Rural engineering process : Development of farms by automation

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AUTOMATED IOT BASED MICRO-IRRIGATION
SYSTEM USING MACHINE LEARNING FOR SMALL
FARMS OF RURAL INDIA : A PILOT STUDY
A
Rural Engineering Project Report
Submitted in partial fullfillment for the requirement of
the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology
in
Mechanical Engineering
by
Shashank Kapoor
Guru Prasad
Harshit Satsangi
Mradul Kumar
Rajat Garg
Rajneesh Kharwar
Shivanshu Sharma
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
Dayalbagh Educational Institute
Dayalbagh, Agra-282005
2018-19

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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Project work reported in this report entitled
‘Automated IOT based Micro-irrigation System using Machine
Learning for Small Farms of Rural India: A Pilot Study’ submitted by
Shashank kapoor, Harshit Satsangi, Rajat Garg, Mradul Kumar,
Shivanshu Sharma, Guru Prasad, Rajneesh Kharwar, in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of
Technology to the Dayalbagh Educational Institute, is a record of the
bonafide work carried out under my supervision. Further to the best of my
knowledge and belief the matter embodied in this report has not been
submitted elsewhere and/or to any other University/Institute for the award of
any degree or diploma.
Dayalbagh
16.04.2019
(Dr. S. K. GAUR)
Supervisor
Professor in the Faculty of Engineering
Dept. of Mechanical Engg.
Dayalbagh Educational Institute

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This is to place on record our appreciation and deep gratitude to the people
without whose support this REP Project would never see the light today. I
wish to express our propound sense of gratitude to Prof. K.Hansraj , Dean,
Faculty of Engineering, D.E.I. for his guidance, encouragement, and for all
facilities to complete this project. I have immense pleasure in expressing
thanks and deep gratitude to my guide Prof. S. K. Gaur, Department of
Mechanical Engineering, D.E.I. for his guidance throughout this project.

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ABSTRACT
Adopting an optimized irrigation system has become a necessity due to
the lack of the world water resource. The system has a soil-moisture
sensor. This project focuses on a smart irrigation system which is cost
effective. Automation allows us to control various appliances
automatically. The objective of this project is to control the water supply
to each plant automatically depending on values of soil moisture sensors.
Mechanism is done such that soil moisture sensor electrodes are inserted
in soil.
Automatic irrigation scheduling consistently has shown to be valuable in
water use efficiency with respect to manual irrigation based on direct soil
water measurements. The aim of the implementation is to demonstrate
that the automatic irrigation can be used to reduce water use. The
implementation is an automated irrigation system that consists of a soil
moisture sensor which senses the soil humidity and automatically waters
the field.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATE........................................................................................................................................... ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT......................................................................................................................... iii
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................................ iv
LIST OF FIGURES....................................................................................................................................1
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................2
1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................................2
2 Proposed System ..................................................................................................................................2
3 Objectives..............................................................................................................................................3
4 Various definitive terms:.....................................................................................................................4
15. Advantages.........................................................................................................................................9
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................10
CHAPTER 3: SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN ............................................................................14
1 SYSTEM DESIGN: ...........................................................................................................................14
3.2 Data Flow Diagram.........................................................................................................................16
CHAPTER 4: SYSTEM COMPONENTS..............................................................................................17
CHAPTER 5: System Development and Performance..........................................................................22
1. SOFTWARE TOOLS.......................................................................................................................22
2 CODE SNIPPETS..............................................................................................................................23
WEATHER DATA:..............................................................................................................................27
CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE ...................................................................31
Project Costing:.....................................................................................................................................32
REFERENCES..........................................................................................................................................33

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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE
NUMBER
DESCRIPTION PAGE NUMBER
1
Evaporation and Transpiration
2
2 Water loss through the process of evotranspiration 3
3 Rasberry pi 3 Model B 12
4 Schematic diagram of a Rasberry pie 3 model B 14
.
5 Soil Moisture Sensor
15
16X2 LCD 15
6
The model for the proposed system 17
7
8 Data Flow Diagram 18

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1 Introduction
In the present era, the farmers in India mostly irrigate their lands manually because of
their more land holdings. This process sometimes consumes more water. Automatic irrigation
scheduling consistently has shown to be valuable in water use efficiency with respect to
manual irrigation based on direct soil water measurements. Irrigation of plants is usually a
very time-consuming activity which has to be done in a reasonable amount of time; it
requires a large amount of human resources. All the steps were executed by humans
traditionally.
Nowadays, some systems use technology to reduce the number of workers and to
reduce the time required to water the plants. With such systems, the control is very limited
and many of the resources are still wasted. Water is one of these resources which is used
excessively. Mass irrigation is the method which is used to water the plant. This method
represents massive losses since the amount of water given exceeds the plants’ needs. The
excess water gets discharged by the holes of the pots, or it percolates through the soil in the
fields. In addition to the excess cost of water, labour is becoming more and more expensive.
2 Proposed System
The proposed irrigation system makes the efficient use of water. Water is fed to the
plant whenever there is need. There already exist irrigation systems which water plants on the
basis of soil humidity, pH value of soil, temperature and light. Wherever these parameters are
required in big agricultural fields their productivity of the crop matters.
This system also presents an smart drip irrigation system to water plants using
devices like raspberry pi, Arduino microcontrollers and also the user gets the status time to
time.

