Embedded system design psoc lab report

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CALICUT
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Monsoon 2016
EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN LAB REPORT
SUBMITTED BY
BHUKYA RAMESH NAIK

PSOC LAB REPORT NITC
BHUKYA RAMESH NAIK
TABLE OF CONTENTS:
S.NO NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT PAGE.NO
1 BLINKING LEDS
A. Blink a LED at a low frequenc 4
B. Running-light effect using 4 LEDs. 5
2 SWITCH INTERFACE
A. LED toggle when a push button is pressed 7
B. 4-bit binary counter 9
3 LCD INTERFACE
A. Scroll a message across the LCD 11
B. Print decimal number on the LCD 12
4 STOP WATCH (10 seconds) 14
5 TIMERS 16
6 PROGRAMMABLE GAIN AMPLIFIER 18
7 PWM 21
8 ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER 23
9 PSoC 4
A. Blink led using software 26
B. Blink led using hardware 29
10 BLINK LED USING PWM 32
11 TOGGLE RGB LED

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A.Toggle using software 35
B.Toggle using interrupt 38
12 CAPSENSE 42
13 PROJECT
CONTROLLING HOME APPLIANCES USING DTMF 46

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EXPERIMENT- 1
A. BLINKING LED
AIM:
Blink a LED at a low frequency using delay( ) loop
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
PORT CONNECTIONS:
LED CONFIGURATION PORT CONFIGURATION
C CODE:
PART A

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RESULTS:
The program is executed successfully and output is verified on PSoC1 kit.
B. RUNNING LEDS
AIM:
To create a running-light effect using 4 LEDs without using the LED User Module
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
PORT CONNECTIONS:

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PORT CONFIGURATION
C CODE:
RESULT:

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EXPERIMENT - 2
A. SWITCH INTERFACE
AIM:
To make a LED toggle when a push button is pressed.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
PORT CONNECTIONS
PORT CONFIGURATION
C CODE:

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RESULTS:

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B. 4 BIT BINARY COUNTER
AIM:
To create a 4-bit binary counter, that counts up when a push button is pressed.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
PORT CONNECTIONS:
LED CONFIGURATION PORT CONFIGURATION
C CODE:

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EXPERIMENT - 3
A. LCD INTERFACE
AIM:
To
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
PORT CONNECTIONS:
PORT CONFIGURATION LCD CONFIGURATION
C CODE:

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RESULTS:
B. LCD INTERFACE
AIM:
To code a function to display decimal numbers on the LCD
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
PORT CONNECTIONS:

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C CODE:
RESULTS:

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EXPERIMENT - 4
STOP WATCH
AIM:
To create a 10 seconds stop watch
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
PORT CONNECTIONS:
C CODE:

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EXPERIMENT 5
TIMER
AIM:
To generate a 1kHz square wave with 50% duty-cycle using a Timer module
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
PORT CONNECTIONS:
CLOCK SETTINGS TIMER CONFIGURATION
PART B

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CONNECTION DIAGRAM
OUTPUT INTERCONNCTION
C CODE:
RESULTS:

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EXPERIMENT 6
PROGRAMMABLE GAIN AMPLIFIER
AIM:
To make a digital variable gain amplifier.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
PORT CONNECTIONS:
CONFIGURATIONS

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CONNECTION DIAGRAM
C CODE:

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EXPERIMENT -7
PWM
AIM:
To make a LED glow at different brightness levels using a PWM module
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
PORT CONNECTIONS:
CONFIGURATIONS

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CONNECTION DIAGRAM
C CODE:
RESULTS:

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EXPERIMENT-8
ADC
AIM:
To make a simple voltmeter using ADC and LCD
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
PORT CONNECTIONS:
ADC CONFIGURATION CLOCK SETTINGS

