Design and development of 3 way dropping dumper

International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 4, Issue 9, September 2014)
766
Design and Development of 3-Way Dropping Dumper
Ganesh Shinde1
, Prachi Tawele2
, Laukik Raut3
1,2
Student M. Tech CAD/CAM, GHRCE, Nagpur-440016, MH., India.
3
Assistant Professor, GHRCE, Nagpur-440016 MH., India.
Abstract— ‗Modern 3 ways dropping dumper’ has been
conceived by observing the difficulty in unloading the
materials. The survey in this regards in several automobile
garages, revealed the facts that mostly some difficult methods
were adopted in unloading the materials from the trailer. This
paper has mainly focused on above difficulty. Hence a
prototype of suitable arrangement has been designed. The
vehicles can be unloaded from the trailer in three axes without
application of any impact force. The Direction control valve
which activates the ram of the hydraulic cylinder which lifting
the trailer cabin in require side. Further modifications and
working limitations will put this work in the main league of
use. This concept saves time & energy which leads to efficient
working.
Keywords-- Hydraulic Cylinder, Hinge Joint, Three Way
Tipper Mechanism, Hydraulic System, D.C. Motor.
I. INTRODUCTION
A dumper is a vehicle designed for carrying bulk
material, often on building sites. Dumpers are distinguished
from dump trucks by configuration: a dumper is usually an
open 4-wheeled vehicle with the load skip in front of the
driver, while a dump truck has its cab in front of the load.
The skip can tip to dump the load; this is where the name
"dumper" comes from. They are normally diesel powered.
A towing eye is fitted for secondary use as a site tractor.
Dumpers with rubber tracks are used in special
circumstances and are popular in some countries.
Early dumpers had a payload of about a ton and were 2-
wheel drive, driving on the front axle and steered at the
back wheels. The single cylinder diesel engine (sometimes
made by Lister) was started by hand cranking.
The steering wheel turned the back wheels, not front.
Having neither electrics nor hydraulics there was not much
to go wrong. The skip was secured by a catch by the
driver's feet. When the catch is released, the skip tips under
the weight of its contents at pivot point below, and after
being emptied is raised by hand.
Modern dumpers have payloads of up to 10000kg and
usually steer by articulating at the middle of the chassis
(pivot steering).
They have multi-cylinder diesel engines, some
turbocharged, electric start and hydraulics for tipping and
steering and are more expensive to make and operate. An
A-frame known as a ROPS (Roll-Over Protection) frame
may be fitted over the seat to protect the driver if the
dumper rolls over. Some dumpers have FOPS (Falling
Object Protection) as well. Lifting skips are available for
discharging above ground level. In the 1990s dumpers with
swivel skips, which could be rotated to tip sideways,
became popular, especially for working in narrow sites
such as road works. Dumpers are the most common cause
of accidents involving construction plant.
A dumper is an integral part of any construction work
and hence its role is important for completion of any
constructional site. One of the problem are cited with
dumper in the time and energy for setting the huge dumper
in the proper direction to dump the material it in carrying
and hence the need of the project work riser which is about
3 way dropping dumper which can dump the material in
any direction except the rental one without moving the
truck in any direction.
A dump truck (or, UK, dumper truck) is a truck used for
transporting loose material (such as sand, gravel, or dirt)
for construction. A typical dump truck is equipped with a
hydraulically operated open-box bed hinged at the rear, the
front of which can be lifted up to allow the contents to be
deposited on the ground behind the truck at the site of
delivery. In the UK and Australia the term applies to off-
road construction plant only, and the road vehicle is known
as a tipper, tipper lorry (UK) or tip truck (AU).
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
II-A Hydraulic Dump Bodies
Hydraulics was being incorporated into truck mounted
dump bodies relatively early on, in which record shows one
of the first hydraulic dump bodies was the Robertson Steam
Wagon with a hydraulic hoist that received power from the
truck‘s engine or an independent steam engine[3]. Alley &
McLellan of Glasgow developed another early hydraulic
dump body in 1907 that was power-driven by steam.

767
II-B Types of Dump Truck
1. Standard Dump Truck: Another kind of 8x4 dump truck:
three rear axles (two powered one lift) [2]. A standard
dump truck is a truck chassis with a dump body mounted to
the frame. The bed is raised by a hydraulic ram mounted
under the front of the dumper body between the frames,
and the back of the bed is hinged at the back to the truck.
