Operating System-Ch5 cpu scheduling

Operating System Concepts Silberschatz and Galvin19995.1Operating System Concepts Silberschatz and Galvin 19994.1
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O P E R A T I N G S Y S T E M S
Module 5 : CPU Scheduling
• Basic Concepts
• Scheduling Criteria
• Scheduling Algorithms
• Multiple-Processor Scheduling
• Real-Time Scheduling
• Algorithm Evaluation

Module 5: CPU Scheduling
• Basic Concepts
• Scheduling Criteria
• Scheduling Algorithms
• Multiple-Processor Scheduling
• Real-Time Scheduling
• Algorithm Evaluation

Basic Concepts
• Maximum CPU utilization obtained with
multiprogramming
• CPU–I/O Burst Cycle – Process execution consists of
a cycle of CPU execution and I/O wait.
• CPU burst distribution

Alternating Sequence of CPU And I/O Bursts

Histogram of CPU-burst Times

CPU Scheduler
• Selects from among the processes in memory that are
ready to execute, and allocates the CPU to one of them.
• CPU scheduling decisions may take place when a
process:
1.Switches from running to waiting state.
2.Switches from running to ready state.
3.Switches from waiting to ready.
4.Terminates.
• Scheduling under 1 and 4 is nonpreemptive.
• All other scheduling is preemptive.

Dispatcher
• Dispatcher module gives control of the CPU to the
process selected by the short-term scheduler; this
involves:
– switching context
– switching to user mode
– jumping to the proper location in the user program
to restart that program
• Dispatch latency – time it takes for the dispatcher to
stop one process and start another running.

Scheduling Criteria
• CPU utilization – keep the CPU as busy as possible
• Throughput – # of processes that complete their execution
per time unit
• Turnaround time – amount of time to execute a particular
process
• Waiting time – amount of time a process has been waiting
in the ready queue
• Response time – amount of time it takes from when a
request was submitted until the first response is produced,
not output (for time-sharing environment)

Optimization Criteria
• Max CPU utilization
• Max throughput
• Min turnaround time
• Min waiting time
• Min response time

First-Come, First-Served (FCFS) Scheduling
• Example: Process Burst Time
P1 24
P2 3
P3 3
• Suppose that the processes arrive in the order: P1 , P2 , P3
The Gantt Chart for the schedule is:
• Waiting time for P1 = 0; P2 = 24; P3 = 27
• Average waiting time: (0 + 24 + 27)/3 = 17
P1 P2 P3
24 27 300

FCFS Scheduling (Cont.)
Suppose that the processes arrive in the order
P2 , P3 , P1 .
• The Gantt chart for the schedule is:
• Waiting time for P1 = 6; P2 = 0; P3 = 3
• Average waiting time: (6 + 0 + 3)/3 = 3
• Much better than previous case.
• Convoy effect short process behind long process
P1P3P2
63 300

Shortest-Job-First (SJR) Scheduling
• Associate with each process the length of its next CPU
burst. Use these lengths to schedule the process with
the shortest time.
• Two schemes:
– nonpreemptive – once CPU given to the process it
cannot be preempted until completes its CPU burst.
– Preemptive – if a new process arrives with CPU burst
length less than remaining time of current executing
process, preempt. This scheme is know as the
Shortest-Remaining-Time-First (SRTF).
• SJF is optimal – gives minimum average waiting time for
a given set of processes.

ProcessArrival Time Burst Time
P1 0.0 7
P2 2.0 4
P3 4.0 1
P4 5.0 4
• SJF (non-preemptive)
• Average waiting time = (0 + 6 + 3 + 7)/4 - 4
Example of Non-Preemptive SJF
P1 P3 P2
73 160
P4
8 12

Example of Preemptive SJF
ProcessArrival Time Burst Time
P1 0.0 7
P2 2.0 4
P3 4.0 1
P4 5.0 4
• SJF (preemptive)
• Average waiting time = (9 + 1 + 0 +2)/4 - 3
P1 P3P2
42 110
P4
5 7
P2 P1
16

Determining Length of Next CPU Burst
• Can only estimate the length.
• Can be done by using the length of previous CPU bursts, using
exponential averaging.
1. tn=actual lenght of nth
CPU burst
2. τn+1= predicted value for the next CPU burst
3 . α , 0≤α≤1
4. Define:
τn=1=α tn+(1−α)τ n .

