Details 8086 Microprocessor
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This document provides details about an assignment submitted by Mushahadur Rahaman Khan for the course CSE-321. The assignment asks to define the 8086 microprocessor register organization in details. It discusses that the 8086 is a 16-bit microprocessor that can access 1MB of memory. It describes the working of the 8086 including its bus interface unit, execution unit, registers, flags, and provides a block diagram.
Details 8086 Microprocessor
- 1. Assignment Topic Name: Define in details 8086 Microprocessor (MP) Register Organization Course Title: Computer Microprocessor and Assembly language Course Code: CSE-321 Submitted To Md Ataullah Bhuiyan Senior Lecturer, Department of CSE CityUniversity Submitted By Mushahadur Rahaman Khan BSc in CSE (Day) Batch: 49th ID: 1834902513
- 2. Date Of Submission: 31/08/2021
- 3. What is the Microprocessor ! A microprocessor is a modern computer processor where data processing logic and control consists of a single integrated circuit and a small number of integrated circuits. The microprocessor contains the mathematical, logic, and control circuitry required to perform the functions of a computer's central processing unit. What about 8086 Microprocessor ? It was designed in 1978 by Intel and is a 16-bit microprocessor. Unlike, 8085, an 8086 microprocessor has 20-bit address bus. Thus, is able to access 220 that is 1 MB address in the memory. As we know, that a microprocessor performs arithmetic and logic operations. It an 8086 microprocessor is able perform these operations with 16-bit data in one cycle. Hence is the 16- bit microprocessor. Thus, the size of the data bus is 16-bit as it can carry on 16-bit data at a time. The architecture of 8086 microprocessor, is very much different from that of 8085 microprocessors. Working of 8086 Microprocessor In the previous section, we have discussed the operation of various sections of the BIU and EU. Now in this section So, basically, when an instruction is to be fetched from the memory, then firstly its physical address must be calculated and this is done at the BIU. The physical address of an instruction is given as: PA = Segment address Χ 10 + Offset the generated physical address is 24356 H. Here, the code segment register provides the base address of the code segment which is combined with the offset address.
- 4. The control unit decodes the opcode and generates control signals that inform the BL and CL register to release the value stored in it. Also, it signals the ALU to perform the ADD operation on that particular data. It is to be noteworthy that is BIU, pipelining fails whenever there is a branching in an instruction. This is because generally instructions are present in the sequential manner.
- 5. Block Diagram of 8086 Microprocessor The architecture of 8086 microprocessor is the composed of 2 major units, the BIU that is Bus Interface Unit and EU that is Execution Unit. The figure below shows the block diagram of the architectural representation of the 8086 microprocessors.
- 6. Draw the pin diagram of 8086 There would be two pin diagrams—one for MIN mode and the other for MAX mode of 8086, the pins that differ with each other in the two modes are from pin-24 to pin-31 (total 8 pins). Signals of intel 8086 for minimum mode of operation
- 7. Bus Interface Unit The Bus Interface Unit (BIU) manages the data, address and control buses. The BIU functions in such a way that it: Fetches the sequenced instruction from the memory, Finds the physical address of that location in the memory where the instruction is stored and Manages the 6-byte pre-fetch queue where the pipelined instructions are stored. Instruction Queue: When EU executes instructions, the BIU gets 6-bytes of the next instruction and stores them in the instruction queue and this process is known as instruction pre fetch. This process increases the speed of the processor. Segment Registers: A segment register contains the addresses of instructions and data in memory which are used by the processor to access memory locations. It points to the starting address of a memory segment currently being used. There are 4 segment registers in 8086 as given below: Code Segment Register (CS) Data Segment Register (DS) Stack Segment Register (SS) Extra Segment Register (ES) Code segment of the memory holds instruction codes of the program. The data, variables and constants given in the program are held in a data segment of the memory. Stack segment holds addresses and data of subroutines. It holds contents of registers & memory locations in push instruction. Extra segment holds a destination addresses of some data of certain string instructions.
- 8. Execution Unit EU and then unit decodes or executes an instruction, then the BIU fetches instruction codes from the memory. Control Unit: In the timing & control unit in 8085 microprocessors, a control unit in 8086 microprocessor produces control signal after decoding the opcode to the general-purpose register to release a value stored in it. It also signals the ALU to perform the desired operation. ALU: The arithmetic and logic unit carries out the logical tasks according to the signal generated by the CU. The result of the operation is stored in the desired register. General Purpose Registers: We have four 16-bit general purpose registers: AX (Accumulator Register), BX (Base Register), CX (Counter) and DX. And each of these 16-bit registers are further subdivided into 8-bit registers as shown below: Conditional Flags This flag represents the result of the last arithmetic or logical instruction executed. Carry Flag Auxiliary Flag Parity Flag Zero Flag Sign Flag Overflow Flag
- 9. Index Register The following four registers are in the group of pointer and index registers: SP (Stack Pointer) BP (Base Pointer) SI (Source Index) DI (Destination Index) Control Flags It controls the operations of the execution unit. Control flags are: Trap Flag Interrupt Flag Direction Flag