The tailgate can be configured to swing on hinges or it can
be configured in the "High Lift Tailgate" format wherein
pneumatic rams lift the gate open and up above the dump
body.
2. Articulated Dump Truck: An articulated dump truck, or
"Yuke" in the construction world, has a hinge between the
cab and the dump box, but is distinct from semi trailer
trucks in that the cab is a permanent fixture, not a separable
vehicle. Steering is accomplished via hydraulic rams that
pivot the entire cab, other than rack and pinion steering on
the front axle. This vehicle is highly adaptable to rough
terrain. In line with its use in rough terrain, longer distances
and overly flat surfaces tend to cause driveline troubles,
and failures. Articulated trucks are often referred to as the
modern scraper, in the sense that they carry a much higher
maintenance burden than most trucks. See the first mass
produced articulated dump truck (articulated hauler) [5].
3. Transfer Dump Truck:A transfer dump is a standard
dump truck which pulls a separate trailer which can also be
loaded with aggregate (gravel, sand, asphalt, klinkers,
snow, wood chips, triple mix, etc.)[7]
The second aggregate container, (B box) on the trailer, is
powered by either an electric, pneumatic motor or
hydraulic line. It rolls on small wheels, riding on rails from
the trailer's frame, into the empty main dump (A) box. This
maximizes payload capacity without sacrificing the
maneuverability of the standard dump truck. Transfer
dumps are typically seen in the western United States
because of the peculiar weight restrictions on western
highways. Another configuration is called a Triple Transfer
Train, which consists of a B and C box. These are common
on Nevada and Utah Highways but not in California.
Depending on the axle arrangement, a Triple Transfer can
haul up to 129,000 kilograms (280,000 pounds) with a
special permit in certain US states. The Triple Transfer
usually costs a contractor about $105 an hour while A/B
configures usually runs about $85 per hour (2007 stats).
4. Truck and pup: A truck and pup is very similar to a
transfer dump. It consists of a standard dump truck pulling
a dump trailer. The pup trailer, unlike the transfer, has its
own hydraulic ram and is capable of self-unloading.
5. Super dump truck: A Super dump is a straight dump
truck equipped with a trailing axle, a lift able, load-bearing
axle rated as high as 5,897 kg. Trailing 3.35 to 3.96 m
behind the rear tandem, the trailing axle stretches the outer
"bridge" measurement—the distance between the first and
last axles—to the maximum overall length allowed. This
increases the gross weight allowed under the federal bridge
formula, which sets standards for truck size and weight.
Depending on the vehicle length and axle configuration,
Super dumps can be rated as high as 36,287 kg. GVW and
carry 26000 short kg (23600 kg; 23200 long kg) of payload
or more. Truck owners call their trailing axle-equipped
trucks Super dumps because they far exceed the payload,
productivity, and return on investment of a conventional
dump truck. The Super dump and trailing axle concept was
developed by Strong Industries of Houston, Texas.
6. Semi trailer end dump truck: A semi end dump is a
tractor-trailer combination wherein the trailer itself
contains the hydraulic hoist. A typical semi end dump has a
3-axle tractor pulling a 2-axle semi-trailer. The key
advantage of a semi end dump is rapid unloading. A key
disadvantage is that they are very unstable when raised in
the dumping position limiting their use in many
applications where the dumping location is uneven or off
level [4].
7. Semi trailer bottom dump truck: A semi bottom dump
(or "belly dump") is a 3-axle tractor pulling a 2-axle trailer
with a clam shell type dump gate in the belly of the
trailer[6]. The key advantage of a semi bottom dump is its
ability to lay material in a wind row (a linear heap). In
addition, a semi bottom dump is maneuverable in reverse,
unlike the double and triple trailer configurations described
below. These trailers may be found either of the windrow
type shown in the photo, or may be of the 'cross spread'
type with the gates opening front to rear instead of left and
right. The cross spread gates will actually spread gravel
fairly evenly the width of the trailer. By comparison, the
windrow gates leave a pile in the middle. The cross spreads
jam and do not work well with larger materials. Likewise
they are not suitable for use where spreading is not desired
such as when hot asphalt paving material is being dumped
into a paving machine.
III. CONCEPT
A small scale model has developed using light weight
material i.e. plastic and hydraulically operated piston and
cylinder arrangement. This hydraulic arrangement actuates
on motor driven which makes the prototype semi
automatic.

