Solving Web Accessibility: Leaving No One Behind

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Solving Web Accessibility:
Leaving No One Behind
David Berman (Presenter)
David Berman
Communications
President
www.davidberman.com
 Type questions in the window during the presentation
 Recording of presentation will be available for replay
 A link to live captioning can be found in the chat window
Lily Bond (Moderator)
3Play Media
lily@3playmedia.com
Tel: (617) 764-5189
www.3playmedia.com
twitter: @3playmedia

3Play Media presents
Solving Web accessibility: leaving no one
behind
by David Berman, RGD, FGDC
January 14, 2015
@davidberma
Ottawa Citizen
January 14, 2015:Ontario
vs Norway in
Web accessibility
shootout

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Expert Speaker
David Berman, R.G.D., FGDC
Topics (available publicly or at your location)
 Perfecting Your Web Strategy 2.0
 Accessible documents, Web, mobile, eLearning, virtual classrooms
 Management of Web Projects + Accessible Documents
 Effective Web Interface Design
Links and books:
http://www.davidberman.com/accessibility#resources
facebook: David Berman
linkedin.com/in/bermandavid
twitter.com/davidberman
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WHY SHOULD WE CARE?
“Everyone deserves the opportunity
to fulfill their potential.”
| David C. Onley, Lieutenant Governor of Ontario
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“Over the next 10 to 15 years,
technology has the capacity
to virtually eliminate barriers
faced by people with
disabilities in the workplace.”
| STEVE BALLMER, MICROSOFT

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5 reasons to care about accessibility
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2015: legal expectations are shifting
Defendants to lawsuits
brought against them
recently:
America Online
Bank of America
BMI
Connecticut Attorney
General
Government of Canada
Netflix
Penn State University
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Leadership: Ontario, Canada
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Leadership: Ontario, Canada
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Leadership: Canada
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July 1, 2011: Ontario leaps ahead
Ontario’s precise Integrated
Accessibility Standards Regulation
191/11 (IASR) kicks in, objectifying the
2005 Accessibility for Ontarians With
Disabilities Act (AODA):
 Information and Communications
Standards
 Employment Standards
 Transportation Standards
 Design of Public Spaces Standards (regulation
413/12)
“making the province accessible for everyone by 2025”
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Jan 1 2014: Ontario deadlines
took hold

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December 5, 2013: Manitoba joins the
herdManitoba’s Bill 26:
The Accessibility for Manitobans
Act:
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July 1, 2014: Norway takes a lead
Norway’s Anti-Discrimination and
Accessibility Act, Section 14
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1876: an American improves learning for the
deaf
patent 174,465
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1938: hearing aid innovation

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1947: Bell Labs + quantum
physics
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1953: $25,000 …“1 person, 1
radio”
Akio
Morita
triggers
the
revolutio
n in
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colorblind = life + death18

colorblind = life + death
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color + shape + how many
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color + shape + how many
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Online accessibility: it’s never been easier
 Our world has never been so
accessible
 By helping build a more accessible
Web, you are part of the largest
liberation in human history
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DIFFICULTIES AND
TECHNOLOGIES:
AVOIDING TRADEOFFS
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Kinds of disabilities and online challenges
EXAMPLES
1. Permanent face blindness since birth
2. Episodic cast, driving, eye drops, tipsy, flu, PTSD,
smoke-filled room, noisy place, pregnant, distance
3. Acquired ageing-related
4. Societal left-handedness
Impairments
 Visual…
 Dexterity (mobility)…
 Hearing…
 Language and speech…
 Cognitive…
 Social…
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Visual difficulties
Conditions:
 Low or constrained vision
 Colorblindness
 Blindness
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Dexterity/mobility difficulties
 Loss of limb
 Risk or loss of feeling or control
 Limited reach, strength, manipulation
 Arms full, hand in a cast, pain
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Hearing difficulties
From slight hearing loss
to complete deafness
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Language and speech difficulties
 Aphasia
 Delayed speech
 Lack of knowledge/skills (e.g. illiteracy)
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Cognitive and learning difficulties
 Dyslexia, dysgraphia, distraction, ADD, ADHD
 Developmental disabilities
 Being a search engine rather than a human!
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Cognitive and learning difficulties: dyslexia
Dyslexia
d
b
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Assistive technologies
In a world that assumes all faculties are
available, swapping and extending senses
is the creative response…
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Instead of reading small… magnify
 Magnifier software (e.g. ZoomText)
 Large print software
 Large print keyboard
 Text size commands
 Pinch-zoom touch interfaces
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Instead of seeing unclearly…
enhance
eSight Corporation’s computerized
glasses reconfigures high-definition

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Instead of mousing… point nose and blink!
NRC’s Nouse scans head
movements and eye blinks
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Instead of swiping and scrolling… move your
eyes
Tobii EyeMobile uses gaze alone with every Windows
app
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Instead of typing… talk
 Voice recognition commands the device
through voice (for example, Dragon
Naturally Speaking, Siri, Google Now)
 …or augment challenged typing by
hearing what you have just typed
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Instead of typing… click, sip, puff, tap
 Alternative keyboards, input
devices
 Software can assist typed input
through anticipation and filtering
 Scalable objects help too
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Instead of reading… feel
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Dynamic braille displays
raise or lower dot patterns
on command … typically 12
to 80 cells.
Braille embossers print
braille.