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EXPERIMENT-9
A. BLINK LED
AIM :
Blink the RGB LED at a frequency of 1Hz using the inbuilt delay function CyDelay()
and configure RGB as RED
COMPONENTS USED
Creator Components:
CyPins
Hardware Used:
PSoC 4 Pioneer Kit
BLOCK DIAGRAM
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
SET-3

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SPECIFICATIONS OF THE COMPONENTS/MODULES USED
Digital output pin red with HW connection disabled
PIN CONFIGURATIONS :

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C CODE
INFERENCE/RESULT/CONCLUSION
Hardware connection should be disabled if external hardware is not used.
RGB LED inside PSoC pioneer kit is active low.
RESULTS:
The program was executed successfully and desired output was obtained.

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B. BLINK LED USING HARDWARE
AIM
Blink the RGB LED at a frequency of 1Hz using hardware connections only and configure
RGB as RED
COMPONENTS USED
Creator Components:
CyPins
Toggle Flip-Flop[1.1v]
Logic High
Clock
Hardware Used:
PSoC 4 Pioneer Kit
BLOCK DIAGRAM
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

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SPECIFICATIONS OF THE COMPONENTS/MODULES USED
T flip-flop is rising edge triggered internally
PIN CONFIGURATIONS :

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C CODE
PSoC have the flexibility to use to complete a task with hardware connections only.
Reduction in code length reduces the memory usage and workload of processor.
T- flip-flop is positive edge triggered
RESULTS:

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EXPERIMENT-10
BLINK LED USING PWM
AIM:
Blink two LEDs (say RED and GREEN in RGB module) alternatively using TPCWM
component with duty cycle 50%
COMPONENTS USED:
Creator components:
TCPWM[v1.0]
Clock[v2.10]
cy-Pins1
cy- RGB LED
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

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PIN CONFIGURATION:
Pin_1: P1[6] Pin_2: 0[2]
CODE
MODULE SPECIFICATIONS

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PWM ALIGNMENT:
TCPWM[v1.0] is down counter.
To blink LEDs, period value should be properly set and timer register contents could be
captured to get required output.
RESULTS:

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EXPERIMENT-11
A. TOGGLING RGB LED
AIM:
Toggle RGB Led in the kit between RED > GREEN > BLUE when a switch is pressed, Implement
by Polling Gpio pin status.
COMPONENTS USED:
Creator components.
Cy pins
Hardware used:
No external hardware is used. RGB LED and push button switch is used.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
PORT ASSIGNMENT

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red : P1[6]; green: P0[2]; blue: P0[3] ; switch1: P0[7]
MODULE SPECEFICATION
Pushbutton hardware connection enabled and drive mode resistive pull up mode
CODE:

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Push button in PSoC 4 pioneer kit is connected to ground. When switch is pressed connected
port receives active low signal. So the drive mode of the switch should be in pull up mode.
RGB LED s are inside the same casing, turning ON more than one will result in
complementary colours. So care should be taken turning ON and OFF each of them in
practical applications.
Hardware (edge triggering) or software measures should be taken while using a switch in
order to avoid false transitions.
RESULTS:

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B.TOGGLING USING INTERRUPT
AIM:
Toggle RGB Led in the kit between RED > GREEN > BLUE when a switch is
pressed, Implement by Gpio pin Interrupt.
COMPONENTS USED
Creator components:
Cy pins
Cy isr
Hardware used:
No external hardware is used. RGB LED and push button switch is used.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
PORT ASSIGNMENT
red : P1[6]; green: P0[2]; blue: P0[3] ; switch1: P0[7]

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MODULE SPECEFICATION
Interrupt enabled in switch
Interrupt vector with priority settings
Isr with default settings

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Output pins with hardware connection disabled
CODE:

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Interrupts can be generated from input module by activating it.
Priority of interrupts and interrupt vector can be set.
ISR function should be activated and global interrupts should be enabled before using
interrupt.
RESULTS:

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EXPERIMENT-12
CAPSENSE
AIM:
Configure the CapSense module in the Pioneer Kit as button and on sensing capacitive touch at
each button,glow an led use three Capsense buttons to glow RED, GREEN, BLUE in the RGB
module, and for remaining two Capsense buttons by wiring additional Leds to Gpio pins.
COMPONENTS USED:
Creator components:
Capsense csd module
Cy-pins
Hardware used:
LEDs .
BLOCK DIAGRAM
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM:

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PIN CONFIGURATION:
CODE:

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MODULE SPECIFICATION:
Output pins with hardware connection disabled

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In capsense the scanning of widgets and capacitance measurements takes some time, so
proper delay or looping should be given before using the output values.
For switch operation button mode is used in capsense. `
RESULTS:

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PROJECT
CONTROLLING HOME APPLIANCES USING DTMF
ABSTRACT
Traditionally electrical appliances in a home are controlled via switches that
regulate the electricity to these devices. As the world gets more and more technologically
advanced, we find new technology coming in deeper and deeper into our personal lives even
at home. Home automation is becoming more and more popular around the world and is
becoming a common practice. The process of home automation works by making everything
in the house automatically controlled using technology to control and do the jobs that we
would normally do manually.
This project proposes a unique system for Home automation utilizing Dual Tone Multi
Frequency (DTMF) that is paired with a wireless module to provide seamless wireless control
over many devices in a house. This user console has many keys, each corresponding to the
device that needs to be activated. The encoder encodes the user choice and sends via a
transmitter. The receiver receives the modulated signal and demodulates it and the user choice
is determined by the DTMF decoder. Based upon this the required appliance is triggered.
SOFTWARE TOOL: PSOC DESIGNER 5.4
COMPONENTS: DTMF Circuit Consists of Various Components:
Resistors
LEDs
Capacitors
Crystal Oscillator
ICs
Resistors:
The resistor is a component that has one purpose and that is to resist current and voltage by
means of combining conductive material with a nonconductive one to form a substance that allows
electrons to flow through its self but not as efficiently as a typical wire. Most commonly used
resistors in electronic circuits have a wattage rating of 1/2W or 1/4W.There are smaller resistors

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(1/8W and 1/16W) and higher (1W, 2W, 5W, etc.). Resistance value detailed above are a constant
and do not change if the voltage or current-flow alters. But there are circuits that require resistors
to change value with a change in temperate or light. This function may not be linear, hence the
name nonlinear resistors.
Fig: Resistors
The unit of measuring how much the resistor will oppose current is measured in ohms and to
LEDs:
LEDs emit light when an electric current passes through them. LEDs are available in red,
orange, amber, yellow, green, blue and white. The colour of an LED is determined by the
semiconductor material, not by the colouring of the 'package'.
Fig: LEDs of Different Colour
LED is a solid-state device that controls current without heated filaments and is therefore
very reliable.

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Capacitors:
Capacitors store electric charge. They are used with resistors in timing circuit because it
takes time for a capacitor to fill with charge. They are used to smooth varying DC supplies by acting
as a reservoir of charge. They are also used in filter circuits because capacitors easily pass AC
(changing) signals but they block DC (constant) signal.
Fig: Different Types of Capacitors
Crystal Oscillator:
Crystal is a circuit element commonly used in the clock. The frequency of the crystal
connected to the 8051 family can vary from 4MHz to 30MHz. The crystal clock frequency
provide higher speed. Usually a system shares a single crystal, easy to synchronize the various
parts.
Fig: Crystal Oscillator of 11.0592MHz frequency
Overview of Software Used:
In this project we use Psoc1 designer software. In which we can use two languages for
coding. 1
1. Embedded C

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2. Assembly language
Embedded C:
C is probably the most widely used programming language today. It has a number of features
that make it a good choice for both small-scale embedded projects, as well as large-scale projects.
Features like:
It is easier and less time consuming.
C is easier to modify and update.
DTMF BASED HOME AUTOMATION
Dual Tone Multiple frequency techniques used to control home appliances. By
using this we can control lights, fans.
Fig. Block Diagram
Description:
The brain of the circuit is the M8C microprocessor of Psoc1. The M8C microprocessor
examines incoming signals through DTMF decoder and controls the outputs by relays. The audio
output from the cell phone is connected to the input of DTMF decoder. The incoming call is
answered by the cell phone.