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3 Objectives
The objectives of the project is to design a smart drip irrigation system to water plants with
the use of devices like raspberry pi, Arduino microcontrollers. Python programming language
is used for automation purpose.
This system also contributes an efficient and fairly cheap automation irrigation system.
System once installed has no maintenance cost and is easy to use. Environment parameters
monitoring system based on wireless communication technology has been developed to
control remotely, which realizes the measurement of temperature, rain fall, soil parameters.
Monitoring system based on wireless communication technology has been developed to
control remotely, which realizes the measurement of temperature, rain fall, soil parameters.
(Image source: Wikipedia.cpm/evapotranspiration)
Fig 1.1 Evaporation and Transpiration

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4 Various definitive terms:
Some technical terms and their definitions which have been used in the
course of the work are described below.
4.1 Evaporation, Transpiration and Evapotranspiration:
In a cropped field water can be lost through two processes. Water can be lost from the soil
surface and wet vegetation through a process called evaporation (E), whereby liquid water is
converted into water vapour and removed from the evaporating surface. Energy is required to
change the state of the molecules of water from liquid to vapour. The process is affected by
climatological factors such as solar radiation, air temperature, air humidity and wind speed.
Where the evaporating surface is the soil surface, the degree of shading of the crop canopy
and the amount of water available at the evaporating surface are the other factors that affect
the evaporation process. 2. The second process of water loss is called transpiration (T),
whereby liquid water contained in plant tissues vaporizes into the atmosphere through small
openings in the plant leaf, called stomata. Transpiration, like direct evaporation, depends on
the energy supply, vapour pressure gradient and wind. Hence solar radiation, air temperature,
air humidity and wind terms should be considered when assessing transpiration. The soil
water content and the ability of the soil to conduct water to the roots also determine the
transpiration rate, as do waterlogging and soil salinity. Crop characteristics, environmental
aspects and cultivation practices also have an influence on the transpiration. The combination
of these two separate processes, whereby water is lost on one hand by evaporation from the
soil surface and on the other hand by transpiration from a plant, is called evapotranspiration
(ET). Evaporation and transpiration occur simultaneously and there is no easy way of
distinguishing between the two processes. When the crop is small evaporation is the main
process, but once the crop is fully grown and completely covers the ground transpiration
becomes the dominant process. It has been estimated that at crop sowing 100% of the total
ET comes from evaporation, while at full crop cover evaporation accounts for about 10% of
ET and transpiration for the
remaining 90%.

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Image source: Wikipedia.cpm/evapotranspiration)
Fig 1.2. Water loss through the process of evapo-transpiration
5. Factors affecting crop evapotranspiration:
The main factors affecting evapotranspiration are climatic parameters, crop characteristics,
management practices and environmental aspects. The main climatic factors affecting
evapotranspiration are solar radiation, air temperature, air humidity and wind speed. The crop
type, variety and development stages affect evapotranspiration. Differences in crop resistance
to transpiration, crop height, crop roughness, reflection, canopy cover and crop rooting
characteristics result in different evapotranspiration levels in different types of crops under
identical environmental conditions. Factors such as soil salinity, poor land fertility, limited
use of fertilizers and chemicals, lack of pest and disease control, poor soil management and
limited water availability at the root zone may limit the crop development and reduce
evapotranspiration. Other factors that affect evapotranspiration are groundcover and plant
density. Cultivation practices and the type of irrigation system used can alter the
microclimate, affect the crop characteristics or affect the wetting of the soil and crop surface.
All this affect evapotranspiration.
6. Reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo) :
The evapotranspiration from a reference surface not short of water is called the reference
crop evapotranspiration and is denoted by ETo. The reference surface is a hypothetical grass
reference crop with specific characteristics. The concept of ETo was introduced to study the
evaporative demand of the atmosphere independently of crop type, crop development stage
and management practices. As water is abundant at the evapotranspiring surface, soil factors
do not affect evapotranspiration. Relating evapotranspiration to a specific surface provides a
reference to which evapotranspiration from other surfaces can be related. It removes the need
to define a separate evapotranspiration level for each crop and stage of growth. The only
factors affecting ETo are climatic parameters. As a result, ETo is a climatic parameter and
can be computed from weather data. ETo expresses the evaporative demand of the
atmosphere at a specific location and time of the year and does not consider crop and soil
factors.

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7. Crop evapotranspiration under standard conditions
The crop evapotranspiration under standard conditions, denoted as ETc, is the
evapotranspiration from disease-free, well-fertilized crops, grown in large fields under
optimum soil water conditions and achieving full production under the given climatic
conditions. The values of ETc and CWR (Crop Water Requirements) are identical, whereby
ETc refers to the amount of water lost through evapotranspiration and CWR refers to the
amount of water that is needed to compensate for the loss. ETc can be calculated from
climatic data by directly integrating the effect of crop characteristics into ETo. Using
recognized methods, an estimation of ETo is done. Experimentally determined ratios of ETc/
ETo, called crop coefficients (Kc), are used to relate ETc to ETo as given in the following
equation:
Equation 1:
ETc = ETo x Kc
Where:
ETc = Crop evapotranspiration (mm/day)
ETo = Reference crop evapotranspiration (mm/day)
Kc = Crop coefficient
8. Crop evapotranspiration under non-standard conditions
The crop evapotranspiration under non-standard conditions, ETc adj, is the
evapotranspiration from crops grown under management and environmental conditions that
differ from the standard conditions. When cultivating crops in the field, the real crop
evapotranspiration may be different from ETc due to non-optimal conditions such as
occurrence of pests and diseases, soil salinity, poor soil fertility and waterlogging. ETc adj is
calculated by using a water stress coefficient (Ks) and/or by adjusting Kc for all kinds of
other stresses and environmental constraints on crop evapotranspiration. The calculation
procedures for ETc adj will not be covered in this Module.
9. Crop water and irrigation requirements
Crop water requirements (CWR) encompass the total amount of water used in
evapotranspiration. FAO (1984) defined crop water requirements as ‘the depth of water
needed to meet the water loss through evapotranspiration of a crop, being disease-free,
growing in large fields under non restricting soil conditions, including soil water and fertility,
and achieving full production potential under the given growing environment’. CWR is equal