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Instead of reading… listen
 Screen readers (e.g., JAWS, NVDA,
Window-Eyes, VoiceOver, TalkBack,
Narrator, Thunder)
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Solving Web Accessibility: Leaving No One Behind

“The revolution
will not be televised
…because it’s on the
Internet.”
| ALEXANDER FELSENBERG,
GERMANY
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Affordable accessibility: Jaipur foot and
knee
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Global shift to mobile
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Global shift to small screen and touch
By the end of 2013, more people on Earth owned a
smartphone (22%) than a laptop (20%).
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Mobile has opened up a world of
affordable development for accessibility
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Mobile is reducing the barriers of cost and
convenience by putting many devices in
one
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Mainstream applications are bumping
some of the need for specialized assistive
technologiesDedicated devices are giving way to apps
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The ideal accessible digital world
Usable by everyone
on any user agent (e.g. browser, app, PDF/eBook reader)
on any kind of device
with any kind of connection
in any kind of environment
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1. process orientation
2. strategy
3. technical discovery
4. content outline
5. information architecture design
6. estimating (project planning)
7. graphic design
8. production (programming, testing, maintenance)
9. evaluation
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When to plan for accessible publishing
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Common Standards
“guidelines”, “recommendations”,
“requirements”, “success criteria”, “WCAG”,
“CLF”, “AODA”, “IASR”, “Section 508”,
“W3C”, “PDF/UA”, oh my!
“ It felt like I was being forced
to learn a whole new language
from someone who was
deliberately trying to confuse
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WCAG 2.0 success criteria
W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) publishes
WCAG 2.0 (Web Content Accessibility
Guidelines)
… can inoculate us against future change.
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WCAG 2.0 “conformance levels”
(published 2008, ratified 2010)
NOTHING LEVEL A LEVEL AA LEVEL AAA
Worst   Best
 Without level A: some people will find it impossible
 Without level AA: some people will find it difficult
 Without level AAA: some people will miss full impact
For your site to be Level AA compliant,
you must meet all 25 Level A and 13 Level AA standards.
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WCAG 2.0 as a legal standard trending
globally
Canada govt. CLF 2.0 Part 2 WCAG 1.0 2001
Canada govt. Standard on Web Accessibility WCAG 2.0 AA 2011
Ont. govt.+biz AODA IASR WCAG 2.0 A/AA 2012-
2021
Quebec govt. SGQRI 008 ~WCAG 2.0 2011
Manitoba govt. Website Standards WCAG 1.0 2005
USA, NY govt. Section 508 WCAG 1.0 partial current
USA govt. “new” Section 508 WCAG 2.0 AA 2015
Illinois govt. IITAA ~WCAG 2.0 AA ~2015
Australia govt.+biz IPS/NTS WCAG 2.0 A/AA* 2012-2014
EU govt. Mandate M 376 WCAG 2.0 ???
France govt. RGAA 2.2.1 ~WCAG 2.0 2011
Germany govt. BITV 2 ~WCAG 2.0 2011
New Zealand govt. NZGWS 2.0 WCAG 2.0 2011
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U.S. Government “Section 508”
Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 called for
standards.
Triggered by a Congressional amendment in 1998, Section
508 Electronic and Information Technology Accessibility
Standards, includes “Part 1194.22: Web-based Intranet
and Internet Information and Applications”, which includes
16 standards named (a) through (p), issued December
2000.
Today: a second draft of the “new Section 508” was
released for public comment in 2011. It will replace the
16 standards with WCAG 2.0 … when Congress gets
around to it.
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U.S. Section 508 covered by WCAG
508 WCAG 1 WCAG 2
a 1.1 1.1
b 1.4 1.2
c 2.1 1.4
d 6.1 1.3, 1.4, 2.1
e 1.2 2.1
f 9.1 1.1
g 5.1 1.3
h 5.2 1.3
508 WCAG 1 WCAG 2
i 12.1 2.4
j 11.4 2.3
k * 1.3
l * 2.1, 4.1
m * 2.4
n 5.1-5.4
1.3, 2.1, 3.2,
3.3
o * 2.4
p 7.3 2.2
* in the spirit of WCAG 1.0
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PDF/UA
PDF/UA: the PDF specification specifically for universal access is an
ISO standard (ISO 14289)
Acrobat Pro X’s Accessibility Checker focusses on the WCAG 2.0
rules.
Acrobat Pro XI’s Accessibility Checker focusses more on PDF/UA.
The Matterhorn Protocol: 31 checkpoints (seeking 136 potential
failures… 89 of which are software detectable and 45 requiring human
judgment)
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AODA:
Ontario’s accessibility legislation
Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act (2005)
pertains to both government and private sector
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AODA Accessibility Standard
for Information and Communications
Government of Ontario, Legislative Assembly:
Jan 1 2012: content posted 2012+ to new* internet, intranet sites: AA with 2 exclusions
Jan 1 2016: content posted 2012+ to all internet sites: AA with 2 exclusions
Jan 1 2020: content posted 2012+ to all internet, intranet sites: AA
Designated public sector organizations**, organizations with 50+ employees:
Jan 1 2014: content posted 2012+ AND on new internet sites: A
Jan 1 2021: content posted 2012+ on all internet sites: AA with 2 exclusions
*“new” means a site with a new domain name (including subdomains) or where over 50%
of the content is being changed, rewritten, reorganized, redesigned, or re-managed
**“designated public sector” includes all municipalities, hospitals, boards (e.g. district
school boards), colleges, universities, public transportation organizations, commissions,
authorities, and agencies
There are additional deadlines for educational training resources and materials, that apply
to education/training institutions and libraries.
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Canada’s Standard on Web Accessibility
replaces Part 2 of CLF 2.0
… and co-exists with the new Standard on
Web Usability and upcoming Standard on
Web Interoperability that will entirely
replace CLF 2.0.
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WCAG 2.0 principles
(25 Level A, 13 Level AA, 23 Level AAA)
Principle 1: Perceivable… Information and interface must be
presentable to users in ways they can perceive. (guidelines 1.1-1.4)
Principle 2: Operable… User interface components and navigation
must be operable. (guidelines 2.1-2.4)
Principle 3: Understandable… Information and the operation of
user interface must be understandable (guidelines 3.1-3.3)
Principle 4: Robust… Content must be robust enough to be
interpreted reliably by a wide variety of user agents, including
assistive technologies. (guideline 4.1)

