Lecture 11
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This document discusses different types of programming languages: 1) Machine language is the lowest-level language understood directly by computers consisting of numbers, while assembly language uses symbolic representations that are closer to machine language. 2) High-level languages resemble everyday language and require less detailed computer knowledge, allowing programmers to focus on problem solving. Popular examples are BASIC, COBOL, FORTRAN, and newer object-oriented languages. 3) Non-computational languages like HTML and BNF are usually not considered programming languages, but their instructions are often embedded within programming languages.
Lecture 11
- 1. Information & Communication Technology (ICT) Software Design and Algorithm DIT Part 1 Lecture 11 Copyrights By Tanveer Malik
- 2. Computer Programming Languages • A programming language is an artificial language that can be used to control the behavior of a machine, particularly a computer • Programming languages, like human languages, are defined through the use of syntactic and semantic rules, to determine structure and meaning respectively. Copyrights By Tanveer Malik
- 3. Computer Programming Languages • Programming languages are used to facilitate communication about the task of organizing and manipulating information, and to express algorithms precisely. • For 50 years, computer programmers have been writing code. New technologies continue to emerge, develop, and mature at a rapid pace. Now there are more than 2,500 documented programming languages! Copyrights By Tanveer Malik
- 4. Non-computational languages • Non-computational languages, such as markup languages like HTML or formal grammars like BNF, are usually not considered programming languages. • Often a programming language is embedded in the non- computational language. Copyrights By Tanveer Malik
- 5. Machine language • It is the lowest-level programming language. Machine languages are the only languages understood by computers. Copyrights By Tanveer Malik
- 6. Machine language • While easily understood by computers, machine languages are almost impossible for humans to use because they consist entirely of numbers. For example: • An x86/IA-32 processor can execute the following binary instruction as expressed in machine language: Binary: 10110000 01100001 (Hexadecimal: 0xb061) Copyrights By Tanveer Malik
- 7. Assembly Level Language • An assembly language is a low-level language for programming computers. • The word "low" does not imply that the language is inferior to high-level programming languages but rather refers to the small or nonexistent amount of abstraction between the language and machine language, because of this, low-level languages are sometimes described as being "close to the hardware." • It implements a symbolic representation of the numeric machine codes and other constants needed to program a particular CPU architecture. Copyrights By Tanveer Malik
- 8. High-level language • High-level languages are relatively easy to learn because the instructions bear a close resemblance to everyday language, and because the programmer does not require a detailed knowledge of the internal workings of the computer. • Each instruction in a high-level language is equivalent to several machine-code instructions, therefore it is more compact than equivalent low-level programs. • High-level languages are used to solve problems and are often described as problem-oriented languages Copyrights By Tanveer Malik
- 9. High-level language Examples of HLL: • BASIC was designed to be easily learnt by first-time programmers; • COBOL is used to write programs solving business problems; • FORTRAN is used for programs solving scientific and mathematical problems. • With the increasing popularity of windows-based systems, the next generation of programming languages was designed to facilitate the development of GUI interfaces; for example, Visual Basic wraps the BASIC language in a graphical programming environment. • Support for object-oriented programming has also become more common, for example in C++ and Java. Copyrights By Tanveer Malik
- 10. Example (C program to add 2 numbers): #include<stdio.h> //header files Void main() { int a, b, c; // declaration of 3 variables printf(“Enter two numbers:n”); Scanf(“%d”, &a); // read 1st number Scanf(“%d”, &b); // read 2nd number c=a+b; // compute the sum printf(“Sum of 2 numbers is %d”, c); //print sum } Copyrights By Tanveer Malik
- 11. Assignment – Types of Programming Languages.