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DTMF detection and decoding is provided by DTMF decoder block. An IC MT 8870, is a
complete DTMF receiver, which is able to detect and decode all 16 DTMF tone pairs into a 4-bit
code. When a valid DTMF digit is detected the 4-bit code is available at the output pins and a
VALID SIGNAL output, is set to logic high. For its operation the integrated circuit requires a clock
signal, generated in this case by the quartz crystal of 3.579545MHz.
Characteristics:
Frequency Tolerance:
Tolerance Frequency ±1.5 % is allowed for valid DTMF tone. Tones with offset ±3.5%
must be Rejected.
Signal Duration:
A signal with the duration of 40 ms must be considered valid. Tones with duration 23 ms or less
must be rejected.
Signal Interruption:
A valid DTMF signal interrupted for 10 ms or less should not be detected as two distinct tones.
Signal Pause:
A valid DTMF signal separated by 40 ms pause or more must be detected as two distinct
characters.
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR):
The DTMF detector must correctly process signal with SNR at 15 db.
Tone Twist:
The detector must correctly decode DTMF codes when row frequency signal is 8 dB larger
than column frequency signal. The detector must correctly operate when column frequency signal
is 4db larger than row signal.
Talk-Off:
The detector should operate in the presence of speech and music without incorrectly identifying
the speech signal as valid DTMF signals.
Basics of DTMF Based Home Automation:
A DTMF signal is the sum of two sinusoidal waveforms with predefined frequencies,
a user can interact with the DTMF dialer using a keypad with 16 characters.

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Table :DTMF Frequency table
The function of the DTMF detector is based on filtering the routing the input signal to the band
pass filters. Input signal into row and column groups, calculating the sine wave period and
independently comparing them with predefined values. First, two 4pole band pass filters split the
DTMF signal into two components low frequency (697 Hz 941 Hz) and high frequency (1209
Hz 1633Hz). Each filter output is routed to a Schmidt trigger input for converting a sine wave
into a square wave. This square sign -bit timer through a
comparator bus.
begins to increase, it is converted into a square wave front and this front initiates the capture
mechanism of a digital timer block. The captured value is stored in a circular RAM buffer for further
processing. To minimize measurement errors, the analyzing procedure begins once eleven values
are captured and stored in the RAM buffer. Then the frequency estimate is made for ten periods of
the sine wave.
The frequency channel consists of:
Input amplifier (IN_AMP) used for amplification and routing the input signal to the band pass
filters.
Band pass filters tuned to pass low/high bands of DTMF frequencies. They only pass low/high
DTMF frequency bands and block other frequencies.
Schmidt trigger, which converts sine wave and increases and decreases into square wave rising
and falling edges, respectively.
16-bit timer.

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In a DTMF signal generation, a DTMF keypad could be used for digit entry, when a button is
pressed, both the row and column tones are generated by the telephone or touch tone instrument.
These two tones will be distinctive and different from tones of other keys. So there is a low and
high frequency associated with a button, it is essentially the sum of two waves is transmitted.
1. DTMF decoder IC (M-8870)
2.
3. Capacitors (0.1µFx 2)
4. Crystal oscillator (3.579545MHz)
The operation of DTMF method are as follows:
Caller generates a dial tone consisting of two frequencies. It is transmitted via the telephone line
(communication media).
Telephone exchange consists of a DTMF decoder, which decodes the frequencies in to digital code.
These codes are the address of destination subscriber; it is read and processed by a computer which
connects caller to the destination subscriber.
Working of DTMF decoder circuit.