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WCAG 2.0 principles
1 of 4. Perceivable
Principle 1: Perceivable… Information and user
interface components must be presentable to users in
ways they can perceive. (guidelines 1.1-1.4)
1.1 text alternatives
1.2 time-based media
1.3 adaptable
1.4 distinguishable
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“Non-text content”
WCAG2 1.1.1 ≈508(a, e, f)
Provide text equivalents for all non-text content.
Text equivalents alternatively describe the
relevant content and function of all non-text
content (images, type graphics, symbols, image
maps, animations, applets, spacers, sounds,
audio files, video files, frames, form buttons,
associated text labels on form inputs, …)
alt=“symbol
A
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We need a
meaningful, consistent
description of what the
person not
experiencing the
image would miss out
on, not a duplication
of the caption…
 imagine you are
explaining it on the
phone
 include “Photo of”,
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Non-text: meaningful alternative text
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Non-text: when a picture is worth 1,000
words…
<img src=
"AfrApePopulations.jpg
" width="438"
height="323"
border="0" alt="graph
of African Great Ape
Populations" longdesc=
"ape_description.html"
>
…or longdesc=
"ape_description.txt">
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Non-text: static accessible versions
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Non-text: dynamic accessible versions
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Non-text: Microsoft Office
PowerPoint, Excel, Word:
Office 2000/2003/2007: Alt Text tab
Office 2010: Format Picture> Alt Text>
Description field (… not Title field because
only Description will get exported to PDF,
while both Title and Description get exported
to HTML!)
Office 2013: Format Picture> Layout &
Properties> Alt Text> Description field … not
Title field
Gotcha: If the document is in “Compatibility
Mode”, the interface look and labelling will be
like you are in the earlier version of Office!
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Berman Accessibility Ribbon for Word
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Coming January 31!
Beta testers welcome …
email