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to ETc and will be dealt with in Chapter 4. The use of computer programmes for the
estimation of ETcor CWR is explained in Chapter 6. Irrigation requirements (IR) refer to the
water that must be supplied through the irrigation system to ensure that the crop receives its
full crop water requirements. If irrigation is the sole source of water supply for the plant, the
irrigation requirement will always be greater than the crop water requirement to allow for
inefficiencies in the irrigation system. If the crop receives some of its water from other
sources (rainfall, water stored in the ground, underground seepage, etc.), then the irrigation
requirement can be considerably less than the crop water requirement.
10. Irrigation scheduling
Once the crop water and irrigation requirements have been calculated, the next step is the
preparation of field irrigation schedules. Three parameters have to be considered in preparing
an irrigation schedule: The daily crop water requirements. The soil, particularly its total
available moisture or water-holding capacity The effective root zone depth Plant response to
irrigation is influenced by the physical condition, fertility and biological status of the soil.
Soil condition, texture, structure, depth, organic matter, bulk density, salinity, sodicity,
acidity, drainage, topography, fertility and chemical characteristics all affect the extent to
which a plant root system penetrates into and uses available moisture and nutrients in the soil.
Many of these factors influence the water movement in the soil, the waterholding capacity of
the soil, and the ability of the plants to use the water. The irrigation system used should
match all or most of these conditions. The estimated values for available water-holding
capacity and intake are shown as broad ranges in this Module. The values in local soil
databases need to be continuously refined to fit the actual field conditions. In the field, the
actual value may vary from site to site, season to season and even within the season. Within
the season, it varies depending on the type of farm and tillage equipment, number of tillage
operations, residue management, type of crop and water quality.
Soils to be irrigated must also have adequate surface and subsurface drainage, especially in
the case of surface irrigation. Internal drainage within the crop root zone can either be natural
or from an installed subsurface drainage system.
11. Estimating reference crop evapotranspiration
The FAO Penman-Monteith method is now the sole recommended method for calculating
ETo and this method, its derivation and the required meteorological data are presented.
However, because of its practical value, the Pan Evaporation method is still in use in some
parts of Southern Africa and will therefore be briefly presented.

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12. The need for a standardization
ETo calculation method ETo can be calculated from meteorological data. Several empirical
and semi-empirical methods have been developed over the last 50 years to estimate reference
crop evapotranspiration from climatic variables. Some of the methods that have been
developed are the Blaney-Criddle, Radiation, Modified Penman and Pan Evaporation
methods. The different methods catered for users with different data availability and
requiring different levels of accuracy. In all four methods the mean climatic data for a 10-day
or a 30-day period are used. ETo is expressed in mm/day, representing the mean daily value
for the period under consideration. Details of these methods are given in FAO (1984). The
development of more accurate methods of assessing crop water use together with advances in
science and research revealed the weaknesses in the above-mentioned four methodologies.
The performances of the methods were analyzed for different locations and it became evident
that the methods do not behave the same way in different locations around the world.
Deviations from computed to observed values were often found to exceed the values
indicated by researchers. For example, the Modified Penman method was frequently found to
overestimate ETo by up to 20% for low evaporative demands. The other three methods
showed variable adherence to the reference crop evapotranspiration standard of grass. This
revealed the need for formulating a standard and more consistent method for calculating ETo.
In May 1990, FAO organized a consultation of experts, scientists and researchers to review
the methodologies on the calculation of crop water requirements and to advise on the revision
and updating of the procedures. As an outcome of this consultation, the FAO Penman-
Monteith method is now recommended as the sole standard method for the definition and
calculation of the reference crop evapotranspiration. It has been found to be a method with a
strong likelihood of correctly predicting ETo in a wide range of locations and climates. The
method provides values that are more consistent with actual crop water use worldwide. In
addition, the method has provisions for calculating EToin cases where some of the climatic
data are missing. The use of older FAO or other reference evapotranspiration calculation
methods is no longer advisable.