768
Moreover, battery drives the motor handled using a
control panel which is attached with the base model using
wires / FRC cable and after that controlled by operator. A
conventional dump truck is mounted on a truck chassis and
has an open dump box hydraulically operated and hinged at
the rear of the truck usually by one or more hydraulic rams
that raise the dump box to unload contents at a delivery
site. These hydraulic rams are either front loaded or
mounted in the underbody and are driven from a gear box
power take-off. Hydraulic rams mounted in the underbody
provide the capability of the dump body to tip the dump
box on a three-way basis, either to the left or right side or
to the rear.
How a typical tipper trucks works?
The tipping mechanism is the heart of a three way tipper
construction truck. Tipping mechanisms works basically as
follows:
III-A Hydraulic Cylinder
A hydraulic cylinder is placed below the body of truck
longitudinally at one end of the truck, and the piston end of
the hydraulic cylinders is connected by the means of a
pivot joint to the chassis of truck.
Figure. I. Hydraulic Cylinder Arrengement
In the forward stroke of the cylinder, it pushes the truck
body upward thus gives necessary lift for tipping dumping.
So, in the forward stroke of the cylinder, the truck is
unloaded. In the return stroke of the cylinder the body of
the truck comes to its original position.
III-B Hinge Joint
The other bottom end of the body of the truck is
connected by a hinged joint with the chassis.
Figure II: Unloading Position
3-way tipper can overcome this problem, as it can
unload material on three sides.
III-C Three Way Tipper Mechanisms
As already mentioned, a three-way tipper can unload
materials in all three sides. To control the sides of tipping
one more pneumatic cylinder apart from the main hydraulic
cylinder is required. Also we require special types of hinge
joints in this case.
Figure III. Tipper Body
The diagram of a 3-way tipper arrangement showing the
main hydraulic cylinders are placed at four corners of the
chassis (structure).Each of the four corners of the body is
connected by a cross joint with the hydraulic cylinders. The
cross joint allows the joining members to tilt with respect
to two perpendicular axis.

769
Suppose the side of cylinder 3 & 4 is rear of the vehicle,
then by operating cylinder no.1 & 2 will cause rear tipping,
operating cylinder 2 & 4 will cause left side tipping, and
operating cylinder 1 & 3 will cause right side tipping.
Automation of tipping will be possible by using a power
pack with PLC control or some similar kind of automation
devices
III-D Axles
Single axle dump trucks are the smallest sized dump
truck on the market, tandem axle are standard sized, and
the tri axle or multi axle dump truck is currently the largest
dump truck available that requires a special permit to be
operated and is dependent of State/Provincial laws.
III-E Hydraulic Pumps
One thing you can see is that the advertised "20000-kg
splitting force" is generous. A 4-inch piston has an area of
12.56 square inches. If the pump generates a maximum
pressure of 3,000 pounds per square inch (psi), the total
pressure available is 37,680 pounds, or about 2,320 pounds
shy of 20 tons.
Another thing you can determine is the cycle time of the
piston. To move a 4-inch-diameter piston 24 inches length,
you need 3.14 * 22
* 24 = 301 cubic inches of oil. A gallon
of oil is about 231 cubic inches, so you have to pump
almost 1.5 gallons of oil to move the piston 24 inches in
one direction. That's a fair amount of oil to pump -- think
about that the next time you watch how quickly a hydraulic
backhoe or skid/loader is able to move! In our log splitter,
the maximum flow rate is 11 gallons per minute. That
means that it will take 10 or so seconds to draw the piston
back after the log is split, and it may take almost 30
seconds to push the piston through a tough log (because the
flow rate is lower at high pressures). Just to fill the
cylinder with oil, you need at least 1.5 gallons of hydraulic
oil in the system. You can also see that one side of the
cylinder has a larger capacity than the other side, because
one side has the piston shaft taking up space and the other
doesn't. Therefore, big hydraulic machines usually have:
 Large appetites for hydraulic oil (100 gallons is not
uncommon if there are six or eight large hydraulic
cylinders used to operate the machine.)
 Large external reservoirs to hold the difference in
the volume of oil displaced by the two sides of
any cylinder.