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DTMF keypads are employed in almost all landline and mobile handsets. Thus this technology is
used in the telephone switching centres to identify the number dialled by the caller.
The decoder distinguishes the DTMF tones and produces the binary sequence equivalent to key
pressed in a DTMF (Dual Tone Multi Frequency) keypad.
The circuit uses M-8870 DTMF decoder IC which decodes tone generated by the keypad of cell
phone.
DTMF signals can be tapped directly from the microphone pin of cell phone device. Cut the
microphone wire and you will get two wires red and green. The red wire is the DTMF input to the
circuit.
The signals from the microphone wire are processed by the DTMF decoder IC which generates an
equivalent binary sequence as a parallel output like Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4
There is an inbuilt Op amp present inside the M-8870 decoder IC. The electrical signals from
capacitance (0.1 µF).
The non inverting input of Op-amp is connected to a reference voltage (pin4 -VREF). The voltage
at VREF pin is Vcc/2.
Pin 3 (GS) is the output of internal Op Amp, the feedback signal is given by connecting the output
pin (pin3- GS) to inverting input pin (pin2- IN-
The output of Op Amp is passed through a pre filter, low group and high group filters (filter
networks). These filters contain switched capacitors to divide DTMF tones into low and high group
signals (High group filters bypass the high frequencies whereas low group filter pass low
frequencies).
Next processing sections inside the IC are frequency detector and code detector circuits. Filtered
frequency passed through these detectors.
At last the four digit binary code is latched at the output of M-8870 DTMF decoder IC.

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Uses of other pins:
The entire process from frequency detection to latching of the data, is controlled by steering control
5th Pin, INH is an active high pin, inhibits detection of A, B, C, D tones of character.
6th Pin, PWDN is an (active high), inhibits the working of oscillator thus stops the working of our
circuit.
The 10th pin 10; TOE is the output enable pin which is active high logic and enables the latching
of the data on the data pins Q0, Q1, Q2, and Q3.
15th Pin StD is the Data valid pin, turn out to be high on detection of valid DTMF tone or else it
remains low.
Pins 7 (OS1) and 8 (OS2) are used to connect crystal oscillator. An oscillator of frequency 3.579545
MHz is used here.
Each row and column of the keypad corresponds to a certain tone and creates a specific frequency.
Each button lies at the intersection of the two tones.
For each pair, one of the tones is selected from a low group of four frequencies, and the other from
a high group of four frequencies. The correct detection of a digit requires both a valid tone pair and
the correct timing intervals.
The frequencies generated on pressing different phone keys are shown in the
DTMF Frequencies generated on Key press
Button Low DTMF
frequency (Hz)
High DTMF
frequency (Hz)
DTMF signals are decoded and forwarded to the microcomputer processor. The microprocessor
stores the last four signals received in memory. If more than four button presses are detected the
microprocessor begins again writing over the first button press stored in memory. For example, if
the sequence entered by the user was: 1, 7, 5, 3, 6, 2
The microprocessor would see this sequence in memory as: 6, 2, 5, 3

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Working of DTMF Based Home Automation:
When you press any keys in your mobile Phone while call in progress, the other person will hear
some tones with respect to keys pressed. These tones are based on the DTMF (Dual Tone Multi
Frequency) technology. Data transmitted in terms of pair of tones. The receiver detects the valid
frequency pair and gives the appropriate BCD code as the output of the DTMF decoder IC. DTMF
signal can be tapped directly from the microphone pin of cell phone device. DTMF signal can be
tapped directly from the microphone pin of cell phone device.
See the figure below, Cut the microphone wire and you will be able to see 4 wires. Among these
wires you need only 2 wires Ground and Right as shown in the below figure.
Fig Headphone jack
Select the right wire and connect it as the DTMF input to the decoder circuit. Ground should be
connected to common ground of our circuit. The signals from the microphone wire are processed
by the DTMF decoder IC which generates the equivalent binary sequence as a parallel output as
Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4.
DTMF Low and High frequency tones and decoded output
Button
Low DTMF
frequency
(Hz)
High DTMF
frequency
(Hz)
Binary coded output
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
1 697 1209 0 0 0 1
2 697 1336 0 0 1 0
3 697 1477 0 0 1 1
4 770 1209 0 1 0 0
5 770 1336 0 1 0 1
6 770 1477 0 1 1 0
7 852 1209 0 1 1 1
8 852 1336 1 0 0 0
9 852 1477 1 0 0 1
0 941 1336 1 0 1 0
* 941 1209 1 0 1 1
# 941 1477 1 1 0 0