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13. Pan Evaporation method
Despite the FAO Penman-Monteith being the sole recommended method for calculating ETo,
the Pan Evaporation method is still widely used in some parts of East and Southern Africa.
This is mainly because the method is very practical and simple, which appeals to many
farmers and practitioners. For this, a description of the method is given below.
14. Pan evaporation
The evaporation rate from pans filled with water can be easily determined. In the absence of
rainfall, the amount of water evaporated during a given period corresponds to the decrease in
water depth in the pan during the given period. Pans provide a measurement of the combined
effect of radiation, wind, temperature and humidity on an open water surface. The pan
responds in a similar manner to the same climatic factors affecting crop transpiration.
However, several factors produce differences in the loss of water from a water surface and
from a cropped surface. Despite the difference between pan evaporation and reference crop
evapotranspiration, the use of pans to predict ETo for periods of 10 days or longer is still
practiced. The measured evaporation from a pan (Epan) is related to the reference crop
evapotranspiration (ETo) through an empirically derived pan coefficient (Kp) as given in the
following equation from FAO (1998a):
Equation 2
ETo = Kp x Epan
ETo = Reference crop evapotranspiration (mm/day)
Kp = Pan coefficient
Epan = Pan evaporation (mm/day)
15. Advantages
 Moisture within the root zone can be maintained at field capacity.

 Water distribution is highly uniform.

 Labour cost is less than other irrigation methods.

 Fertilization can easily be included with minimal waste of fertilizers.

 Consumption of water as well as electricity is reduced to an significant amount.

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CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
Related Work
After the research in the agricultural field, researchers found that the yield of
agriculture goes on decreasing day by day. Use of technology in the field of agriculture plays
important role in increasing the production as well as in reducing the extra man power
efforts, water requirement and fertilizer requirement.
Bennis, H. Fouchal, O. Zytoune, D. Aboutajdine, [1] represented the Model includes soil
moisture, temperature and pressure sensors to monitor the irrigation operations. Specifically,
we take into account the case where a system malfunction occurs, as when the pipes burst or
the emitters block. Also, we differentiate two main traffic levels for the information
transmitted by the WSAN, and we use an adequate priority-based routing protocol to achieve
high QoS performance. Simulations conducted over the NS-2 simulator show promising
results in terms of delay and Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), mainly for priority traffic.
Joaquín Gutiérrez, Juan Francisco Villa-Medina et al. [2] represented in this paper the
System has a distributed wireless network of soil-moisture & temperature sensors placed in
root zone of plants. Gateway unit handles sensor information, triggers actuators, and
transmits data to a web application. An algorithm was developed with threshold values of
sensors that was programmed into a microcontroller-based gateway to control water quantity.
Sangamesh Malge, Kalyani Bhole, [3] represented in this paper a Small embedded system
device (ESD) which takes care of a whole irrigation process. The PIC18F4550
microcontroller interfaced with GSM module works as a brain and several sensors like
temperature, level and rain works as eyes of this ESD. If and only if eyes of the ESD see all
parameters are within a safe range, the PIC18F4550 starts irrigation process by starting the
irrigation pump. The farmer gets time to time feedback from ESD through SMS about the
action that has taken place by PIC18F4550.
Nikhil Agrawal, Smita Singhal, [4] represented the commands from the user are processed
at raspberry pi using python programming language. Arduino microcontrollers are used to
receive the on/off commands from the rasperry pi using zigbee protocol. Star zigbee topology

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serves as backbone for the communication between raspberry pi and end devices. Raspberry
pi acts a central coordinator and end devices act as various routers.
Pravina B. Chikankar, Deepak Mehetre, Soumitra Das, [5] represented In the research field of
wireless sensor network power efficient time is major issue which can be overcome by using
ZigBee technology. The main idea is to understand how data travels through wireless
medium transmission using WSN and monitoring system. Design of an irrigation system
which is automated by using controllable parameter such as temperature, soil moisture and
air humidity because they are the important factors to be controlled in PA (Precision
Agriculture).
Sneha Angal, [6] represented the paper which presents a home automation system which is
based on Raspberry pi, Arduino microcontrollers, and zigbee and relay boards to water
plants. Raspberry pi acts as the control block in the automatic irrigation system to control the
flow of motor.
The commands from the Arduino are processed at raspberry pi. Zigbee module is used for
communication between the Raspberry pi and Arduino. This paper presents an efficient and
fairly cheap automation irrigation system. By using moisture sensor we will make the
irrigation system smart and automated. System once installed has no maintenance cost and is
easy to use.
Bhagyashree K.Chate , Prof.J.G.Rana , [7] developed a smart irrigation monitoring system using
raspberry pi.Focus area will be parameters such as temperature and soil moisture. This
system will be a substitute to traditional farming method. We will develop such a system that
will help a farmer to know his field status in his home or he may be residing in any part of
the world. It proposes a automatic irrigation system for the agricultural lands. Currently the
automation is one of the important role in the human life.
It not only provides comfort but also reduce energy, efficiency and time saving. Now the
industries are use automation and control machine which is high in cost and not suitable for
using in a farm field. So here it also designs a smart irrigation technology in low cost which
is usable by Indian farmers. Raspberry pi is the main heart of the whole system.
An automated irrigation system was developed to optimize water use for agricultural crops.
Automation allows us to control appliances automatically. The objectives of this paper were
to control the water motor automatically, monitor the plant growth using webcam and we can
also watch live streaming of farm on android mobiles by using wi-fi.

