Preparation and Characterization of Aluminium Metal Matrix Composite by using Stir Casting Technique
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1. The document describes the preparation and characterization of an aluminium metal matrix composite reinforced with welding slag using stir casting technique. Composites with 5%, 7%, and 9% weight fractions of welding slag particles were produced. 2. Hardness testing found that the hardness increased with increasing weight fraction of welding slag reinforcement. The unreinforced Al6061 alloy had a hardness of 95 BHN while the composite with 9% welding slag particles achieved a hardness of 96.9 BHN. 3. The study demonstrated that welding slag particles can effectively improve the hardness of an aluminium metal matrix composite when incorporated using stir casting, indicating potential applications where increased strength is required.
![International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 05 Issue: 03 | Mar-2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 62
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ALUMINIUM METAL MATRIX
COMPOSITE BY USING STIR CASTING TECHNIQUE
Rajasekar Thiyagarajan1,*, Vignesh Ganesan2, Milon Selvam Dennison3, Nelson A.J.R4
1PG Scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education,
Coimbatore-641021, INDIA
2-4Assisstant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education,
Coimbatore-641021, INDIA
-------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract: The present examination has been centered on the use of welding slag of electrode E6013 in a valuable way by
scattering it into aluminium alloy Al6061 to produce a composite by stir casting technique. The mechanical property studied is
the hardness of the produced composites. The experimental results showed significant changes in each composition. The
hardness tend to increase when compared to the unreinforced Al6061.
Keywords: Aluminium alloy Al6061, welding electrode E6013, reinforcement, composite
1. Introduction
Metal matrix composites (MMC) are extensively used in numerous manufacturing sectors such as automotive,
aerospace, electronics, marine and medical industries due to their enviable properties like high strength, low weight, high
module, low ductility, high wear resistance, high thermal conductivity and low thermal expansion [1]. Metal matrix composites
(MMC) have been getting universal concentration on account of their greater strength and stiffness in addition to high creep
resistance and high wear resistance compared to their corresponding wrought alloys and are extensively used in
manufacturing sectors [2]. Aluminium, magnesium alloys and titanium are frequently used as metal matrix and aluminium
oxide (Al2O3), silicon carbide (SiC) and boron carbide (B4C) are commonly used as fortification through the production of
MMCs. In modern years, aluminium metal matrix composites have been used in variety of general and special applications
owing to their superior specific strength, high temperature capability, specific stiffness, lower coefficient of thermal
expansion, better wear resistance, enhanced dimensional stability and amenability to conventional metal forming techniques.
The properties of aluminium composites essentially depend on the method adopted to process them. Normally, aluminium
composites are processed through stir-casting owing to their simplicity and cost effectiveness [3-4]. Machinability of
aluminium MMCs has received significant attention because of high tool wear connected with machining [5-13]. Many
researchers and practitioners worked in the field of producing Aluminium Matrix Composites (AMC) due to its vital need to
the manufacturing sectors, few are listed below;
Anilkumar et al. [14] have detailed that the mechanical properties of fly-ash debris fortified aluminium combination
(Al 6061) composites tests handled by stir-casting route. Three arrangements of composites with fly-ash debris molecule sizes
of 4-25, 45-50 and 75-100 μm have been utilized. It has been discovered that the rigidity, compressive quality and hardness of
the aluminium combination (Al 6061) composites diminished with the expansion in molecule size of strengthened fly-ash.
Increment in the weight portions of the fly-ash remains particles expanded a definitive rigidity, compressive quality, hardness
and lessened the malleability of the composite.
Kumar et al. [15] prepared aluminium based (Al 6061) composites through silicon carbide and in addition fly-ash as
fortifications by changing mass division of Al 6061 and fly-ash debris (9, 12, and 15%) and keeping up 9% silicon carbide
consistently. They acquired superb enhancements in mechanical properties, for example, hardness, compression and tensile
through ascent in wt % of fortification.
