Soil mapping approach in gis
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The document discusses a soil mapping approach utilizing GIS, Landsat satellite imagery, and DEM data to improve soil survey efficiency and accuracy. It highlights the integration of field sampling and remote sensing techniques for classifying soil types and properties while emphasizing the role of digital elevation models in understanding landscape attributes. The research aims to provide a detailed soil survey in hilly terrains, enhancing agricultural productivity analysis and land capability classifications.
Soil mapping approach in gis
- 1. SOIL MAPPING APPROACH IN GIS USING LANDSAT SATELLITE IMAGERY AND DEM DATA
- 2. SOIL MAPPING: Soil map is a map i.e. a geographical representation showing diversity of soil types and/or soil properties (soil pH, textures, organic matter, depths of horizons etc.) in the area of interest. Soil mapping involves locating and identifying the different soils that occur, collecting information about their location, nature, properties and potential use, and recording this information on maps and in supporting documents to show the spatial distribution of every soil.
- 3. SOIL SURVEY: Soil survey, soil mapping, is the process of classifying soil types and other soil properties in a given area and geo-encoding such information. It applies the principles of soil science, and draws heavily from geomorphology, theories of soil formation, physical geography, and analysis of vegetation and land use patterns. Primary data for the soil survey are acquired by field sampling and by remote sensing. Remote sensing principally uses aerial photography, but LiDAR and other digital techniques are steadily gaining in popularity.
- 4. DIGITAL SOIL MAPPING: The creation and the population of a geographically referenced soil database generated at a given resolution by using field and laboratory observation methods coupled with environmental data through quantitative relationships.
- 5. DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL(DEM): A DEM is an electronic model of the Earth’s surface that can be stored and manipulated in a computer. It provides greater functionalities than the qualitative and nominal characterization of topography. A DEM can be manipulated to provide many kinds of data that can assist the soil surveyor in mapping and giving a quantitative description of landforms and of soil variabilities.
- 8. HISTORY: A Study by Hammer et al. (1995) indicated that slope class maps produced from 10 m DEM appear to have great potential use for soil survey and land use planning. Moore et al. (1992) stated that with information on geology and surface deposits a DEM could be used to predict soil types. Bayramin (2001) tested the use of DEM, satellite data, digital geological data to improve mapping efficiency and quality of soil maps and developed a pre model for soil mapping for countries where conventional soil surveys have not been completed yet.
- 9. Mora-Vallejo et al. (2008) applied digital soil mapping in a 13,500 km2 study area in South- eastern Kenya with the main aim to create a reconnaissance soil map to assess clay and soil organic carbon contents in terraced maize fields. Soil spatial variability prediction was based on environmental correlation using the concepts of the soil forming factors equation.
- 10. Thematic mapping has undergone a revolution as the result of advances in geographic information science and remote sensing. For soil mapping archived data is often sufficient and this is available at low cost. Green (1992) stated that integration of Remote Sensing within a GIS database can decrease the cost, reduce the time and increase the detailed information gathered for soil survey. Particularly, the use of Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is important to derive landscape attributes that are utilized in land forms characterization.
- 11. USE OF DEM AND LANDSAT SATELLITE IMAGERY: The main goal of this research was to use digital elevation model (DEM) and Landsat imagery for a detailed soil survey work in a hilly terrain, as an alternative and improved method for mapping soil patterns. A 3D view of the landscape is generated to visualize the soil and landform relationships. The final soil map of this study was intended to analyze agricultural productivity and to prepare the land capability and irrigation suitability classification maps of the studied area.
- 12. The slope classes map from 10 m DEM overlie Landsat images can easily be used for soil survey with extensive ground truth where there are proven close relationships between soils and topography and soils are situated hilly terrain. 3D view with slope classes boundaries overlaid Landsat images and shaded relief map as a colour map, can be used to define physiographic units, to select possible site of soil profile pits and to distinguish distribution of the soils.
- 13. ADVANTAGES: It provides synoptic coverage, in that it covers a vast extent of territory in one block, thereby giving an undistorted view of large natural units, according to a known and homogeneous geometrical pattern. It is possible to observe the transformations affecting soils (erosion, farming systems), and permits timely monitoring and assessement of the modifications in soil boundaries.
- 14. The soil survey efficiency can be increased by using large scaled geological map, high resolution satellite data or black and white aerial photo graphs and others. It further showed that digital terrain analysis plays a strong role in digital soil mapping and provides a high level of topographic detail.
- 15. Depending on the different soil classes, soil survey works become more important spontaneously. The results proved that using RS andGIS technologies and integrating DEM, satellite data and ancillary data are very powerful tool for soil survey and the GIS based softwares are user friendly and can easily be support necessary procedures for soil survey and mapping works.
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