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Suprabha Jadhav1, Shailesh Hambarde, [8] Nowadays, adopting an optimized irrigation system
has become a necessity due to the lack of the world water resource. The system has a
distributed wireless network of soil-moisture and temperature sensors.
This project focuses on a smart irrigation system which is cost effective. As the technology is
growing and changing rapidly, Wireless sensing Network (WSN) helps to upgrade the
technology where automation is playing important role in human life. Automation allows us
to control various appliances automatically.
DC motor based vehicle is designed for irrigation purpose. The objectives of this paper were
to control the water supply to each plant automatically depending on values of temperature
and soil moisture sensors. Mechanism is done such that soil moisture sensor electrodes are
inserted in front of each soil. It also monitors the plant growth using various parameters like
height and width. Android app.
Nikhil Agrawal , Smita Singhal [9] represented in the paper, a design for home automation system
using ready-to-use, cost effective and energy efficient devices including raspberry pi, arduino
microcontrollers, xbee modules and relay boards. Use of these components results in overall
cost effective, scalable and robust implementation of system.
The commands from the user are processed at raspberry pi using python programming
language. Arduino microcontrollers are used to receive the on/off commands from the
rasperry pi using zigbee protocol.Star zigbee topology serves as backbone for
thecommunication between raspberry pi and end devices.Raspberry pi acts a central
coordinator and end devices act as various routers.
Low-cost and energy efficient drip irrigation system serves as a proof of concept. The design
can be used in big agriculture fields as well as in small gardens via just sending an email to
the system to water plants. The use of ultrasound sensors and solenoid valves make a smart
drip irrigation system. The paper explains the complete installation of the system including
hardware and software aspects.
Gajjala Ashok, Gogada Rajasekar,[10] In this paper proposes a design for home automation
system using ready-to-use, cost effective and energy efficient devices including raspberry pi,
arduino microcontrollers, xbee modules and relay boards. Use of these components results in
overall cost effective, scalable and robust implementation of system.

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The sensor data were uploaded in to cloud by raspberry pi using python programming
language. Arduino microcontrollers used to transmit the sensor data to the raspberry pi using
zigbee protocol. Star zigbee topology serves as backbone for the communication between
raspberry pi and end devices. Raspberry pi acts a central coordinator and end devices act as
various routers. Low-cost and energy efficient drip irrigation system serves as a proof of
concept.
The design can be used in big agriculture fields as well as in small gardens and water plants.
The use of ultrasound sensors and solenoid valves make a smart drip irrigation system. The
paper explains the complete installation of the system including hardware and software
aspects.

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CHAPTER 3: SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
1 SYSTEM DESIGN:
In order to achieve the objective to automate a small micro-irrigation system ( small movable
single row 2-sprinkler system) has been used and the framework of the system is conceptualized as
in the Figure 3.1 below :
Fig. 3.1 The System for the design
The webcam is interfaced to Raspberry Pi via Wi-Fi module. Raspberry Pi is the heart of
the system. The Raspberry Pi Model B+ incorporates a number of enhancements and new
features. Improved power consumption, increased connectivity and greater IO are among
the improvements to this powerful, small and lightweight ARM based computer. The
Raspberry Pi cannot directly drive the relay.
The connections and circuitry of the IOT based irrigation system was also developed
during the process. The step by step process of the formation of the project is also depicted
in plates 3.1, 3.2 & 3.3 respectively.

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Plate 3.1. hardware arrangement of Raspberry Pi with Display Unit
Plate 3.2. preparing the hardware for testing

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Plate 3.3. Monitoring voltage transfer while performance
It has only zero volts or 3.3 V. We need 12V to drive electromechanical relay. In
that case we need a driver circuit. The driver circuit take the low-level input and give
the12V amplitude to drive the relay which operates at 12V. We are using here UNL 2003
for driving the relay.
Across the relay there are 3 connection R,Y,B so we are using here 3 relay to
switch on induction motor LAN port is used for internet connectivity. Soil moisture sensor
is connected to Raspberry Pi board through comparator circuit. soil moisture sensor gives
a resistance variation at the output. That single is applied to the comparator and signal
conditioning circuit. The signal conditioning circuit has potentiometer to decide the
moisture level above which the output of comparator goes high. That digital signal is given
to the raspberry pi board. If the soil moisture value is above the moisture level then the 3
phase induction motor will be off, whereas if the moisture level is low motor will be on
through the relay.LDR is used for controlling light automatically, at night light will be ON
automatically so that we can observe our farm at night also using mobile phone.
3.2 Data Flow Diagram
Data flow diagram depicts the working of Raspberry pi using various sensors. The flow of
data with the help of Wi-Fi module and mobile which informs the farmer about the soil
moisture.
Fig.3.2 Data flow diagram

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CHAPTER 4: SYSTEM COMPONENTS
1 System Description
The two major kinds of system requirements are hardware and software requirements.
Hardware consists of Arduino Uno, Raspberry Pi, Water Pump, Jump Wires, Bread Board,
Motor driver, Laptop, and Mobile phone while the software units incapsulates Juice SSH
application, Arduino application, on Python platform for programming Raspberry Pi. The
details of these are given below.
Rasberry pie 3 model B
Fig. 4.1 Rasberry pi 3 Model B
Product
Description
The Raspberry Pi 3 Model B is the third generation Raspberry Pi.
This powerful credit-card sized single board computer can be
used for many applications and supersedes the original
Raspberry Pi Model B+ and Raspberry Pi 2 Model B. Whilst
maintaining the popular board format the Raspberry Pi 3 Model
B brings you a more powerful processer, 10x faster than the first
generation Raspberry Pi. Additionally it adds wireless LAN &
Bluetooth connectivity making it the ideal solution for powerful
designs.
RS Part Number 896-8660
Specifications:
Processor Broadcom BCM2387 chipset.
1.2GHz Quad-Core ARM Cortex-A53
802.11 b/g/n Wireless LAN and Bluetooth 4.1
(Bluetooth Classic and LE)

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GPU Dual Core VideoCore IV® Multimedia Co-Processor.
Provides Open GL
ES 2.0, hardware-accelerated OpenVG, and 1080p30
H.264 high-profile
decode.
Capable of 1Gpixel/s, 1.5Gtexel/s or 24GFLOPs with
texture filtering and
DMA infrastructure
Memory 1GB LPDDR2
Operating Boots from Micro SD card, running a version of the
Linux operating system or
System
Windows 10 IoT
Dimensions 85 x 56 x 17mm
Power Micro USB socket 5V1,
2.5A
Connectors:
Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet socket
Video Output HDMI (rev 1.3 & 1.4
Composite RCA (PAL and NTSC)
Audio Output Audio Output 3.5mm jack, HDMI
USB 4 x USB 2.0 Connector
GPIO Connector 40-pin 2.54 mm (100 mil) expansion header: 2x20
strip
Providing 27 GPIO pins as well as +3.3 V, +5 V and
GND supply lines
Camera Connector 15-pin MIPI Camera Serial Interface (CSI-2)
Display Connector Display Serial Interface (DSI) 15 way flat flex cable
connector with two data
lanes and a clock lane
Memory Card Slot Push/pull Micro SDIO
Key Benefits • Low cost • Consistent board format
• 10x faster processing • Added connectivity
Key Applications
• Low cost PC/tablet/laptop • IoT applications
• Media centre • Robotics

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• Industrial/Home
automation
• Server/cloud
server
• Print server • Security
monitoring
• Web camera • Gaming
Fig. 4.2 Schematic diagram of a Rasberry pie 3 model B

20
2. SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR
Sensors are the device which converts the physical parameter into the electric signal. The
system consists of soil moisture sensor. The output of sensor is analog signal, the signal is
converted into digital signal and then fed to the processor. The moisture sensor is used to
measure the moisture content of the soil. Copper electrodes are used to sense the moisture
content of soil. The conductivity between the electrodes helps to measure the moisture
content level[.
Fig. 4.3 Soil Moisture Sensor
3. LCD DISPLAY
LCD modules are yet commonly used in most embedded projects, the reason being its
cheap price, availability and programmer friendly. Most of us would have come across
these displays in our day to day life, either at PCO’s or calculators. The appearance and
the pinouts have already been visualized above now let us get a bit technical.
16×2 LCD is named so because; it has 16 Columns and 2 Rows. There are a lot of
combinations available like, 8×1, 8×2, 10×2, 16×1, etc. but the most used one is the 16×2
LCD. So, it will have (16×2=32) 32 characters in total and each character will be made of
5×8 Pixel Dots. A Single character with all its Pixels is shown in the below picture.
Fig.4.4 16x2 LCD

21
4. FEATURES
• Operating Voltage is 4.7V to 5.3V
• Current consumption is 1mA without backlight
• Alphanumeric LCD display module, meaning can display alphabets and numbers.
5. POWER OF SUPPLY
One of the most exciting updates/upgrades of the new Model B+ is a fancy new power
supply. The power supply is what takes the micro USB port voltage and creates the 5V
USB, 3.3V, 2.5Vand 1.8V core voltages. The 3.3/2.5/1.8 are for the processor and
Ethernet.

22
CHAPTER 5: SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT AND
PERFORMANCE
This includes the details about technologies used for the implementation of this projectand
control flow of all the modules and sub modules.
1. SOFTWARE TOOLS
Software tools helps in building the project as per the aim. Following are the software tools
used for the project-
1.1. ARDUINO:
The Arduino microcontroller is an easy to use yet powerful single board computer that has
gained considerable traction in the hobby and professional market. The Arduino is open-
source, which means hardware is reasonably priced and development software is free. This
guide is for students in ME 2011, or students anywhere who are confronting the Arduino for
the first time. For advanced Arduino users, prowl the web; there are lots of resources. The
Arduino project was started in Italy to develop low cost hardware for interaction design.
1.2. RASPBERRY PI PLATFORM & PYTHON PROGRAMMING:
Raspberry Pi is a low-cost computing platform. The goal of the Raspberry Pi Foundation is to
make computing available to everyone globally to help them to learn programming. Since its
initial release in 2012, the Raspberry Pi has seen several enhancements in terms of the
amount of RAM, CPU power, peripheral support, and support for networking protocols; yet,
it has managed to hold on to its original US$ 35 price tag .
The latest version, Raspberry Pi 3, was announced in February 2016. It comes with a 1.2GHz
64-bit quad-core ARMv8 CPU, 1GB RAM, built-in wireless/Bluetooth support and much to
program them using a variety of programming tools/environments. In this article, let’s get
started with programming on the Raspberry Pi using one of the most popular languages in the
world, Python.
The Raspberry Pi has been nothing short of a revolution in introducing millions of people
across the world to computing and being one of the drivers behind introducing computer

