Origin and development of ict
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The development of ICT can be described in four phases: 1) The audio-visual phase emerged before 1920 through the use of paintings, charts, educational films and other tools. 2) The cybernetic phase from 1920-1950 saw the emergence of feedback concepts to direct and control classrooms. 3) The psychological and sociological phase of the 1940s-1960s focused on learning theories from those disciplines. 4) After 1980, the computer and telecommunication phase established ICT as the blending of hardware and software technologies to make teaching and learning more effective.
![ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF ICT
(lwpuklaizs’k.k rduhdhdkmn~Hko,oa fodkl)
It could be said that ICT has been
originated by the emergence of very
early tools, e.g., paintings on cave
walls.(;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd lwpuk laizs’k.k rduhdh dh
mRifRRk “kq:vkrh vkStkjksa tSls% xqQk ds nhokjksa ij
fp=dkjh(dsfodklls gqvkA)
Later by the invention of abacus(3000
B.C.) a calculation tool.(ckn esa ,ckdl (3000
bZ-iw-)]tks fd ,dx.kuk;a= ds vkfo’dkjlsA)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/originanddevelopmentofict-160827074919/85/Origin-and-development-of-ict-1-320.jpg)
![Then by the invention of calculator
and electronic calculator.(fQj x.kuk ;a= vkSj
bysDVªksfud x.kuk;a= dsvkfo’dkjlsA)
After that the invention of first
Analytical Engine in 1837 by Charles
Babbage, which is accepted as the
first design for a computer.(rc 1837 esa
PkkYlZ cScst }kjk fo”ys’kd e”khu( tks fd daI;wVj dk igyk
ekU;izk:igS]dsvkfo’dkjlsA)
But usually development of ICT starts
with the introduction of educational
films (1900s) or Sidney Pressey's
mechanical teaching machines in the](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/originanddevelopmentofict-160827074919/85/Origin-and-development-of-ict-2-320.jpg)
![I. Audio-visual Phase(JO;&n`”; voLFkk)
It was before 1920. ICT was emerged as use of
paintings, charts, models, educational films,
episcope, OHP, film strip projectors etc in the
field of education. (;g 1920 ds n”kd ds iwoZ FkkA lwpuk
laizs’k.k rduhdh dk fodkl fp=dkjh] rkfydk] izfreku] “kSf{kd pyfp=]
bihLdksi] f”kjksifj iz{ksid] fQYe iV~Vh iz{ksid vkfn dk f”k{kk es
iz;ksx ds :iesa gqvkA)
II. Cybernetic Phase(laizs’k.k o fu;a=.k dh izfØ;kvksa ds
oSKkfudv/;;u dk dky):
This phase was in between 1920-1950. (;g
voLFkk 1920&1950 ds chpFkk)
The word Cybernetic is derived from the word
Kybernatic which means steermanship.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/originanddevelopmentofict-160827074919/85/Origin-and-development-of-ict-4-320.jpg)
![(Cybernatics “kCn ls vk;k gS] ftldk vFkZ gS&fLFkfr dks vius
fu;a=.k esa dj mlds fodkl dks funZsf”kr djukA)
The concept of feedback has been come.
According to this the class has been directored
and controlled by feedback. (bl laizR;; ds vuqlkj
izfriqf’V }kjk d{kk dks fn”kk nh tk ldrh gS ,oa mls fu;af=r fd;k tk
ldrk gSA)
III. Psychological and Sociological Phase(In 40s,
40s and 60s) (euksoSKkfud ,oa lkekt”kkL=h; voLFkk&40]
50 ,oa 60 ds n”kd esa)
In this phase stress was on, how the theories of
psychology and sociology can make the
learning effective and easy.(bl voLFkk esa bl ij cy
fn;k x;kfd dSlseuksfoKku vkSj lekt”kkL= ds](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/originanddevelopmentofict-160827074919/85/Origin-and-development-of-ict-5-320.jpg)
![IV. Computer and Telecommunication
Phase(After 1980 to till date)(daI;wVj ,oa
nwjHkk’kh;laizs’k.kvoLFkk&1980 dsckn):
In this phase ICT has emerged as the
blending up of modern hardware and
software technology to make the
teaching-learning process easy and
effective. (bl voLFkk esa lw- la- r- vk/kqfud
gkMZos;j ,oa lkWQ~os;j rduhdh ds leok; ds :i esa
mHkjk rkfd] f”k{k.k&vf/kxe dks vklku ,oa izHkkoh
cuk;ktkldsA)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/originanddevelopmentofict-160827074919/85/Origin-and-development-of-ict-7-320.jpg)
![For example:
Programmed Learning/Instruction,
System approach, System engineering,
Micro-Teaching, Team-Teaching,
Simulated Teaching, Brain Storming,
Seminars, Group Learning, Internet,
Video-Confrencing, Smart-Classes
