCES
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level topology," Power Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 16, pp. 872-879, 2001.
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Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 49, pp. 724-738, 2002.
[3] C. Fen and V. G. Agelidis, "On the comparison of fundamental and high frequency carrier-based PWM techniques
for multilevel NPC inverters," in Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 2002. Pesc 02. 2002 IEEE 33rd Annual,
2002, pp. 520-525.
[4] C. Newton and M. Summer, "Multi-level convertors: a real solution to medium/high-voltage drives," Power
Engineering Journal, vol. 12, pp. 21-26, 1998.
[5] L. G. Franquelo, J. Rodriguez, J. I. Leon, S. Kouro, and R. Portillo, "The age of multilevel converters arrives,"
Industrial Electronics Magazine, IEEE, vol. 2, pp. 28-39, 2008.
[6] N. Celanovic and D. Boroyevich, "A fast space-vector modulation algorithm for multilevel three-phase converters,"
Industry Applications, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 37, pp. 637-641, 2001.
[7] Asuka Tsunoda, Youhei Hinago, “Level- and Phase-Shifted PWM for Seven-Level Switched-Capacitor Inverter
Using Series/Parallel Conversion”, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 61, no. 8, august 2014.
[8] Amer M. Y. M. Ghias, Josep Pou,” On Improving Phase-Shifted PWM for Flying Capacitor Multilevel Converters”,
IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 31, No. 8, August 2016.
[9] Jong-Yun Choi, Jong-Yun Choi, “An Improved Phase-Shifted Carrier PWM for Modular Multilevel Converters
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[10] J. Alipoor, Y. Miura, and T. Ise, "Power system stabilization using virtual synchronous generator with alternating
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[11] F. Fein, M. Schmidt, H. Groke, and B. Orlik, "A paradigm change in wind power station control through emulation
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[12] Amar Hamza, Hashim Hasabelrasul, Xiangwu Yan,”Power sharing for inverters based on virtual synchronous
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[13] D. Mohan and S. B. Kurub, "A comparative analysis of multi carrier SPWM control strategies using fifteen level
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Multilevel Inverter for Harmonic Reduction, “TELKOMNIKA Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering,
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0
100
200
300
400
500
600
cell1 cell2 cell3 cell4 cell5 cell6 cell7 cell8 cell9 cell10
Ouotput
Voltage
(V)
LSC PWM
PSC PWM

 ISSN: 2088-8694
868
BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Hashim Hasabelrasul Abdallah was born in shendi- Sudan in 1979; he received his Bachelor
degree in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from Nile Vally University-Sudan in 2007
and his Master degree in Electrical Engineering (Power) from Sudan University of Science
and Technology in 2012. Currently, he is a Ph.D. student in North China Electric Power
University (NCEPU), Beijing China. His research interests are power electronics application in
power systems. Email: hashimh10@yahoo.com.
Xiangwu Yan(M’09) received the B.E. degreein electrical engineering from Hunan University,
Hunan, China, in 1986, the M.S. degree from North China Electric Power University, Baoding,
China, in 1990, and the Ph.D. degree from the Harbin Institute of Technology, Heilongjiang,
China, in 1997. He was an Honorary Fellow of the Wisconsin Electric Machines and Power
Electronics Consor-tium (WEMPEC) at the University of Wisconsin– Madison, Madison. Then,
he returned to the North China Electric Power University as a Faculty Mem-ber, where he is
currently a Professor at the Department of Electric and Electronic Engineering. His current
research interests include electronic power conversion, power quality, and renewable energy
generation. Email: xiangwuy@hotmail.com

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Comparison of Multicarrier PWM Techniques for Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter