![International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID - IJTSRD22919 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2019 Page: 472
2. Background
Seismic analysis is a major tool in earthquake engineering
which is used to understand the response ofbuildingsdueto
seismic excitations in a simpler manner. In the past the
buildings were designed just for gravity loads and seismic
analysis is a recent development. It is a part of structural
analysis and a part of structural design where earthquake is
prevalent.
In 2017[1], Seismic analysis is a subset of structuralanalysis
which involves the calculation of the response of a structure
subjected to earthquake excitation. This is required for
carrying out the structuraldesign, structural assessmentand
retrofitting of the structures in the regions where
earthquakes are prevalent. The influence of diaphragm
openings on the seismic response of multi-storeyed
buildings played a major role in reducing the base shear,
hence attracting lesser seismic forces. An attempt ismade to
try to know the difference between a building with
diaphragm discontinuity and a building without diaphragm
discontinuity.
This present paper makes a humble effort to portrait the
behavior of multi storiedbuildingswithdiaphragmopenings
under earthquake static analysis and response spectrum
analysis using STAAD. Pro. To achieve this objective various
models with varying percentages of diaphragm openings
were analyzed and compared for seismic parameters like
base shear, maximum storey drifts, shear force, Bending
Moment and Axial Force.
In the area of concrete design, American Concrete Institute
Building Code ACI 318-08, addresses the impact of a gap on
slabs in native terms. It restricts gap size in column strips
and limits the allowable most openings size in middle strips.
The interrupted reinforcement by a gap should be placed at
one-half on both sides of the opening. ACI 318-08 doesn't
address the general impact of a gap on the floor. This
reinforcement replacement criterion has no restriction on
the opening size as long because it is among the prescribed
column and middle strips demand.
ASCE 7-05, the Guide to the planning of Diaphragms permits
diaphragms of concreteslabsorconcretestuffedmetaldecks
with span-to-depth ratio of 3:1 in structures thathaven'tany
horizontal plan irregularities to be idealized as rigid,
otherwise, the structural analysis shall expressly embody
thought of the stiffness of the diaphragm while not
explaining however.
In the field of concrete beams with net openings, Nasser et.
al. (1993), Mansur et. al. (1999) and Abdalla and Kennedy
(1988) shed light-weight on howeveragapinrectangular RC
or prestressed beams affects stress distributions and
capability of a concretebeam. Sadly, thetheoryprovided was
mark against accessible experimental results with no proof
that it is extended to incorporate alternative configurations.
Kato et. al. (1991), Taylor et. al. (1992) and Daisuke et. al.
(1959), investigated the planning of RC shear walls withone
gap. Again, the results were solely applicabletothepertinent
cases.
Other studies were conducted within the area of concrete
panels, notably within the area of buckling. Swartz and
Rosebraugh (1974), Aghayere and Macgregor (1971), and
Park and Kim (1992) addressed buckling of concrete plates
beneath combined in-plane and transverse loads. Since
concrete diaphragms is thought-about as concrete plates
with beams as web stiffeners, thisbucklingapproach doesn't
address openings.
Button et. al. (1984) investigated the influence of floor
diaphragm flexibility on 3totallydifferentbuildings,massive
arrange aspect ratio, three-winged (Y-shaped) and separate
towered. Notwithstanding the insight given into however
lateral force distribution differs from rigid to flexible
diaphragms, openings weren't thought-about. Basu (2004),
Jain (1984) and Tao (2008) had analyzed differing kinds of
structures starting from formed, Y-shaped to long and
slender buildings. Although these studies proved to be
contributing to understanding the dynamics of such style of
structures, they didn't address the effects of diaphragm
openings.
Kunnath et. al. (1991) developed a modeling theme for the
inelastic response of floor diaphragms, and Reinhorn et. al.
(1992) and Panahshahi et. al. (1988) verified it, using shake
table testing for single-story RC, 1:6scaled modelstructures,
gap effects weren't incorporated within the model and also
the projected model’s ability to account for in-plane
diaphragm deformations, confirmed the chance of building
collapse, as a results of diaphragmyieldingfor lowrise(one-,
two-, and three-story) rectangular buildings with finish
shear walls and building plan aspect ratio bigger than 3:1.
Nakashima et. al. (1984) analyzed a seven story RC building
exploitation linear and non-linear analysis final that the
inclusion of diaphragm flexibility didn't considerably
amendment the particular amount of the structure and also
the most total base shear. Effects of diaphragm openings
weren't a part of that analysis.
Anderson et. al. (2005) developed analytical models using
commercial computer programs, SAP 2000 and ETABS to
judge the seismic performance of low-rise buildings with
concrete walls and versatile diaphragms. Again, openings
weren't a part of the models devised. Barron and Hueste
(2004) evaluated the impact of diaphragm flexibility on the
structural response of 4 buildings having 2:1 and 3:1 set up
plan ratios and were 3 and 5 stories tall, severally. The
building diaphragms didn't yield and also the buildings in
question didn't have diaphragm openings. Hueste and Bai
(2004) analyzed a model five-story RC frame building
designed for the mid-1980s code needs within the Central
us. Recommending Associate in Nursing addition of
shearwalls and RC columns jackets light-emitting diode to
decrease within the likelihood of exceeding the life safety
(LS) limit state.Unfortunately,retrofittingrecommendations
were specific to the current structure solely and no
diaphragm opening effects were looked into.
Kunnath et al. (1987) developed associate analytical
modeling theme to assess the damageability of RC buildings
experiencing nonresilient behavior underneath earthquake
loads. The results of the response analysis, expressed as
damage indices, did not provide any respect to diaphragm
openings. Jeong andElnashai (2004) projected a three-
dimensional seismic assessment methodology for plan-
irregular buildings. The analysis showed that plan-irregular
structures suffer high levels of earthquake damage
attributable to torsional effects. The analysis additionally
verified that standard damage observation approaches may
well be inaccurate and even unconservative. However, the
assessment did not account for diaphragm openings.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/105seismicresponseanalysisofstructureaperspectiveview-190615052405/85/Seismic-Response-Analysis-of-Structure-A-Perspective-View-2-320.jpg)
![International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID - IJTSRD22919 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2019 Page: 473
Ju & lin (1999) and Moeini (2011) investigated the
distinction between rigid floor and flexible floor analyses of
buildings, using the finite element technique to analyze
buildings with and while not shear walls. A slip formula was
generated to estimate the error in column forces for
buildings with plan regular arrangement of shear walls
beneath the rigid floor assumption. Although 520 models
were generated, none dealt with diaphragm openings. Kim
and White (2004) proposed a linear static methodology
applicable solely to buildings with flexible diaphragms. The
procedure is predicated on the idea that diaphragmstiffness
is tiny compared to the stiffness of the walls, which flexible
diaphragms within a building structure tend to respond
independently of one another. Though the proposed
approach gave insight into the restrictions of current
building codes, it did not deal with diaphragm opening
effects.
Other related analysis addresses the consequence of
presumptuous a rigid floor on lateral force distribution.
Roper and Iding (1984) in brief examined the
appropriateness of presumptuous that floordiaphragmsare
absolutely rigid in their plane. Two models were used, the
primary was for a cruciform-shape building and also the
second was for a rectangular building. Both models showed
discrepancy between rigid and flexible floor diaphragm
lateral force distribution. Specially, once shear walls exhibit
an abrupt amendment in stiffness. Still, effects of openings
on lateral force distribution weren't explored. Tokoro et al.
(2004) replicated an existing instrumented 3 story building
using ETABS and compared the model’s diaphragm drift to
the code allowable drift and judged the structure to be
among the code’s given drift limit; while not consideringany
diaphragm opening effects.
Saffarini and Qudaimat (1992) analytically investigated
thirty-seven buildings,with diaphragmlateraldeflection and
inter-story shears as a comparison criterion between rigid
and flexible diaphragms assumptions. The analysis showed
wide distinction within the diaphragms’ deflections and
shears. The investigation in brief addressed gap effects as a
part of different parameters being studied. it absolutely was
terminated that a gap positivelydecreasedthefloorstiffness,
and thence increased the inadequacy of the rigid floor
assumption. Easterling and Porter (1992) conferred the
results of an experimental analysis program during which
thirty-two full-size composite (steel-deck andconcretefloor
slabs) diaphragms were loaded to failure. The most
important analysis contribution was the event of a higher
style approach for composite floor systemsand stressingthe
importance of misshapen bars reinforcing to boost ductility
and management cracking related toconcretefailure around
headed studs. The recommendations were solely pertinent
to the cantilevered diaphragms tested and no gap effects
were examined.
3. Objectives
The main objectives of this work is as per the following
1. To design the flexible of building.
2. To specify the constraint that usual modes does not
affect the structure of building.
3. To maintain the seismic behavior of framed building
significantly.
4. Conclusions
Many of the studies have shown seismic analysis of the RCC
structures with different irregularities such as mass
irregularity, stiffness and vertical geometry irregularity.
Whenever a structure having different irregularity, it is
necessary to analyze the building in various earthquake
zones. From many past studies it is clear that effect of
earthquake on structure can be minimizebyprovidingshear
wall, base isolation etc.
5. References
[1] Reena Sahu, Ravi Dwivedi, (2017), “Seismic Analysis of
RC Frame with Diaphragm Discontinuity”, IOSR Journal
of Mechanicaland CivilEngineering(IOSR-JMCE)e-ISSN:
2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 14, Issue 4 Ver.
VI (Jul. - Aug. 2017), PP 36-41
[2] Aghayere, A. O. and MacGregor, J. G., (1990). “Analysisof
Concrete Plates Under Combined In-plane and
Transverse Loads,” ACI Struct. J. 87 (5), pp. 539-547.
[3] Abdalla, H. and Kennedy, J. B., (1995). “Design of
Prestressed Concrete Beams with Openings,” J. Struct.
Engrg. ASCE 121 (5), pp. 890-898.
[4] Aktan, A. E. and Nelsonl, G. E., (1988). “Problems in
Predicting Seismic Responses of RC Buildings,” J. Struct.
Engrg. ASCE 114 (9), pp. 2036-2056.
[5] Philips, T. L., Itani, R. Y. and McLean, D. I., (1993).
“Lateral Load Sharing by Diaphragms in Wood-Framed
Building,” J. Struct. Engrg. ASCE 119 (5), pp. 1556-1571.
[6] Park, H. and Kim, E. H., (1999). “RC Flat Plates Under
Combined In-plane and Out-of plane Loads,” J. Struct.
Engrg. ASCE 125 (10), pp. 1136-1142.
[7] Panahshahi, N., Kunnath, S. K., and Reinhorn, A. M.,
(1988) “Modelling of RC Building Structures with
Flexible Floor Diaphragms (IDARC2),” Technical Report
NCEER-880035, State University of NewYork atBuffalo,
Buffalo, NY.
[8] Luttrell, L., (1991). “Steel Deck Institute Diaphragm
Design Manual - 2 Ed.,” FoxRiver Grove, IL.
[9] Degenkolb, H. J., (1959). “Design of Pitched and Curved
Timber Diaphragms,” J. Struct. Engrg.ASCE85(ST1),pp.
65-75.
[10] ACI Committee 442, (1971). “Response of Buildings to
Lateral Forces,” ACI Struct. J. , pp. 81-106.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/105seismicresponseanalysisofstructureaperspectiveview-190615052405/85/Seismic-Response-Analysis-of-Structure-A-Perspective-View-3-320.jpg)
Seismic Response Analysis of Structure A Perspective View
- 1. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) Volume: 3 | Issue: 3 | Mar-Apr 2019 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 - 6470 @ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID - IJTSRD22919 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2019 Page: 471 Seismic Response Analysis of Structure: A Perspective View Khileshwari Verma1, Prof. Pratiksha Malviya2 1PG Scholar, 2Head of Department 1,2Department of Civil Engineering, MITS, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India How to cite this paper: Khileshwari Verma | Prof. Pratiksha Malviya "Seismic Response Analysis of Structure: A Perspective View" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456- 6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3, April 2019, pp.471-473, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.co m/papers/ijtsrd229 19.pdf Copyright © 2019 by author(s) and International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Journal. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/4.0) ABSTRACT From past earthquakes it is proved that many of structure are totallyorpartially damaged due to earthquake. So, itisnecessarytodetermineseismicresponsesof such buildings. There are different techniques of seismic analysis of structure. Time history analysis is one of the important techniques for structural seismic analysis generally the evaluated structural response is nonlinear in nature. For such type of analysis, a representative earthquake time history is required. In this project work seismic analysis of RCC buildings with mass irregularity at different floor level are carried out. Here for analysis different time histories have been used. This paper highlights the effect of mass irregularity on different floor in RCC buildings with time history and analysis is done by using ETABS software. Keywords: Seismic Analysis, Time History Analysis, Base Shear, StoreyShear,Story Displacement 1. INTRODUCTION During an earthquake, failure of structure starts at points of weakness. Generally weakness is due to geometry, mass discontinuity and stiffness of structure. The structures having this discontinuity are termed as Irregular structures. These structures contain a large portion of urban infrastructure. Hence structures fail duringearthquakesdue to vertical irregularity.AccordingtoIS1893:Theirregularity in the building structures may be due to irregular distributions in their mass, strength and stiffness along the height of building. When this type of building are constructed in high intensity zones, the design and analysis of structure becomes complicated. There are two types of irregularities1. Plan Irregularities. 2. Vertical Irregularities. Vertical Irregularities are of five typesa) Stiffness Irregularity — Soft Storey-A soft storey is one in which the lateral stiffness is less than 70 percent of the storeyabove or less than 80 percent of the average lateral stiffness of the three storey’s above. b)StiffnessIrregularity—Extreme Soft Storey-An extreme soft storey is one in which the lateral stiffness is less than 60 percent of that in the storey above or less than 70 percent of the average stiffness of the three storey’s above. ii) Mass Irregularity-Mass irregularity shall be considered to exist where the seismic weight of any storey is more than 200 percent of that of its adjacent storey’s. In case of roofs irregularity need not beconsidered. iii) Vertical Geometric Irregularity- Astructureisconsidered to be Vertical geometric irregular when the horizontal dimension of the lateral force resisting system in any storey is more than 150 percent of that in its adjacent storey. Buildings are designed as per Design based earthquake, but the actual forces acting on the structure is more than the design earthquake. So, in higher seismic zones Ductility based design approach is preferred as ductility of the structure narrows the gap. The primary objective in designing an earthquake resistant structureistoensurethat the building has enough ductility to withstand the earthquake load. Figure 1: Earthquake behavior of building IJTSRD22919
- 2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470 @ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID - IJTSRD22919 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2019 Page: 472 2. Background Seismic analysis is a major tool in earthquake engineering which is used to understand the response ofbuildingsdueto seismic excitations in a simpler manner. In the past the buildings were designed just for gravity loads and seismic analysis is a recent development. It is a part of structural analysis and a part of structural design where earthquake is prevalent. In 2017[1], Seismic analysis is a subset of structuralanalysis which involves the calculation of the response of a structure subjected to earthquake excitation. This is required for carrying out the structuraldesign, structural assessmentand retrofitting of the structures in the regions where earthquakes are prevalent. The influence of diaphragm openings on the seismic response of multi-storeyed buildings played a major role in reducing the base shear, hence attracting lesser seismic forces. An attempt ismade to try to know the difference between a building with diaphragm discontinuity and a building without diaphragm discontinuity. This present paper makes a humble effort to portrait the behavior of multi storiedbuildingswithdiaphragmopenings under earthquake static analysis and response spectrum analysis using STAAD. Pro. To achieve this objective various models with varying percentages of diaphragm openings were analyzed and compared for seismic parameters like base shear, maximum storey drifts, shear force, Bending Moment and Axial Force. In the area of concrete design, American Concrete Institute Building Code ACI 318-08, addresses the impact of a gap on slabs in native terms. It restricts gap size in column strips and limits the allowable most openings size in middle strips. The interrupted reinforcement by a gap should be placed at one-half on both sides of the opening. ACI 318-08 doesn't address the general impact of a gap on the floor. This reinforcement replacement criterion has no restriction on the opening size as long because it is among the prescribed column and middle strips demand. ASCE 7-05, the Guide to the planning of Diaphragms permits diaphragms of concreteslabsorconcretestuffedmetaldecks with span-to-depth ratio of 3:1 in structures thathaven'tany horizontal plan irregularities to be idealized as rigid, otherwise, the structural analysis shall expressly embody thought of the stiffness of the diaphragm while not explaining however. In the field of concrete beams with net openings, Nasser et. al. (1993), Mansur et. al. (1999) and Abdalla and Kennedy (1988) shed light-weight on howeveragapinrectangular RC or prestressed beams affects stress distributions and capability of a concretebeam. Sadly, thetheoryprovided was mark against accessible experimental results with no proof that it is extended to incorporate alternative configurations. Kato et. al. (1991), Taylor et. al. (1992) and Daisuke et. al. (1959), investigated the planning of RC shear walls withone gap. Again, the results were solely applicabletothepertinent cases. Other studies were conducted within the area of concrete panels, notably within the area of buckling. Swartz and Rosebraugh (1974), Aghayere and Macgregor (1971), and Park and Kim (1992) addressed buckling of concrete plates beneath combined in-plane and transverse loads. Since concrete diaphragms is thought-about as concrete plates with beams as web stiffeners, thisbucklingapproach doesn't address openings. Button et. al. (1984) investigated the influence of floor diaphragm flexibility on 3totallydifferentbuildings,massive arrange aspect ratio, three-winged (Y-shaped) and separate towered. Notwithstanding the insight given into however lateral force distribution differs from rigid to flexible diaphragms, openings weren't thought-about. Basu (2004), Jain (1984) and Tao (2008) had analyzed differing kinds of structures starting from formed, Y-shaped to long and slender buildings. Although these studies proved to be contributing to understanding the dynamics of such style of structures, they didn't address the effects of diaphragm openings. Kunnath et. al. (1991) developed a modeling theme for the inelastic response of floor diaphragms, and Reinhorn et. al. (1992) and Panahshahi et. al. (1988) verified it, using shake table testing for single-story RC, 1:6scaled modelstructures, gap effects weren't incorporated within the model and also the projected model’s ability to account for in-plane diaphragm deformations, confirmed the chance of building collapse, as a results of diaphragmyieldingfor lowrise(one-, two-, and three-story) rectangular buildings with finish shear walls and building plan aspect ratio bigger than 3:1. Nakashima et. al. (1984) analyzed a seven story RC building exploitation linear and non-linear analysis final that the inclusion of diaphragm flexibility didn't considerably amendment the particular amount of the structure and also the most total base shear. Effects of diaphragm openings weren't a part of that analysis. Anderson et. al. (2005) developed analytical models using commercial computer programs, SAP 2000 and ETABS to judge the seismic performance of low-rise buildings with concrete walls and versatile diaphragms. Again, openings weren't a part of the models devised. Barron and Hueste (2004) evaluated the impact of diaphragm flexibility on the structural response of 4 buildings having 2:1 and 3:1 set up plan ratios and were 3 and 5 stories tall, severally. The building diaphragms didn't yield and also the buildings in question didn't have diaphragm openings. Hueste and Bai (2004) analyzed a model five-story RC frame building designed for the mid-1980s code needs within the Central us. Recommending Associate in Nursing addition of shearwalls and RC columns jackets light-emitting diode to decrease within the likelihood of exceeding the life safety (LS) limit state.Unfortunately,retrofittingrecommendations were specific to the current structure solely and no diaphragm opening effects were looked into. Kunnath et al. (1987) developed associate analytical modeling theme to assess the damageability of RC buildings experiencing nonresilient behavior underneath earthquake loads. The results of the response analysis, expressed as damage indices, did not provide any respect to diaphragm openings. Jeong andElnashai (2004) projected a three- dimensional seismic assessment methodology for plan- irregular buildings. The analysis showed that plan-irregular structures suffer high levels of earthquake damage attributable to torsional effects. The analysis additionally verified that standard damage observation approaches may well be inaccurate and even unconservative. However, the assessment did not account for diaphragm openings.