Behera et al. [16] manufactured LM6 aluminium alloy-oriented composites toughened with diverse weight portions of
particulate silicon carbide using stir-cast method and observed the outcome of toughened percentages on forge ability. They
reported the growth in weight portions of particulate reinforcement in the matrix metal to have enhanced the mechanical
property such as hardness. It also caused poor forge ability.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/irjet-v5i313-180614100109/85/Preparation-and-Characterization-of-Aluminium-Metal-Matrix-Composite-by-using-Stir-Casting-Technique-1-320.jpg)
![International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 05 Issue: 03 | Mar-2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 63
Mahdavi and Akhlaghi [17] prepared Al6061/SiC/Gr hybrid composite having 20% volume of particulate silicon
carbide and in addition 13% volume of uncoated particulate graphite utilizing in-situ process. It has been noticed that the
amplified silicon carbibe particulate size and also graphite substance yielded in upgraded compressibility of powder blends
and also declined hardness of the hybrid composites.
Jayashree et al. [18] looked into the impact of silicon carbide on mechanical and wear behavior of stir-cast aluminium
MMCs. They detailed that mechanical and tribological properties of the composites enhanced with silicon carbide particles and
prescribed the composites for a few applications like aviation, vehicle, space, submerged and transportation.
Admile et al. [19] have endeavored to give a broad writing survey on the general execution of fly-ash debris
strengthened composites manufactured by stir-casting. They have checked on writing in every class as indicated by the key
factors and gave a reasonable diagram of the use of fly-ash as a fortifying specialist in various aluminium combination lattices
alongside its unmistakable execution.
From the literature survey, it becomes clear that the preparations of Al6061 based composites were prepared by
many researchers but still, there remain some research gaps. So in this research work Al6061 is reinforced with welding slag
of various compositions and its mechanical property hardness was investigated.
2. Materials and methods
Aluminium alloy 6061 is widely used in manufacturing industries due to its superior advantages such as strength,
good toughness, good surface finish, excellent corrosion resistance to atmospheric conditions, good corrosion resistance to sea
water, can be anodized, good weld ability and bras ability, good workability, widely availability. The chemical composition of
Al6061 is given in Table 1 and the physical property is given in Table 2.
Table 1: Typical composition of aluminium alloy 6061
Component Composition (wt.%)
Magnesium 0.8-1.2
Silicon 0.4 – 0.8
Iron Max. 0.7
Copper 0.15-0.40
Zinc Max. 0.25
Titanium Max. 0.15
Manganese Max. 0.15
Chromium 0.04-0.35
Aluminium Rest
Table 2: Physical Properties
Property Value
Density 2.7 g/cm3
Melting point 5800C
Modulus of elasticity 70-80GPa
Poisons ratio 0.33](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/irjet-v5i313-180614100109/85/Preparation-and-Characterization-of-Aluminium-Metal-Matrix-Composite-by-using-Stir-Casting-Technique-2-320.jpg)
Preparation and Characterization of Aluminium Metal Matrix Composite by using Stir Casting Technique
- 1. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 05 Issue: 03 | Mar-2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 62 PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ALUMINIUM METAL MATRIX COMPOSITE BY USING STIR CASTING TECHNIQUE Rajasekar Thiyagarajan1,*, Vignesh Ganesan2, Milon Selvam Dennison3, Nelson A.J.R4 1PG Scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore-641021, INDIA 2-4Assisstant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore-641021, INDIA -------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract: The present examination has been centered on the use of welding slag of electrode E6013 in a valuable way by scattering it into aluminium alloy Al6061 to produce a composite by stir casting technique. The mechanical property studied is the hardness of the produced composites. The experimental results showed significant changes in each composition. The hardness tend to increase when compared to the unreinforced Al6061. Keywords: Aluminium alloy Al6061, welding electrode E6013, reinforcement, composite 1. Introduction Metal matrix composites (MMC) are extensively used in numerous manufacturing sectors such as automotive, aerospace, electronics, marine and medical industries due to their enviable properties like high