Semantic and Communicative translation
- 3. > It attempts to render, as closely as the semantic and syntactic structures of target language allow, the exact contextual meaning of the original. > it is accurate but may not communicate properly. > It is personal and individual. > It emphasizes the "loyalty" to the original text. > It is more complex, more detailed, more awkward, more concentrated
- 4. > It pursues the nuances of meaning. > It follows the process of the author (author - centred). > It is normally inferior to its original, as there is both cognitive and pragmatic loss. > Pursuing author's thoughts process and related to thought. > It tends to overtranslate.
- 5. Overtranslation >It tends to add more words than in the original. > Information that is not in the original or using words in a broader meaning (mistranslation). > It could lead to a misunderstanding between the source language and the target language. > Sometimes we overtranslate because of lack of equivalence.
- 7. > It attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership. > It is related to speech. > Reader-centred. > Easy reading, smoother, more natural, simpler, clearer, more direct, more conventional.
- 8. > Contents more accessible to the reader. > Equivalence effect. > Faithful and freer, effective. > It tends to undertranslate.
- 9. Undertranslation >It tends to use less words than in the original text. >It is briefer and simpler. > It overestimates the knowledge reserve of the target language readers and neglects the comprehensibility of translated works. > It could lead to a lack of necessary information that the source language attempts to convey.