23
programming to everyone. It has powerful enough hardware to get started with programming
and the US$ 35 price tag is hard to beat.
The makers of Raspberry Pi have also paid special attention to ensuring that barriers to
getting started are minimal. The recommended Linux distribution for Raspberry Pi, Raspbian,
comes bundled with multiple programming languages and IDEs so that you are ready to go
from the time you power on the mini development board.
Python, on the other hand, is one of the most popular languages in the world and has been
around for more than two decades. It is heavily used in academic environments and is a
widely supported platform in modern applications, especially utilities, and desktop and Web
applications. Python is highly recommended as a language that is easy for newcomers to
program. With its easy-to-read syntax, the introduction is gentle and the overall experience
much better for a newbie.
The latest version of the Raspbian OS comes bundled with both Python 3.3 and Python 2.x
tools. Python 3.x is the latest version of the Python language and is recommended by the
Raspberry Pi Foundation too.
2 CODE SNIPPETS
// Include the libraries we need
#include <OneWire.h>
#include <DallasTemperature.h>
#include "DHT.h"
#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
// All define components
#define ONE_WIRE_BUS A1
#define humedad A3
#define temp A2
#define DHTTYPE DHT11
#define minu 60000

24
// Setup libraries variables
OneWire oneWire(ONE_WIRE_BUS);
DHT dht(temp, DHTTYPE);
SoftwareSerial mySerial(13, 10); // RX(DONT CARE) , TX (Pycom Serial Communication)
// DallasTemperature sensors definition
DallasTemperature sensors(&oneWire);
/*
* The setup function. We only start all sensors here
*/
void setup(void)
{
mySerial.begin(9600);
Serial.begin(9600);
sensors.begin();
dht.begin();
}
/*
* Main function, get all the sensor data
*/
void loop(void)
{
sensors.requestTemperatures();
int hume = analogRead(humedad);
int hum = map(hume, 0, 1023, 0, 950);
int humes = -(hum*100)/950;
int h = int(dht.readHumidity());
int t = int(dht.readTemperature());
int hica = int(dht.computeHeatIndex(t, h,false));
int te = int(sensors.getTempCByIndex(0)); // Send the command to get temperatures

25
int hice = int(dht.computeHeatIndex(sensors.getTempCByIndex(0),
((hum*100)/950),false));
// Serial Strings Declaration
String dte;
String dhume;
String dhe;
String dta;
String dhuma;
String dha;
// These conditional forces the serial string to have the format of two digits for each value
if (te < 10)
{
dte=String(0)+String(te);
}
else
{
dte=String(te);
}
if (humes < 10)
{
dhume=String(0)+String(humes);
}
else
{
dhume=String(humes);
}
if (hice < 10)
{
dhe=String(0)+String(hice);

26
}
else
{
dhe=String(hice);
}
if (t < 10)
{
dta=String(0)+String(t);
}
else
{
dta=String(t);
}
if (h < 10)
{
dhuma=String(0)+String(h);
}
else
{
dhuma=String(h);
}
if (hica < 10)
{
dha=String(0)+String(hica);
}
else
{
dha=String(hica);
}
mySerial.print(dte+dhume+dhe+dta+dhuma+dha); // We send sensor data by serial to
pycom
Serial.println(dte+dhume+dhe+dta+dhuma+dha); // This serial string is only for debugging
delay(6*minu); // Update Frecuency Sensor Values, in this case 6 minutes, 120 data by day
}

27
3. OUTPUT
WEATHER DATA:
FRIDAY 15th
FEBRUARY, 2019
TIME TEMPERATURE (⁰C) WIND VELOCITY
(km/h)
HUMIDITY (%)
00:00 16 12 ESE 92
03:00 16 10 ESE 93
06:00 16 10 E 92
09:00 18 9 ESE 82
12:00 23 5 SSW 63
15:00 25 6 NW 60
18:00 22 11 NNW 76
21:00 19 12 NW 85
SATURDAY 16th
FEBRUARY, 2019
(km/h)
HUMIDITY (%)
00:00 16 14 NW 85
03:00 14 12 NW 92
06:00 13 11 NW 90
09:00 16 13 WNW 76
12:00 21 14 NW 52
15:00 23 13 NW 49
18:00 21 13 NNW 65
21:00 18 9 NW 79
SUNDAY 17th
FEBRUARY, 2019
(km/h)
HUMIDITY (%)
00:00 16 10 NW 82
03:00 15 9 WNW 85
06:00 14 11 WNW 83
09:00 16 15 WNW 65
12:00 21 16 NW 42
15:00 23 12 NW 39
18:00 21 7 NW 49
21:00 18 6 NW 56

28
MONDAY 18th
FEBRUARY, 2019
(km/h)
HUMIDITY (%)
00:00 16 6 NNW 62
03:00 15 5 WSW 65
06:00 15 4 NE 67
09:00 19 4 SSE 57
12:00 25 9 SSW 36
15:00 26 11 SSW 32
18:00 24 10 S 36
21:00 20 13 S 35
TUESDAY 19th
FEBRUARY, 2019
(km/h)
HUMIDITY (%)
00:00 19 12 SSW 42
03:00 19 8 W 58
06:00 20 7 WSW 59
09:00 22 5 SSE 55
12:00 26 7 SW 39
15:00 27 7 N 37
18:00 24 9 NNE 46
21:00 21 12 NE 51
WEDNESDAY 20th
FEBRUARY, 2019
(km/h)
HUMIDITY (%)
00:00 19 12 ENE 56
03:00 18 9 ENE 62
06:00 18 8 E 69
09:00 19 12 E 72
12:00 23 14 E 61
15:00 25 15 ENE 54
18:00 22 17 ENE 69
21:00 19 16 ENE 74
THURSDAY 21st
FEBRUARY, 2019
(km/h)
HUMIDITY (%)
00:00 18 14 E 65
03:00 17 11 ESE 65
06:00 18 11 ESE 63
09:00 22 13 ESE 55
12:00 28 12 ESE 41
15:00 30 6 E 40
18:00 27 11 NE 54
21:00 23 11 ESE 68