strength, low weight, high module, low ductility, high wear resistance, high thermal conductivity and low thermal expansion [1]. Metal matrix composites (MMC) have been getting universal concentration on account of their greater strength and stiffness in addition to high creep resistance and high wear resistance compared to their corresponding wrought alloys and are extensively used in manufacturing sectors [2]. Aluminium, magnesium alloys and titanium are frequently used as metal matrix and aluminium oxide (Al2O3), silicon carbide (SiC) and boron carbide (B4C) are commonly used as fortification through the production of MMCs. In modern years, aluminium metal matrix composites have been used in variety of general and special applications owing to their superior specific strength, high temperature capability, specific stiffness, lower coefficient of thermal expansion, better wear resistance, enhanced dimensional stability and amenability to conventional metal forming techniques. The properties of aluminium composites essentially depend on the method adopted to process them. Normally, aluminium composites are processed through stir-casting owing to their simplicity and cost effectiveness [3-4]. Machinability of aluminium MMCs has received significant attention because of high tool wear connected with machining [5-13]. Many researchers and practitioners worked in the field of producing Aluminium Matrix Composites (AMC) due to its vital need to the manufacturing sectors, few are listed below; Anilkumar et al. [14] have detailed that the mechanical properties of fly-ash debris fortified aluminium combination (Al 6061) composites tests handled by stir-casting route. Three arrangements of composites with fly-ash debris molecule sizes of 4-25, 45-50 and 75-100 μm have been utilized. It has been discovered that the rigidity, compressive quality and hardness of the aluminium combination (Al 6061) composites diminished with the expansion in molecule size of strengthened fly-ash. Increment in the weight portions of the fly-ash remains particles expanded a definitive rigidity, compressive quality, hardness and lessened the malleability of the composite. Kumar et al. [15] prepared aluminium based (Al 6061) composites through silicon carbide and in addition fly-ash as fortifications by changing mass division of Al 6061 and fly-ash debris (9, 12, and 15%) and keeping up 9% silicon carbide consistently. They acquired superb enhancements in mechanical properties, for example, hardness, compression and tensile through ascent in wt % of fortification. Behera et al. [16] manufactured LM6 aluminium alloy-oriented composites toughened with diverse weight portions of particulate silicon carbide using stir-cast method and observed the outcome of toughened percentages on forge ability. They reported the growth in weight portions of particulate reinforcement in the matrix metal to have enhanced the mechanical property such as hardness. It also caused poor forge ability.
- 2. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 05 Issue: 03 | Mar-2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 63 Mahdavi and Akhlaghi [17] prepared Al6061/SiC/Gr hybrid composite having 20% volume of particulate silicon carbide and in addition 13% volume of uncoated particulate graphite utilizing in-situ process. It has been noticed that the amplified silicon carbibe particulate size and also graphite substance yielded in upgraded compressibility of powder blends and also declined hardness of the hybrid composites. Jayashree et al. [18] looked into the impact of silicon carbide on mechanical and wear behavior of stir-cast aluminium MMCs. They detailed that mechanical and tribological properties of the composites enhanced with silicon carbide particles and prescribed the composites for a few applications like aviation, vehicle, space, submerged and transportation. Admile et al. [19] have endeavored to give a broad writing survey on the general execution of fly-ash debris strengthened composites manufactured by stir-casting. They have checked on writing in every class as indicated by the key factors and gave a reasonable diagram of the use of fly-ash as a fortifying specialist in various aluminium combination lattices alongside its unmistakable execution. From the literature survey, it becomes clear that the preparations of Al6061 based composites were prepared by many researchers but still, there remain some research gaps. So in this research work Al6061 is reinforced with welding slag of various compositions and its mechanical property hardness was investigated. 