Safety consideration is the leveling of the truck before
unloading. If the truck is not parked on relatively horizontal
ground, the sudden change of weight and balance due to
lifting of the skip and dumping of the material can cause
the truck to slide, or even—in some light dump trucks—to
turn over. The size and the difficulty of maintaining visual
contact with on-foot workers, dump trucks in car parks can
be a threat, especially when backing up. Mirrors and back-
up alarms provide some level of protection, and having a
spotter working with the driver also decreases back-up
injuries and fatalities.
IV. CONSTRUCTION
Model has constructed using various material like MDF
(Medium density fiber core) hard wood plywood, 3/16 nuts
& bolts, aluminum sheet, motors (DC), gearboxes,
syringes, wheel screw, nuts, toggle switches, push buttons,
battery etc. Firstly, a base chassis structure is prepared
using MDF 8mm sheet. The structure is 22‖ in length and
11‖ in width. This structure incorporates driving motor
along with steering motor. These motors are fixed with a
fixed reduction radio gearbox of 100:1 to increase torque
and reduce speed of the motor. The wheel base is kept 14‖
while the track distance to the output slate of the gearbox
which is associated with the DC motor and gearbox
assembly is fixed in the wheel hub, and it is attached with
the chassis using aluminum sheet. A steering rod connects
both the wheels of truck with a steering motor.
At the end of this chassis a platform of 26 x 36 cm
which are pivoted on each and off opposite sides. So as to
four ‗Z‘ shaped. Each two platforms are connected using a
plastic syringe piston and cylinder assembly that forms the
hydraulic piston and cylinder arrangement. Hydraulic fluid
in piston and cylinder arrangement pushed and pulled using
a head screw arrangement. The proper guide ways and
guide slides make the fluid to flow through gearbox and
motor. This assembly is of three sections as there are three
numbers of hydraulic cylinders that operates the trolley.
This power cylinder and piston arrangement is fitted in
front of the trolley. These motors are connected to the
wired remote that incorporated toggle switches and push
button, by manipulating these buttons the entire work can
be demonstrated. By operating the push button, motor
actuates the piston and cylinder arrangement which pushes
the hydraulic fluid to the cylinder beneath. The trolley
piston gets out and makes the trolley to tilt by operating
various cylinders; the material can be dropped in 3 ways.

770
Figure IV. Front View Of Pt
Figure V Left Side View Of Pt
Figure VI. .Right Side View Of Pt
Figure VII. Rear Side View of Pt
V. MATERIAL USED & ITS TECHNICAL DATA‘S
A. MDF Sheet
TABLE I
SUPERIOR MDF TECHNICAL DATA
Superior MDF 3/8‖ to 1/2‖ 9/16‖ to
7/8‖
1‖ to
1/8‖
Density (lib.
/ft.)
45 45 44
Internal Bond
(psi)
120 115 110
MOR (psi) 3700 3500 3400
MOE(psi) 450,000 430,000 435,000
Face Screw
Holding(lbs.)
315 255 280
Edge Screw
Holding(lbs.)
N/A 250 270
Moisture
content (%)
5-7 5-7 5-7
Thickness
swell (%)
10 5 5
Water
absorption
(%)
14 10 10

771
A. Fleke Board
TABLE II
FRBREX HIGH DENSITY THIN MDF TECHNICAL DATA
Physical
Properties
Minimum
Specifications
Fibrex8 Average
Value
Metric Imperial Metric Imperial
Density >840
kg/m3
52 lb/ft3 >880
kg/m3
56 lb/ft3
Moisture
Content
4%-9% 4%-9% 5%-7% 5%-7%
Formaldehy-
de Emissions
<0.3
ppm
<0.3
ppm
<0.2
ppm
<0.2
ppm
Thickness
Tolerance
(Raw)
+/-0.2
mm
+/-0.008
in.
+/-0.2
mm
+/-0.008
in.
Thickness
Tolerance
(Sanded)
+/-0.1
mm
+/-0.004
in.
+/-0.1
mm
+/-0.004
in.
Width
Tolerance
+/-0.1
mm/m
+/-1/64
in/ft.
+/-0.1
mm/m
+/-1/64
in/ft.
Length
Tolerance
+/-0.1
mm/m
+/-1/64
in/ft.
+/-0.1
mm/m
+/-1/64
in/ft.