29
FRIDAY 22nd
FEBRUARY, 2019
(km/h)
HUMIDITY (%)
00:00 21 8 SSW 77
03:00 20 7 NNW 81
06:00 19 14 NNW 82
09:00 21 18 NNW 71
12:00 26 18 NNW 54
15:00 27 16 NW 48
18:00 24 14 NNW 54
21:00 20 14 NNW 56

30
CHAPTER 7: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results of the system are as shown below :
Hardware Part
In this work, we successfully develop a system that can help in an automated irrigation
system by analyzing the moisture level of the ground. The smart irrigation system proves to
be a useful system as it automates and regulates the watering without any manual
intervention. The primary applications for this project are for farmers and gardeners.
Figure 7.1 The model for the proposed system
The moisture sensors and temperature sensor measure the moisture level (water content) and
temperature of the different plants. If the moisture level is found to be below the desired
level, the moisture sensor sends the signal to the Arduino board which triggers the Water
Pump to turn ON and supply the water to respective plant. The system may be further
extended for outdoor utilization.

31
CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
CONCLUSION
 Using this system, one can save manpower, water to improve production and
ultimately increase profit.

 The automated irrigation system is feasible and cost effective for optimizing water
resources for agricultural production.

 The system would provide feedback control system which will monitor and control all
the activities of irrigation system efficiently.
FUTURE WORK
This Smart irrigation proves to be the system automates for irrigation system and regulates
water for irrigation is done without manual Using this system, solenoid valves and relay board
can be controlled remotely which opens the opportunities to control the water flow as well as
the electrical flow.
Irrigation system is automated with depends on sensor Report the pump is operated by the
weather condition by soil, rain and temperature conditions the water pump will work and by
wireless zigbee the data is communicate and the sensor readings are uploaded into cloud
network by Wifi technology.

32
Project Costing:
We need the following items for the fulfillment of our project, convert it into real time application.
S.No. Item Qty Price Total Price
1. Raspberry pie B+ 1 509 600
2. LDR 5 251 1255
3. Male Header Pins 1 strip 102 102
4. Female Header Pins 1 strip 102 102
5. 100X160 mm PCB 1 205 205
6. Wire 2 m 45 90
7. Sink Tube 1m 55 55
8. DHT11 Humidity Sensor 5 150 750
9. Relay 5 179 895
10. Small Pump 5 550 2750
11. Temperature Sensor 5 450 2250
12. Zip tie 1 pack 350 350
13. 9 Volt Battery 5 45 225
14. 9 volt battery connector 2 20 40
15. Bluetooth 1 558 558
Extra i.e tape,soldering iron,glue 200 600
Total 10,827

33
REFERENCES
[1] I. Bennis, H. Fouchal, O. Zytoune, D. Aboutajdine, “Drip Irrigation System using Wireless
Sensor Networks” Proceedings of the Federated Conference on Computer Science.
[2] Joaquín Gutiérrez, Juan Francisco Villa-Medina, Alejandra Nieto-Garibay, and Miguel
Ángel Porta- Gándara, “Automated Irrigation System Using a Wireless Sensor Network and
GPRS Module,” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 63, no. 1, January
2014.
[3] Sangamesh Malge, Kalyani Bhole, “Novel, Low cost Remotely operated smart Irrigation
system" 2015 International Conference on Industrial Instrumentation and Control (ICIC) College
of Engineering Pune, India. May 28-30, 2015
[4] Nikhil Agrawal, Smita Singhal, “Smart Drip Irrigation System using Raspberry pi and
Arduino” International Conference on Computing, Communication and Automation
(ICCCA2015) .
[5] Pravina B. Chikankar, Deepak Mehetre, Soumitra Das, “An Automatic Irrigation System
using ZigBee in Wireless Sensor Network,” 2015 International Conference on Pervasive
Computing (ICPC).
[6] Sneha Angal “Raspberry pi and Arduino Based Automated Irrigation System”
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) Volume 5 Issue 7, July 2016
[7] Bhagyashree K.Chate , Prof.J.G.Rana , “Smart irrigation system using Raspberry pi
“International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), 2016,

34
[8] Suprabha Jadhav1, Shailesh Hambarde,” Android based Automated Irrigation System using
Raspberry Pi”, International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), Volume 5 Issue 6, June
2016
[9] Nikhil Agrawal , Smita Singhal “Smart Drip Irrigation System using Raspberry pi and
Arduino” International Conference on Computing, Communication and Automation
(ICCCA2015)
[10] Gajjala Ashok, Gogada Rajasekar, “ Smart Drip Irrigation System using Raspberry Pi and
Arduino” International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology for Technology,2016

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