2. Materials and methods Aluminium alloy 6061 is widely used in manufacturing industries due to its superior advantages such as strength, good toughness, good surface finish, excellent corrosion resistance to atmospheric conditions, good corrosion resistance to sea water, can be anodized, good weld ability and bras ability, good workability, widely availability. The chemical composition of Al6061 is given in Table 1 and the physical property is given in Table 2. Table 1: Typical composition of aluminium alloy 6061 Component Composition (wt.%) Magnesium 0.8-1.2 Silicon 0.4 – 0.8 Iron Max. 0.7 Copper 0.15-0.40 Zinc Max. 0.25 Titanium Max. 0.15 Manganese Max. 0.15 Chromium 0.04-0.35 Aluminium Rest Table 2: Physical Properties Property Value Density 2.7 g/cm3 Melting point 5800C Modulus of elasticity 70-80GPa Poisons ratio 0.33
- 3. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 05 Issue: 03 | Mar-2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 64 3. Processing of Composites: Welding slag powder of electrode E6013 is reinforced with Al6061, are processed by stir casting method. Liquid metallurgy route was used to produce the hybrid composite specimens. The matrix alloy Al6061 was first superheated above its melting temperature and the required quantities of E6013 is weighed accurately and fed into the furnace. Stirring was for carried at 650rpm about 50 seconds until the interface between the particle and the matrix promoted wetting and the particles were uniformly dispersed. The melt was solidified in a cast iron permanent mould to obtain flat plate samples. Thus three different compositions were cast as mentioned above by stir casting method. The stir casting setup used for the study and control panel for controlling the stirrer speed and the temperature is depicted in Figure 1. Figure 1: Aluminium stir casting setup 4. Results and Discussion The cast composites samples were machined to specified dimensions as per test standards and the hardness test was done. 4.1. Brinell Hardness Test Brinell hardness test was employed on the cast samples following the test standard ASTM E10-14. Four samples were tested for each composition and mean value was taken as the brinell hardness text result. The results for hardness test are as follows; Table 3: Brinell hardness number of the AMC Sl. No. Sample Brinell Hardness (500kg load, 10mm ball) 1 Al 6061 95 2 Al 6061 +5% of Welding Slag 95.5 3 Al 6061 +7% of Welding Slag 96.2 4 Al 6061 +9% of Welding Slag 96.9
- 4. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 05 Issue: 03 | Mar-2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 65 Figure 2: Variation of hardness results 5. Conclusion This research work is concluded with the following key points: i. The stir casting method used to prepare the composites could produce a uniform distribution of the reinforcement. ii. The hardness increased with the increase in the weight fraction of reinforcement. iii. Thus the fabricated reinforcement could be used in manufacturing sectors were more strength is required. References 1. Baburaj, E., Sundaram, K.M. and Senthil, P., 2016. Effect of high speed turning operation on surface roughness of hybrid metal matrix (Al-SiC p-fly ash) composite. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 30(1), pp.89-95. 2. Selvam, M.D. and Sivaram, N.M., Optimal Parameter Design by Taguchi Method for Mechanical Properties of Al6061 Hybrid Composite Reinforced With Fly Ash/Graphite/Copper. International Journal of ChemTech Research. 10(13), pp.128-137, 2017. 3. Kala, H., Mer, K.K.S. and Kumar, S., 2014. A Review on Mechanical and Tribological Behaviors of Stir Cast Aluminium Matrix Composites. Procedia Materials Science, 6, pp.1951-1960. 4. Balakumar, S., Selvam, M.D. and Nelson, A.J.R., Wear and Friction Characteristics of Aluminium Matrix Composites Reinforced With Flyash/Cu/Gr Particles. International Journal of ChemTech Research. 11(01), pp.121-133, 2018. 5. Selvam, M.D. and SIVARAM, N., 2017. THE EFFECTIVENESS OF VARIOUS CUTTING FLUIDS ON THE SURFACE ROUGHNESS OF AISI 1045 STEEL DURING TURNING OPERATION USING MINIMUM QUANTITY LUBRICATION SYSTEM. Journal on Future Engineering & Technology, 13(1). 6. Selvam, M.D., Dawood, D.A.S. and Karuppusami, D.G., 2012. Optimization of machining parameters for face milling operation in a vertical CNC milling machine using genetic algorithm. IRACST-Engineering Science and Technology: An International Journal (ESTIJ), 2(4). 95 95.5 96.2 96.9 94 94.5 95 95.5 96 96.5 97 97.5 Al 6061 Al 6061 +5% of Welding Slag Al 6061 +7% of Welding Slag Al 6061 +9% of Welding Slag BrinellHardnessNumber(BHN)
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