Squareness 3 mm/m +/-1/32
in./ft
3
mm/m
+/-1/32
in./ft
Internal
Bond
(<3mm)
>0.62
N/mm2
90
psi
0.90
N/mm2
130 psi
Internal
Bond
(>3mm)
0.76
N/mm2
110
psi
1.17
N/mm2
170 psi
MOR
(<3mm)
>31
N/mm2
>4500
psi
>39
N/mm2
>5700
psi
MOR
(>3mm)
>34
N/mm2
>5000
psi
>41
N/mm2
>6000
psi
VI. DESIGN CALCULATION
VI-A. Plate No. 1
Area of plate (A) 360 × 260 = 93600 mm
For extreme limit considering factor of Safety
P = W = 0.45 gm × 9.81 = 4.4145N
Stress = = = 0.471 × 10-6
N/mm2
For working condition
P = 0.225 gm × 9.81 = 2.20725 N = 2200kN
Stress = = = 0.0235 N/mm2
As per standard data for MDF sheet
Young‘s modulus (E) = 4 × 109
N/mm2
l = =
l = 2.11 × 10-6
m = 2.11 x 10-3
mm
Elongation (Strain)
Longitudinal strain =
=
= 5.87 ×10-6
Plate or Platform Weight or
Dumper platform Weight
1 platform (A)
Volume V = l × w ×t
= 360 × 260 × 5
V = 468000 mm3
Mass= V ×  ; Where = Density
= 468000 × 45
 = 45 lb/feet3
….from chart
= 45 x 0.4513/0.33 = 67.69kg/m3
1lb = 0.4513kg
1feet = 0.33 m
Volume = 468000 mm3
= 468000 x 10-9
m3
= 4.68 x 10-4
m3

772
Mass= 4.68 x 10-4
x 67.69 = 0.0316kg = 31.6gm
Weight = 0.0316 x 9.81 = 0.3107 N
VI-B Plate No. 2
Figure VIII. Plate 2 Dimension
Total Area of plate = 260 × 360 = 93600 mm2
Plate B = 90 mm × 160 mm × 2 = 28800 mm2
Plate A = 130 mm × 90 mm × 2 = 23400 mm2
Area= Total - Plate A - Plate B
= 41.4 × 103
mm2
Stress =
=
= 1.06 × 10-4
N/mm2
This is max stress for max load i. e. 450 gms
Working stress =
=
= 5.68 x 10-5
N/mm2
Strain =
=
Strain = 1.38 × 10-15
Platform B
Total Area platform = 260 × 360
= 93600 mm2
Section A = 360 x 40 + 100 x 80
= 22400 mm2
Section B = 40 x 90= 3600 mm2
Area = Total Plate Area – (Section A + Section B)
Area = 93600 – (22400 + 3600)
= 67600 mm2
V = Area × Thickness
= 3.38 x 10-4
m3
Mass = V× 
= 3.38x 10-4
x 67.79
= 0.0228 kg
Mass = 22gm
Weight of plate = 0.0228 x 9.81 = 0.223 N
VI-C Plate No. 3
Figure IX. Plate 3 Dimension
Total area of plate = 360 × 260
= 93.6 × 103
mm2
Area of A = 90 × 50 + 126 × 126
= 20.37 × 103
mm2
Area of B = 35 × 18
= 630 mm2

773
Area of C+ D = 2 (60 × 45) 
= 2.7 × 103
mm2
Area of E = 40 × 40
= 1.6 ×103
mm2
Area of plate which actually bear load
= 93.6 × 103
– (20.37 + 630 +2.7) ×103
Area = 69.9 × 103
mm2
V = Area × Thickness
V = 69.9 × 103
× (5)
V = 349.5 × 103
mm3
Mass= V x
Mass= 3.495 × 10-4
× 67.79
Mass= 0.0237 kg
Weight = 0.02375 x 9.81 = 0.232 N
Weight of total platform = Weight of first platform 1 +
platform 2 + platform 3
Weight of total platform = 31.6 + 22 + 25.75
Weight of total platform = 77.35gm
Stress = p
= 0.24 x 9.81 / 69.9 x 103
= 3.36 x 10-5
N/mm2
= PL/AE
= 0.24 x 9.8 x 0.035 / 6.9 x 103
x 4 x 109
Strain =
= 2.94 x 10-13
/ 360
= 0.816 x 10-15
VI-D Factor Of Safety
Factor of Safety =
The model can lift max load up to 450 gms
But we have design the project for 240 gms
Hence we get.