- 3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470 @ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID - IJTSRD22919 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2019 Page: 473 Ju & lin (1999) and Moeini (2011) investigated the distinction between rigid floor and flexible floor analyses of buildings, using the finite element technique to analyze buildings with and while not shear walls. A slip formula was generated to estimate the error in column forces for buildings with plan regular arrangement of shear walls beneath the rigid floor assumption. Although 520 models were generated, none dealt with diaphragm openings. Kim and White (2004) proposed a linear static methodology applicable solely to buildings with flexible diaphragms. The procedure is predicated on the idea that diaphragmstiffness is tiny compared to the stiffness of the walls, which flexible diaphragms within a building structure tend to respond independently of one another. Though the proposed approach gave insight into the restrictions of current building codes, it did not deal with diaphragm opening effects. Other related analysis addresses the consequence of presumptuous a rigid floor on lateral force distribution. Roper and Iding (1984) in brief examined the appropriateness of presumptuous that floordiaphragmsare absolutely rigid in their plane. Two models were used, the primary was for a cruciform-shape building and also the second was for a rectangular building. Both models showed discrepancy between rigid and flexible floor diaphragm lateral force distribution. Specially, once shear walls exhibit an abrupt amendment in stiffness. Still, effects of openings on lateral force distribution weren't explored. Tokoro et al. (2004) replicated an existing instrumented 3 story building using ETABS and compared the model’s diaphragm drift to the code allowable drift and judged the structure to be among the code’s given drift limit; while not consideringany diaphragm opening effects. Saffarini and Qudaimat (1992) analytically investigated thirty-seven buildings,with diaphragmlateraldeflection and inter-story shears as a comparison criterion between rigid and flexible diaphragms assumptions. The analysis showed wide distinction within the diaphragms’ deflections and shears. The investigation in brief addressed gap effects as a part of different parameters being studied. it absolutely was terminated that a gap positivelydecreasedthefloorstiffness, and thence increased the inadequacy of the rigid floor assumption. Easterling and Porter (1992) conferred the results of an experimental analysis program during which thirty-two full-size composite (steel-deck andconcretefloor slabs) diaphragms were loaded to failure. The most important analysis contribution was the event of a higher style approach for composite floor systemsand stressingthe importance of misshapen bars reinforcing to boost ductility and management cracking related toconcretefailure around headed studs. The recommendations were solely pertinent to the cantilevered diaphragms tested and no gap effects were examined. 3. Objectives The main objectives of this work is as per the following 1. To design the flexible of building. 2. To specify the constraint that usual modes does not affect the structure of building. 3. To maintain the seismic behavior of framed building significantly. 4. Conclusions Many of the studies have shown seismic analysis of the RCC structures with different irregularities such as mass irregularity, stiffness and vertical geometry irregularity. Whenever a structure having different irregularity, it is necessary to analyze the building in various earthquake zones. From many past studies it is clear that effect of earthquake on structure can be minimizebyprovidingshear wall, base isolation etc. 5. References [1] Reena Sahu, Ravi Dwivedi, (2017), “Seismic Analysis of RC Frame with Diaphragm Discontinuity”, IOSR Journal of Mechanicaland CivilEngineering(IOSR-JMCE)e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 14, Issue 4 Ver. VI (Jul. - Aug. 2017), PP 36-41 [2] Aghayere, A. O. and MacGregor, J. G., (1990). “Analysisof Concrete Plates Under Combined In-plane and Transverse Loads,” ACI Struct. J. 87 (5), pp. 539-547. [3] Abdalla, H. and Kennedy, J. B., (1995). “Design of Prestressed Concrete Beams with Openings,” J. Struct. Engrg. ASCE 121 (5), pp. 890-898. [4] Aktan, A. E. and Nelsonl, G. E., (1988). “Problems in Predicting Seismic Responses of RC Buildings,” J. Struct. Engrg. ASCE 114 (9), pp. 2036-2056. [5] Philips, T. L., Itani, R. Y. and McLean, D. I., (1993). “Lateral Load Sharing by Diaphragms in Wood-Framed Building,” J. Struct. Engrg. ASCE 119 (5), pp. 1556-1571. [6] Park, H. and Kim, E. H., (1999). “RC Flat Plates Under Combined In-plane and Out-of plane Loads,” J. Struct. Engrg. ASCE 125 (10), pp. 1136-1142. [7] Panahshahi, N., Kunnath, S. K., and Reinhorn, A. M., (1988) “Modelling of RC Building Structures with Flexible Floor Diaphragms (IDARC2),” Technical Report NCEER-880035, State University of NewYork atBuffalo, Buffalo, NY. [8] Luttrell, L., (1991). “Steel Deck Institute Diaphragm Design Manual - 2 Ed.,” FoxRiver Grove, IL. [9] Degenkolb, H. J., (1959). “Design of Pitched and Curved Timber Diaphragms,” J. Struct. Engrg.ASCE85(ST1),pp. 65-75. [10] ACI Committee 442, (1971). “Response of Buildings to Lateral Forces,” ACI Struct. J. , pp. 81-106.