The Ring programming language version 1.7 book - Part 80 of 196
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The document describes the command line options available in the Ring programming language. It provides examples of using options like -tokens to print tokens, -rules to print parsing rules, and -norun to compile without running code. It also lists other options for printing bytecodes, warnings, and performance details.
![Ring Documentation, Release 1.7
test() { main([:one,:two,:three]) }
myclass func test() {
see "Testing User Types!" + nl
return new myclass
}
package mypackage {
public class myclass {
public static void func main(list args) {
see "welcome" + nl
see args
}
}
}
66.4 Using Types inside Code
Also you can use the types inside the code (not only the function prototype)
Example:
load "typehints.ring"
int sum = sum(3,4)
string msg = sayHello("Mahmoud")
see "Sum = " + sum + nl + msg + nl
int func sum(int x,int y) {
return x+y ;
}
string func sayHello(string name) {
return "Hello " + name ;
}
66.5 Rules
• To use the types in the function prototype you must use ‘(‘ and ‘)’ around parameters
• To use the types in the function code, You must set the variable value (Assignment).
The next types are defined by the library
# Low Level Types
char
unsigned
signed
int
short
long
float
66.4. Using Types inside Code 764](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/791pdfsamfayedringdoc1-180722102932/85/The-Ring-programming-language-version-1-7-book-Part-80-of-196-3-320.jpg)
![Ring Documentation, Release 1.7
EndLine
===================================================
67.2 Printing Rules
Command:
ring test.ring -rules -norun
Output:
===================================================
Grammar Rules Used by The Parser
===================================================
Rule : Program --> {Statement}
Line 1
Rule : Statement --> 'Func' Identifier [ParaList]
Line 2
Rule : Factor --> Literal
Rule : Range --> Factor
Rule : Term --> Range
Rule : Arithmetic --> Term
Rule : Factor --> Identifier [ {Mixer} | Assignment | PlusPlus | MinusMinus]
Rule : Range --> Factor
Rule : Term --> Range
Rule : Arithmetic --> Term
Rule : Arithmetic --> Arithmetic + Arithmetic
Rule : BitShift --> Arithmetic
Rule : BitAnd --> BitShift
Rule : BitOrXOR --> BitAnd
Rule : Compare --> BitOrXOR
Rule : EqualOrNot --> Compare
Rule : LogicNot -> EqualOrNot
Rule : Expr --> LogicNot
Rule : Statement --> 'See' Expr
Line 3
Rule : Factor --> Number
Rule : Range --> Factor
Rule : Term --> Range
Rule : Arithmetic --> Term
Rule : BitShift --> Arithmetic
Rule : BitAnd --> BitShift
Rule : BitOrXOR --> BitAnd
Rule : Compare --> BitOrXOR
Rule : EqualOrNot --> Compare
Rule : LogicNot -> EqualOrNot
Rule : Expr --> LogicNot
Rule : Factor --> Number
Rule : Range --> Factor
Rule : Term --> Range
Rule : Arithmetic --> Term
Rule : BitShift --> Arithmetic
67.2. Printing Rules 768](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/791pdfsamfayedringdoc1-180722102932/85/The-Ring-programming-language-version-1-7-book-Part-80-of-196-7-320.jpg)
![Ring Documentation, Release 1.7
Rule : BitAnd --> BitShift
Rule : BitOrXOR --> BitAnd
Rule : Compare --> BitOrXOR
Rule : EqualOrNot --> Compare
Rule : LogicNot -> EqualOrNot
Rule : Expr --> LogicNot
Rule : Statement --> 'For' Identifier '=' Expr to Expr ['step' Expr]
Line 4
Rule : Factor --> Identifier [ {Mixer} | Assignment | PlusPlus | MinusMinus]
Rule : Range --> Factor
Rule : Term --> Range
Rule : Arithmetic --> Term
