Introduction to computing
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This document provides an introduction to computing. It defines a computer as an electronic machine that can accept input data, manipulate the data according to programmed instructions, store the output, and provide results. The document outlines the key characteristics of computers, including their ability to work quickly and accurately without breaks. It also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of computer usage. Additionally, it defines data and information, comparing their differences, and describes the main types of computers as analog, digital, and hybrid. The document concludes by explaining that computers are digital machines that use binary digits to process information.
Introduction to computing
- 1. Introduction to Computing By: Roll #: Ali Raza 24 Sana Shabir 11 Faiza Naeem 40 Arqam Saleem 41
- 2. CONTENTS Computer definition. Characteristics of Computer. Advantages & Disadvantages of Computer. Data & Information. Comparison between Data & information. ComputerTypes ( Analog, Digital ,Hybrid ) Software & Hardware. Digital Machine.
- 3. Computer Definition Meaning of Computer Derived from Latin word “Computare” The word “compute” means to calculate This word was firstly used by mathematicians Primary Definition Computer is an electronic machine and has its own memory Accept input data Manipulates input data according to specified rules Produces results/output Stores the results/output for further use Mathematician’s Definition A problem solving machine
- 4. Characteristics: No human being can compete to solving complex computation- faster than computer. Work for hours-without break creating error. Perform completely different type work at same time. Remember data. No Response without instruction. No Feelings. Speed Diligence Versatility Power of Remembering No IQ. No Feeling
- 5. Advantages IN EDUCATION Access to information Research Capabilities Easiness Makes education enjoyable IN BUSINESS Self-Sufficiency Cost-Effective Better Information Cheaper Research and Development Higher Sales Faster Operations
- 6. DISADVANTAGES Unemployment Wastage of time and energy Data Security Computer Crimes Privacy violation Health risks Impact on Environment
- 7. Data and Information Data Information Comparison Between Data & Information.
- 8. DATA Latin word. Raw facts and figures. Raw mean un-processed, un-organized without manipulation. Data is huge, input and meaning-less. Independent.
- 9. Information: • Processed data. • Meaning-full • Organized , Output. • Depends on Data. • Short in volume. • Its Classified data which has some meaningful values for the receiver. Data Data Data Processing Information
- 10. COMPARISON: Data Information Input Output Un-processed Processed form Doesn’t carry a Meaning Carry a logical Meaning Raw material Product Not Specific Specific
- 11. COMPUTER TYPES Computer Analog Digital Hybrid
- 12. ANALOG COMPUTER • An analog computer is uses the continuously changeable aspects of physical phenomena • Such as electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic quantities to model the problem being solved • Analog computers were widely used in scientific and industrial applications • Analog computers largely obsolete in 1960 because of digital computer • They remain only in use in specific applications, like the flight computer in aircraft, and for teaching control systems in universities
- 13. EXAMPLES • Antikythera mechanism, dating between 150 to 100 BC • A slide rule • Heathkit EC-1 educational analog computer
- 14. Software: Instructions given to computer to solve a problem. Easier Component. Flexibility to change. Logical Components. Intangible Component.
- 15. TYPES OF SOFTWARE: System Software. Application Software.
- 16. System Software: Operating System Device Driver Language Translator Utility Software
- 17. OPERATING SYSTEM: An essential component. Manage Hardware & Software resources. Provide common services. Use in every Purpose. Perform Basic Tasks
- 18. Device Deriver: Commonly known as a driver. Control particular device- attaché computer. Enable interaction with hardware device. Usually communicates with hardware-means of the communications subsystem , computer bus- which hardware connected.
- 19. Language Translator: Convert programming source code into language -computer understands. Programming source code has various structures-commands, but computer-understand machine language. Types: compilers, assemblers, and interpreters.
- 20. Utility Software: • Design to help analyze-Configure-Optimizes and maintain. • Usually focuses on how the computer infrastructure (including the computer hardware, operating system, software and data storage)
- 22. CUSTOM-BUILT:
- 23. Packages Software: Term used describe software-bunched together making-complete set. Microsoft Office is package software. Include many software programs-used in the office-Microsoft Excel.
- 24. Hardware Physical parts of computer. Difficult to change. TangibleComponent. Devices that are required to store and execute (run) the software. Example:CPU , Printer , Mouse etc.
- 25. COMPUTER AS DIGITAL MACHINE Digital machine is a machine in which only two (Binary) states of voltage. That is “ON” or “OFF”. Computer is also a digital electronic machine. Computer based on binary digits (1,0). The smallest switch in the computer is called “Bit”. The word “Bit” come from the term “Binary Digits”. Bi from Binary and it from digits, so it makes a new word/term Bit. Actually the binary digits 1 and 0, each are called a bit4 bit is equal to one nibble. And this 4 bit system is commonly used in simple calculators. Normally 1 character in a computer is equal to 1 byte (8 bits).