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When we press the digit 1 on the keypad, you generate the tones 1209 Hz and 697 Hz. Pressing the
digit 2 will generate the tones 1336 Hz and 697 Hz. Sure, the tone 697 is the same for both digits,
but it takes two tones to make a digit and the equipment knows the difference between the 1209 Hz
that would complete the digit 1, and a 1336 Hz that completes a digit 2.
When the user has entered what they believe to be the correct code the pound key (#) is pressed on
the phone pad and the microprocessor looks at the code it has stored in memory. The received code
is then compared against a firmware defined code. If the code does not match, the software begins
counting the failed access attempts.
If the failed attempt count reaches three, the microprocessor enters a three-minute lockdown mode
where further remote access to the system is denied. This lockdown mode is designed to discourage
unauthorized access to the system. If the user believes that they have pressed a wrong key, they can
clear the code stored in memory by pressing the star (*) key with no penalty. If the pound button is
pressed and an incorrect code was entered, there is no way for the user to delete the failed attempt,
except by hanging up and redialling. If the system is in lockdown mode when a person attempts to
dial in the system, it will not respond until the three-minute lockdown has finished running its
course.
Once the correct code sequence has been entered and confirmed correct by the microprocessor, the
user is granted access to activate any number of the desired subsystems. The subsystems are
numbered 0-9, *, and #. The subsystem to activate is chosen by DTMF decoding just as the code
was entered. At this point in the program any key press will activate a subsystem and a subsystem
can be activated multiple times if the user desires. As the subsystems are self-contained, they only
require a pulse to begin their respective tasks. To disconnect from the system, the user simply hangs
up the phone that they are calling from. The subsystems will finish their jobs with no need for the
user to stay on the line. By using a band-split filter, the signal is broken into two sine wave
components. The peaks of each sine wave are counted over some known time frame. This will tell
the user the period of each sine wave.
By knowing the period, users can know the operating frequency of each sine wave. Once the
frequencies are calculated, they are compared against valid DTMF frequency ranges. If a valid
frequency is found to correspond to the row and column of a DMTF tone, a binary output is placed
on the output of the CM8870. A control line is driven high on the chip to indicate that a valid code

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has been decoded and is present on the four-bit binary port. This decoded DTMF tone will remain
present on the output port until the CM8870 receives an enable signal from the microprocessor
controlling circuitry. At this point, the CM8870 will start the DTMF decoding process over.
FLOW CHART:

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CODE

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APPLICATIONS:
Home Automation
Telephone Answering Machine(IVR)
Remote controlling System
CONCLUSION
This project presents a DTMF based home appliances controlling by M8C of
PSoC1.Experimental work has been carried out carefully. Here we are controlling 5 home appliances
controlling through DTMF technology effectively secured with password and timer. Here very easy to
use for any applications with the help of M8C Processor of PSoC1.
REFERENCES
[1] Embedded Systems- An Integrated Approach by Lyla B. Das.
[2] DTMF Based Remote Control System - R. Sharma, K. Kumar, and S. Viq, IEEE International
Conference ICIT, pp. 2380-2383, December 2006.

Embedded system design psoc lab report

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Embedded system design psoc lab report