Rule : Factor --> Identifier [ {Mixer} | Assignment | PlusPlus | MinusMinus]
Rule : Range --> Factor
Rule : Term --> Range
Rule : Arithmetic --> Term
Rule : Arithmetic --> Arithmetic + Arithmetic
Rule : BitShift --> Arithmetic
Rule : BitAnd --> BitShift
Rule : BitOrXOR --> BitAnd
Rule : Compare --> BitOrXOR
Rule : EqualOrNot --> Compare
Rule : LogicNot -> EqualOrNot
Rule : Expr --> LogicNot
Rule : Statement --> 'See' Expr
Line 5
Rule : Next --> 'Next'
Line 6
Rule : Mixer -> '(' [Expr { ',' Expr} ] ')'
Line 8
Rule : Factor --> Identifier [ {Mixer} | Assignment | PlusPlus | MinusMinus]
Rule : Range --> Factor
Rule : Term --> Range
Rule : Arithmetic --> Term
Rule : BitShift --> Arithmetic
Rule : BitAnd --> BitShift
Rule : BitOrXOR --> BitAnd
Rule : Compare --> BitOrXOR
Rule : EqualOrNot --> Compare
Rule : LogicNot -> EqualOrNot
Rule : Expr --> LogicNot
Rule : Statement --> Expr
Rule : Statement --> 'Func' Identifier [ParaList]
Line 9
Rule : Factor --> Literal
Rule : Range --> Factor
Rule : Term --> Range
Rule : Arithmetic --> Term
Rule : Factor --> Identifier [ {Mixer} | Assignment | PlusPlus | MinusMinus]
Rule : Range --> Factor
Rule : Term --> Range
Rule : Arithmetic --> Term
Rule : Arithmetic --> Arithmetic + Arithmetic
67.2. Printing Rules 769](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/791pdfsamfayedringdoc1-180722102932/85/The-Ring-programming-language-version-1-7-book-Part-80-of-196-8-320.jpg)
![Ring Documentation, Release 1.7
Rule : BitShift --> Arithmetic
Rule : BitAnd --> BitShift
Rule : BitOrXOR --> BitAnd
Rule : Compare --> BitOrXOR
Rule : EqualOrNot --> Compare
Rule : LogicNot -> EqualOrNot
Rule : Expr --> LogicNot
Rule : Statement --> 'See' Expr
Line 10
Rule : Factor --> New Identifier {'.' Identifier }
Rule : Mixer --> '{' {Statement} BraceEnd
Rule : Factor --> Number
Rule : Range --> Factor
Rule : Term --> Range
Rule : Arithmetic --> Term
Rule : BitShift --> Arithmetic
Rule : BitAnd --> BitShift
Rule : BitOrXOR --> BitAnd
Rule : Compare --> BitOrXOR
Rule : EqualOrNot --> Compare
Rule : LogicNot -> EqualOrNot
Rule : Expr --> LogicNot
Rule : Assignment -> '=' Expr
Rule : Factor --> Identifier [ {Mixer} | Assignment | PlusPlus | MinusMinus]
Rule : Range --> Factor
Rule : Term --> Range
Rule : Arithmetic --> Term
Rule : BitShift --> Arithmetic
Rule : BitAnd --> BitShift
Rule : BitOrXOR --> BitAnd
Rule : Compare --> BitOrXOR
Rule : EqualOrNot --> Compare
Rule : LogicNot -> EqualOrNot
Rule : Expr --> LogicNot
Rule : Statement --> Expr
Rule : Factor --> Number
Rule : Range --> Factor
Rule : Term --> Range
Rule : Arithmetic --> Term
Rule : BitShift --> Arithmetic
Rule : BitAnd --> BitShift
Rule : BitOrXOR --> BitAnd
Rule : Compare --> BitOrXOR
Rule : EqualOrNot --> Compare
Rule : LogicNot -> EqualOrNot
Rule : Expr --> LogicNot
Rule : Assignment -> '=' Expr
Rule : Factor --> Identifier [ {Mixer} | Assignment | PlusPlus | MinusMinus]
Rule : Range --> Factor
Rule : Term --> Range
Rule : Arithmetic --> Term
Rule : BitShift --> Arithmetic
Rule : BitAnd --> BitShift
Rule : BitOrXOR --> BitAnd
Rule : Compare --> BitOrXOR
Rule : EqualOrNot --> Compare
Rule : LogicNot -> EqualOrNot
67.2. Printing Rules 770](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/791pdfsamfayedringdoc1-180722102932/85/The-Ring-programming-language-version-1-7-book-Part-80-of-196-9-320.jpg)
![Ring Documentation, Release 1.7
Rule : Expr --> LogicNot
Rule : Statement --> Expr
Rule : Factor --> Number
Rule : Range --> Factor
Rule : Term --> Range
Rule : Arithmetic --> Term
Rule : BitShift --> Arithmetic