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Non-text: InDesign
Indesign: Choose the Object menu>
Object Export Options>
Alt Text Source = Custom
(or choose from your choice of
embedded metadata by setting
Alt Text Source to:
“From XMP: Title” or
“From XMP: Description” or
“From XMP: Headline”
…or your choice of Property of
“From Other XMP”
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Non-text: LiveCycle Designer
LiveCycle Designer: Accessibility palette> Custom Screen
Reader Text (or if blank then the Tool tip
text, if blank then Caption, if blank then
Name) … or set Screen Reader
Precedence to your choice
… or dynamically pass alternative text to
an object using LiveCycle Designer’s
scripting language FormCalc, for example:
ImageField1.assist.ToolTip =
$record.imagetext.value
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Non-text: apps
xCode/iOS: a “label” is the equivalent of alt, with
optional “hint”
Android: a “Content Description” is the
equivalent of alt, with optional “hint”
Windows Phone: a “name” is the equivalent of
alt, with optional “ToolTip” or “HelpText”
On mobile, alternative text for controls is best kept
to a word or two, always capitalized.
Hints (or tooltips), used sparingly, describe what
the result of use will be, for example “Adds a
comment.” (Capitalized, ends with a period)
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Non-text: PDF
acrobat Pro: Acrobat X or earlier: TouchUp
Object or TouchUp Reading Order
tool, right-click image, Tag> Alternate
Text
Acrobat XI, use Tools> Accessibility>
Set Alternate Text to process all
images in the document in one
sweep (the document must be
tagged for this to work)
Window> Accessibility> Custom
Screen Reader Text and Screen
Reader Preference …or use
FormCalc to dynamically assign
alternative text
PDF: /Alt in /Figure
/Figure <</Alt (Photo of Doctor Field
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Save time and improve consistency:
store alternative text in Description metadata
Indesign: Object Export Options> Alt Text Source = From XMP (your choice
of Title, Description, Headline or Other)
Use tools (such as Adobe Bridge’s Metadata view or CS/CC apps) to
set the XMP IPTC Core metadata for Description to your desired alt
text in ai, dng, eps, gif, jpg, html, pdf, png, ps, svg, tif, and webp files.
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“Audio-only and video-only” (non-live)
WCAG2 1.2.1 ≈508(b)
Provide descriptive text transcript for non-live audio.
Provide descriptive text transcript or audio
description for all non-live primary video having no
sound.
Transcripts help hearing-challenged and visually-
challenged situations… as well as help SEO.
A
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Provide synchronized captions for
all video, animations, or webinars
that have audio (as primary content).
Synchronized captions describe
spoken words and sounds, in
substitute for hearing.
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“Captions” (non-live, live)
WCAG2 1.2.2, 1.2.4 ≈508(b)A,AA
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… and the rest of WCAG 2.0 …without
tradeoffs!
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Testing, auditing, reporting investment
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Global thinking, starting at home.
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Don’t just do good sites … do good!
Contact us for accessibility
workshops, webinars, audits,
remediation, and certification:
wcag2.com
facebook.com/davidbermanco
mmunications
… or +1-613-728-6777
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Learn more: learning guides,
coaching, on-site courses
“The New Standard on Web Accessibility”
“Accessible PDF by Design”
“Accessible Virtual Classrooms”
“Accessible Distance Learning”
“Perfecting Your Web Branding Strategy 2.0”
Available for $97 each from
davidberman.com/store
Learning guides: davidberman.com/store
Blog: davidberman.com/blog
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Thank you!
facebook.com/davidbermancommunications
linkedin.com/in/bermandavid
Subscribe to our notices:
davidberman.com/subscribe
Evaluation? davidberman.com/evaluation
Upcoming events:
 Perfecting Your Web Strategy course | Ottawa | February 2015
 New Standard On Web Accessibility course | Toronto, Ottawa | April, July 2015
 New Standard On Web Accessibility course/talks | Brussels, Stockholm | April
2015
 New Standard on Web Accessibility course | Vancouver, Victoria | November 2015
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SOURCES/CREDITS: Sources for quotes,
statistics, images available on
request. Some material reproduced
with permission. © 2001-2015 David
Berman. All rights reserved. No
reproduction, in whole or part, without
written permission. Many Images
courtesy of Shutterstock. Full
Intellectual property credits, sources
and available upon request or in the
full event or the full learning guide for
the full-day version of this event.
E&OE

882
Presenters
David Berman
David Berman
Communications
President
Lily Bond
3Play Media
lily@3playmedia.com
+1.617.764.5189 X103
Resources
DIY Resources for Captioning & Transcription
http://info.3playmedia.com/wp-diy.html
Sources of Grants & Funding for Closed Captioning
http://info.3playmedia.com/wp-grants.html
2015 Roadmap to Web Accessibility in Higher Education
http://info.3playmedia.com/wp-web-accessibility.html
Accessibility Laws
http://www.3playmedia.com/how-it-works/white-
papers/#section-accessibility-law
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Solving Web Accessibility: Leaving No One Behind

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