etc.(vfHkØfer vf/kxe@vuqns”ku] iz.kkyh mikxe]
iz.kkyh vfHk;a=.k] lw{e&v/;kiu] Vksyh&f”k{k.k]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/originanddevelopmentofict-160827074919/85/Origin-and-development-of-ict-8-320.jpg)
Origin and development of ict
- 1. ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF ICT (lwpuklaizs’k.k rduhdhdkmn~Hko,oa fodkl) It could be said that ICT has been originated by the emergence of very early tools, e.g., paintings on cave walls.(;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd lwpuk laizs’k.k rduhdh dh mRifRRk “kq:vkrh vkStkjksa tSls% xqQk ds nhokjksa ij fp=dkjh(dsfodklls gqvkA) Later by the invention of abacus(3000 B.C.) a calculation tool.(ckn esa ,ckdl (3000 bZ-iw-)]tks fd ,dx.kuk;a= ds vkfo’dkjlsA)
- 2. Then by the invention of calculator and electronic calculator.(fQj x.kuk ;a= vkSj bysDVªksfud x.kuk;a= dsvkfo’dkjlsA) After that the invention of first Analytical Engine in 1837 by Charles Babbage, which is accepted as the first design for a computer.(rc 1837 esa PkkYlZ cScst }kjk fo”ys’kd e”khu( tks fd daI;wVj dk igyk ekU;izk:igS]dsvkfo’dkjlsA) But usually development of ICT starts with the introduction of educational films (1900s) or Sidney Pressey's mechanical teaching machines in the
- 3. 1920s and development of modern computers.(ysfdu okLrfod :i esa lwpuk laizs’k.k rduhdh dk fodkl 1900 ds n”kd esa “kSf{kd fQYeksa vkSj 1920 ds n”kd esa ^flMuh izSlh* ds f”k{k.k e”khu ,oa ckn esa vk/kqfud daI;wVj ds fodkl ds lkFkgqvkA) Origin(mRifRr): From Mathematics and physical science (xf.kr vkSj HkkSfrdfoKku) Development of ICT(lw- la-r- dkfodkl) The development of ICT can be described in following four phases(lwpuk laizs’k.k rduhdh ds fodkl dks pkjvoLFkkvksa esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gS):
- 4. I. Audio-visual Phase(JO;&n`”; voLFkk) It was before 1920. ICT was emerged as use of paintings, charts, models, educational films, episcope, OHP, film strip projectors etc in the field of education. (;g 1920 ds n”kd ds iwoZ FkkA lwpuk laizs’k.k rduhdh dk fodkl fp=dkjh] rkfydk] izfreku] “kSf{kd pyfp=] bihLdksi] f”kjksifj iz{ksid] fQYe iV~Vh iz{ksid vkfn dk f”k{kk es iz;ksx ds :iesa gqvkA) II. Cybernetic Phase(laizs’k.k o fu;a=.k dh izfØ;kvksa ds oSKkfudv/;;u dk dky): This phase was in between 1920-1950. (;g voLFkk 1920&1950 ds chpFkk) The word Cybernetic is derived from the word Kybernatic which means steermanship.
- 5. (Cybernatics “kCn ls vk;k gS] ftldk vFkZ gS&fLFkfr dks vius fu;a=.k esa dj mlds fodkl dks funZsf”kr djukA) The concept of feedback has been come. According to this the class has been directored and controlled by feedback. (bl laizR;; ds vuqlkj izfriqf’V }kjk d{kk dks fn”kk nh tk ldrh gS ,oa mls fu;af=r fd;k tk ldrk gSA) III. Psychological and Sociological Phase(In 40s, 40s and 60s) (euksoSKkfud ,oa lkekt”kkL=h; voLFkk&40] 50 ,oa 60 ds n”kd esa) In this phase stress was on, how the theories of psychology and sociology can make the learning effective and easy.(bl voLFkk esa bl ij cy fn;k x;kfd dSlseuksfoKku vkSj lekt”kkL= ds
- 6. fl)karksa }kjkvf/kxedks lqxe ,oa izHkkohcuk;ktkldrk gSA) Then concept of reinforcement has been come. Different laws of learning based on psychology and sociology has come into practice like: Trial and Error Theory (Thorndike) Classical Conditioning Theory (Ivan Pavlov, John Watson), Operant Conditioning Theory(B.F. Skinner).¿rc izcyu dk
- 7. IV. Computer and Telecommunication Phase(After 1980 to till date)(daI;wVj ,oa nwjHkk’kh;laizs’k.kvoLFkk&1980 dsckn): In this phase ICT has emerged as the blending up of modern hardware and software technology to make the teaching-learning process easy and effective. (bl voLFkk esa lw- la- r- vk/kqfud gkMZos;j ,oa lkWQ~os;j rduhdh ds leok; ds :i esa mHkjk rkfd] f”k{k.k&vf/kxe dks vklku ,oa izHkkoh cuk;ktkldsA)
- 8. For example: Programmed Learning/Instruction, System approach, System engineering, Micro-Teaching, Team-Teaching, Simulated Teaching, Brain Storming, Seminars, Group Learning, Internet, Video-Confrencing, Smart-Classes etc.(vfHkØfer vf/kxe@vuqns”ku] iz.kkyh mikxe] iz.kkyh vfHk;a=.k] lw{e&v/;kiu] Vksyh&f”k{k.k]
- 9. Traditional and Modern ICT ikjaifjd,oavk/kqfudlwpuklaizs’k.k rduhdh