Rule : BitAnd --> BitShift
Rule : BitOrXOR --> BitAnd
Rule : Compare --> BitOrXOR
Rule : EqualOrNot --> Compare
Rule : LogicNot -> EqualOrNot
Rule : Expr --> LogicNot
Rule : Assignment -> '=' Expr
Rule : Factor --> Identifier [ {Mixer} | Assignment | PlusPlus | MinusMinus]
Rule : Range --> Factor
Rule : Term --> Range
Rule : Arithmetic --> Term
Rule : BitShift --> Arithmetic
Rule : BitAnd --> BitShift
Rule : BitOrXOR --> BitAnd
Rule : Compare --> BitOrXOR
Rule : EqualOrNot --> Compare
Rule : LogicNot -> EqualOrNot
Rule : Expr --> LogicNot
Rule : Statement --> Expr
Rule : BraceEnd --> '}'
Rule : Range --> Factor
Rule : Term --> Range
Rule : Arithmetic --> Term
Rule : BitShift --> Arithmetic
Rule : BitAnd --> BitShift
Rule : BitOrXOR --> BitAnd
Rule : Compare --> BitOrXOR
Rule : EqualOrNot --> Compare
Rule : LogicNot -> EqualOrNot
Rule : Expr --> LogicNot
Rule : Assignment -> '=' Expr
Rule : Factor --> Identifier [ {Mixer} | Assignment | PlusPlus | MinusMinus]
Rule : Range --> Factor
Rule : Term --> Range
Rule : Arithmetic --> Term
Rule : BitShift --> Arithmetic
Rule : BitAnd --> BitShift
Rule : BitOrXOR --> BitAnd
Rule : Compare --> BitOrXOR
Rule : EqualOrNot --> Compare
Rule : LogicNot -> EqualOrNot
Rule : Expr --> LogicNot
Rule : Statement --> Expr
Line 11
Rule : Factor --> Identifier [ {Mixer} | Assignment | PlusPlus | MinusMinus]
Rule : Range --> Factor
Rule : Term --> Range
Rule : Arithmetic --> Term
Rule : BitShift --> Arithmetic
Rule : BitAnd --> BitShift
67.2. Printing Rules 771](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/791pdfsamfayedringdoc1-180722102932/85/The-Ring-programming-language-version-1-7-book-Part-80-of-196-10-320.jpg)
The Ring programming language version 1.7 book - Part 80 of 196
- 1. Ring Documentation, Release 1.7 65.16 Using ‘endpackage’/’endclass’/’endfunc’ keywords after Pack- ages/Classes/Functions Example: import mypackage new myclass { myfunc() } package mypackage class myclass func myfunc see "welcome" + nl endfunc endclass endpackage 65.16. Using ‘endpackage’/’endclass’/’endfunc’ keywords after Packages/Classes/Functions 762
- 2. CHAPTER SIXTYSIX INTRODUCTION TO THE TYPE HINTS LIBRARY In this chapter we will learn about the Type Hints Library 66.1 Why Type Hints? Using this library we can add the type information to the source code which will be very useful for tools like • Code Editors • Static-Analysis Note: Ring is a dynamic language, No type checking will be done by the compiler. 66.2 Example The next example will use the Type Hints library load "typehints.ring" see sum(3,4) + nl ; see sayHello("Mahmoud"); int func sum(int x,int y) { return x+y ; } string func sayHello(string name) { return "Hello " + name ; } 66.3 User Types The Type Hints library is very powerful and will support user types (Classes) automatically Example: load "typehints.ring" import mypackage 763
- 3. Ring Documentation, Release 1.7 test() { main([:one,:two,:three]) } myclass func test() { see "Testing User Types!" + nl return new myclass } package mypackage { public class myclass { public static void func main(list args) { see "welcome" + nl see args } } } 66.4 Using Types inside Code Also you can use the types inside the code (not only the function prototype) Example: load "typehints.ring" int sum = sum(3,4) string msg = sayHello("Mahmoud") see "Sum = " + sum + nl + msg + nl int func sum(int x,int y) { return x+y ; } string func sayHello(string name) { return "Hello " + name ; } 66.5 Rules • To use the types in the function prototype you must use ‘(‘ and ‘)’ around parameters • To use the types in the function code, You must set the variable value (Assignment). The next types are defined by the library # Low Level Types char unsigned signed int short long float 66.4. Using Types inside Code 764
