Combinational logic circuits have outputs that are dependent on current input combinations, without memory, timing, or feedback. They are built from basic logic gates like NAND, NOR, and NOT connected together. An example is a decoder that converts a binary input into a decimal output. Unlike sequential logic with memory, combinational logic outputs are determined solely by current input logic states. Adder and subtractor circuits are also discussed, including half and full adders/subtractors, with truth tables and logic diagrams.