F. O. S. =
= 1.8
F. O. S. = 2
VI-E Degree Of Freedom Of Mechanism
The formula for degree of freedom is
= 3 (l -1) 2j+K
= 3 (3-1) - 2×2 = 1
= 1
This is degree of freedom for each plate. In this way we
can move each plate in one direction so we have obtained 3
degree of freedom entire mechanism. In pitch roll, yow i. e.
in backward direction, right hand side direction and left
hand side direction.
1. 1st
Plate
Figure X. 1st
Plate Rotation
For first plate we can move the plate up to 35o
hence for
this case
 = 35o
 f(x, y)
 = f (260, 350)
2. For 2nd
Plate
Figure XI. 2nd
Plate Rotation
For the 2nd
plate we also move the mechanism by 35o
i. e.  =35o
 = f (y, z)

774
 = f ( 35o
, 6) mm
Similarly
for third plate we have 35o
movement.
VI-F Calculation For Pressure
For our mechanism we use ―Pascal Law‖ Hydraulic
pressure calculation for l cylinder
P = 4.1320 N/mm2
Total pressure applied P= 3×4.1320
= 12.39 N/mm2
From equilibrium condition
P = W
Hence
W = 12.39 N/mm2
VI-G. Calculation For Power Screw
Angular velocity () =
=
 = 235.61 rad/sec
Now velocity of power screw
v = r
= 10 × 235.61
v = 2356.1 mm/sec
K. E. of power screw = mv2
= × 80 × 2351.1
K. E. = 94.04 × 103
Joule
Pitch of power screw = 2 mm
Distance moved by power screw when the platform moved
by 80 mm
= 60 mm
Distance moved (h) = 60 mm
Total No of thread moved when platform or base move up
to extreme limit.
= = 30 thread
Load applied on power screw (W) 85 gm = 85 × 9.81
= 833.85 N
Diameter of lead screw (d) is 20 mm
Pitch of lead screw (p) is 2.0 mm
Coefficient of friction = 0.8
Now we have to calculate force
tan =
= 13.27
Torque required to over come friction at the thread
T =  × Where  = Force
= W tan( +  )
T = W
= 833. 85
Torque = 12200 Nmm
We know the torque at power screw
12200= ×
12200 =  × 10
 = 1220 N
Force required at power screw = 1220 N
Maximum compressive stress in the screw
c = =
=
c = 2.65 N/mm2
Bearing pressure on the thread
No. of thread in contact with the nut
= = 30 thread
Thickness & thread = p=pitch
=

775
= 0.1mm
We know that bearing pressure on thread
Pb =
Where W = Load applied on power screw
d = Diameter of power screw
t = Thickness of thread
n = No. of threads moves upward
=
Pb = 6.47 N/mm2
Maximum Shear stress in the thread
 =
=
 = 7.76 Nmm
max =
=
max = 7.87 Nmm
Efficiency of Screw
 =
= 13.27
 = 90.69 %
VII. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
 Increased moving ability :
Thus, it does not become tiresome to perform the job.
 Can be used in very compact places :
Where reversing & turning of vehicle is difficult.
 Accommodate on dam site working.
 Saves time & energy.
 Increased complexity:
It requires complex mechanism for getting desired
output.
 Cost increases :
More complications lead to increase in cost.
 Increase in Maintenance.
VIII. FUTURE SCOPE
World progressing at faster rate which demands efficient
working equipments such as user friendly machineries and
hence the three way dropping dumper may be used more
than the two way or one way.
The work can be modified further more on following
basis:-
 Dual stage cylinders can be used.
 Oil pump can be used instead of powered cylinder.
 Capacity can be increased.
 Four wheel steering can be adopted for more
movement ability
IX. CONCLUSION
The developed prototype exhibits the expected results.
Further modifications and working limitations will put this
work in the main league of use. This concept saves time &
energy which leads to efficient working. This further line
should be modeled using equations and an experimental
agreement. The constructional work or the infrastructural
work demands efficient and user friendly machinery which
will lead to more and more use of three way dropping
dumper.
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[4] www.racingjunk.com;3-Way-Dump-Trailer-Dumps-Left-Right-amp-
Ba.html
[5] www.4cstrailersdirect.com/products.php?product=2011... – Canada
[6] www.tradekey.com › Products
[7] www.tractorbynet.com › ... › Trailers & Transportation.
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