- 4. Ring Documentation, Release 1.7 double void # High Level Types string list number object # Other public static abstract protected override 66.5. Rules 765
- 5. CHAPTER SIXTYSEVEN COMMAND LINE OPTIONS The ring language takes source code file (.ring) or the object file (.ringo) as input to execute, also the language provide other options like Option Description -tokens Print a list of tokens in the source code file -rules Print grammar rules applied on the tokens -ic Print the intermediate byte code (before execution) -icfinal Print the final byte code (after execution) -cgi Print http response header before error messages -norun Don’t run the program after compiling -ins Print instruction operation code before execution -performance Print clock before and after program execution -go Generate Object File -w Display Warnings 67.1 Printing Tokens Example: Func Main See "Hello World" + nl for x = 1 to 10 see x + nl next test() func test see "welcome" + nl o1 = new point { x=10 y=20 z=30 } see o1 class point x y z Command: ring test.ring -tokens -norun Output: =================================================== Tokens - Generated by the Scanner =================================================== 766
- 6. Ring Documentation, Release 1.7 Keyword : FUNC Identifier : main EndLine Keyword : SEE Literal : Hello World Operator : + Identifier : nl EndLine Keyword : FOR Identifier : x Operator : = Number : 1 Keyword : TO Number : 10 EndLine Keyword : SEE Identifier : x Operator : + Identifier : nl EndLine Keyword : NEXT EndLine Identifier : test Operator : ( Operator : ) EndLine Keyword : FUNC Identifier : test EndLine Keyword : SEE Literal : welcome Operator : + Identifier : nl EndLine Identifier : o1 Operator : = Keyword : NEW Identifier : point Operator : { Identifier : x Operator : = Number : 10 Identifier : y Operator : = Number : 20 Identifier : z Operator : = Number : 30 Operator : } EndLine Keyword : SEE Identifier : o1 EndLine Keyword : CLASS Identifier : point Identifier : x Identifier : y Identifier : z 67.1. Printing Tokens 767
- 7. Ring Documentation, Release 1.7 EndLine =================================================== 67.2 Printing Rules Command: ring test.ring -rules -norun Output: =================================================== Grammar Rules Used by The Parser =================================================== Rule : Program --> {Statement} Line 1 Rule : Statement --> 'Func' Identifier [ParaList] Line 2 Rule : Factor --> Literal Rule : Range --> Factor Rule : Term --> Range Rule : Arithmetic --> Term Rule : Factor --> Identifier [ {Mixer} | Assignment | PlusPlus | MinusMinus] Rule : Range --> Factor Rule : Term --> Range Rule : Arithmetic --> Term Rule : Arithmetic --> Arithmetic + Arithmetic Rule : BitShift --> Arithmetic Rule : BitAnd --> BitShift Rule : BitOrXOR --> BitAnd Rule : Compare --> BitOrXOR Rule : EqualOrNot --> Compare Rule : LogicNot -> EqualOrNot Rule : Expr --> LogicNot Rule : Statement --> 'See' Expr Line 3 Rule : Factor --> Number Rule : Range --> Factor Rule : Term --> Range Rule : Arithmetic --> Term Rule : BitShift --> Arithmetic Rule : BitAnd --> BitShift Rule : BitOrXOR --> BitAnd Rule : Compare --> BitOrXOR Rule : EqualOrNot --> Compare Rule : LogicNot -> EqualOrNot Rule : Expr --> LogicNot Rule : Factor --> Number Rule : Range --> Factor Rule : Term --> Range Rule : Arithmetic --> Term Rule : BitShift --> Arithmetic 67.2. Printing Rules 768