Examples of Exponential Averaging
 =0
 n+1 = n
– Recent history does not count.
 =1
– n+1 = tn
– Only the actual last CPU burst counts.
• If we expand the formula, we get:
n+1 =  tn+(1 - )  tn -1 + …
+(1 -  )j  tn -1 + …
+(1 -  )n=1 tn 0
• Since both  and (1 - ) are less than or equal to 1, each
successive term has less weight than its predecessor.

Priority Scheduling
• A priority number (integer) is associated with each process
• The CPU is allocated to the process with the highest priority
(smallest integer  highest priority).
– Preemptive
– nonpreemptive
• SJF is a priority scheduling where priority is the predicted next CPU
burst time.
• Problem  Starvation – low priority processes may never execute.
• Solution  Aging – as time progresses increase the priority of the
process.

Round Robin (RR)
• Each process gets a small unit of CPU time (time quantum),
usually 10-100 milliseconds. After this time has elapsed, the
process is preempted and added to the end of the ready queue.
• If there are n processes in the ready queue and the time
quantum is q, then each process gets 1/n of the CPU time in
chunks of at most q time units at once. No process waits more
than (n-1)q time units.
• Performance
– q large  FIFO
– q small  q must be large with respect to context switch,
otherwise overhead is too high.

Example: RR with Time Quantum = 20
Process Burst Time
P1 53
P2 17
P3 68
P4 24
• The Gantt chart is:
• Typically, higher average turnaround than SJF, but better response.
P1 P2 P3 P4 P1 P3 P4 P1 P3 P3
0 20 37 57 77 97 117 121 134 154 162

How a Smaller Time Quantum Increases Context Switches

Turnaround Time Varies With The Time Quantum

Multilevel Queue
• Ready queue is partitioned into separate queues:
foreground (interactive)
background (batch)
• Each queue has its own scheduling algorithm,
foreground – RR
background – FCFS
• Scheduling must be done between the queues.
– Fixed priority scheduling; i.e., serve all from foreground
then from background. Possibility of starvation.
– Time slice – each queue gets a certain amount of CPU
time which it can schedule amongst its processes; i.e.,
80% to foreground in RR
– 20% to background in FCFS

Multilevel Queue Scheduling

Multilevel Feedback Queue
• A process can move between the various queues; aging
can be implemented this way.
• Multilevel-feedback-queue scheduler defined by the
following parameters:
– number of queues
– scheduling algorithms for each queue
– method used to determine when to upgrade a process
– method used to determine when to demote a process
– method used to determine which queue a process will
enter when that process needs service

Multilevel Feedback Queues

Example of Multilevel Feedback Queue
• Three queues:
– Q0 – time quantum 8 milliseconds
– Q1 – time quantum 16 milliseconds
– Q2 – FCFS
• Scheduling
– A new job enters queue Q0 which is served FCFS. When
it gains CPU, job receives 8 milliseconds. If it does not
finish in 8 milliseconds, job is moved to queue Q1.
– At Q1 job is again served FCFS and receives 16
additional milliseconds. If it still does not complete, it is
preempted and moved to queue Q2.

Multiple-Processor Scheduling
• CPU scheduling more complex when multiple CPUs are
available.
• Homogeneous processors within a multiprocessor.
• Load sharing
• Asymmetric multiprocessing – only one processor
accesses the system data structures, alleviating the need
for data sharing.

Real-Time Scheduling
• Hard real-time systems – required to complete a critical
task within a guaranteed amount of time.
• Soft real-time computing – requires that critical processes
receive priority over less fortunate ones.

Dispatch Latency

Algorithm Evaluation
• Deterministic modeling – takes a particular predetermined
workload and defines the performance of each algorithm for that
workload.
• Queuing models
• Implementation

Evaluation of CPU Schedulers by Simulation

Operating System-Ch5 cpu scheduling

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