- 8. Ring Documentation, Release 1.7 Rule : BitAnd --> BitShift Rule : BitOrXOR --> BitAnd Rule : Compare --> BitOrXOR Rule : EqualOrNot --> Compare Rule : LogicNot -> EqualOrNot Rule : Expr --> LogicNot Rule : Statement --> 'For' Identifier '=' Expr to Expr ['step' Expr] Line 4 Rule : Factor --> Identifier [ {Mixer} | Assignment | PlusPlus | MinusMinus] Rule : Range --> Factor Rule : Term --> Range Rule : Arithmetic --> Term Rule : Factor --> Identifier [ {Mixer} | Assignment | PlusPlus | MinusMinus] Rule : Range --> Factor Rule : Term --> Range Rule : Arithmetic --> Term Rule : Arithmetic --> Arithmetic + Arithmetic Rule : BitShift --> Arithmetic Rule : BitAnd --> BitShift Rule : BitOrXOR --> BitAnd Rule : Compare --> BitOrXOR Rule : EqualOrNot --> Compare Rule : LogicNot -> EqualOrNot Rule : Expr --> LogicNot Rule : Statement --> 'See' Expr Line 5 Rule : Next --> 'Next' Line 6 Rule : Mixer -> '(' [Expr { ',' Expr} ] ')' Line 8 Rule : Factor --> Identifier [ {Mixer} | Assignment | PlusPlus | MinusMinus] Rule : Range --> Factor Rule : Term --> Range Rule : Arithmetic --> Term Rule : BitShift --> Arithmetic Rule : BitAnd --> BitShift Rule : BitOrXOR --> BitAnd Rule : Compare --> BitOrXOR Rule : EqualOrNot --> Compare Rule : LogicNot -> EqualOrNot Rule : Expr --> LogicNot Rule : Statement --> Expr Rule : Statement --> 'Func' Identifier [ParaList] Line 9 Rule : Factor --> Literal Rule : Range --> Factor Rule : Term --> Range Rule : Arithmetic --> Term Rule : Factor --> Identifier [ {Mixer} | Assignment | PlusPlus | MinusMinus] Rule : Range --> Factor Rule : Term --> Range Rule : Arithmetic --> Term Rule : Arithmetic --> Arithmetic + Arithmetic 67.2. Printing Rules 769
- 9. Ring Documentation, Release 1.7 Rule : BitShift --> Arithmetic Rule : BitAnd --> BitShift Rule : BitOrXOR --> BitAnd Rule : Compare --> BitOrXOR Rule : EqualOrNot --> Compare Rule : LogicNot -> EqualOrNot Rule : Expr --> LogicNot Rule : Statement --> 'See' Expr Line 10 Rule : Factor --> New Identifier {'.' Identifier } Rule : Mixer --> '{' {Statement} BraceEnd Rule : Factor --> Number Rule : Range --> Factor Rule : Term --> Range Rule : Arithmetic --> Term Rule : BitShift --> Arithmetic Rule : BitAnd --> BitShift Rule : BitOrXOR --> BitAnd Rule : Compare --> BitOrXOR Rule : EqualOrNot --> Compare Rule : LogicNot -> EqualOrNot Rule : Expr --> LogicNot Rule : Assignment -> '=' Expr Rule : Factor --> Identifier [ {Mixer} | Assignment | PlusPlus | MinusMinus] Rule : Range --> Factor Rule : Term --> Range Rule : Arithmetic --> Term Rule : BitShift --> Arithmetic Rule : BitAnd --> BitShift Rule : BitOrXOR --> BitAnd Rule : Compare --> BitOrXOR Rule : EqualOrNot --> Compare Rule : LogicNot -> EqualOrNot Rule : Expr --> LogicNot Rule : Statement --> Expr Rule : Factor --> Number Rule : Range --> Factor Rule : Term --> Range Rule : Arithmetic --> Term Rule : BitShift --> Arithmetic Rule : BitAnd --> BitShift Rule : BitOrXOR --> BitAnd Rule : Compare --> BitOrXOR Rule : EqualOrNot --> Compare Rule : LogicNot -> EqualOrNot Rule : Expr --> LogicNot Rule : Assignment -> '=' Expr Rule : Factor --> Identifier [ {Mixer} | Assignment | PlusPlus | MinusMinus] Rule : Range --> Factor Rule : Term --> Range Rule : Arithmetic --> Term Rule : BitShift --> Arithmetic Rule : BitAnd --> BitShift Rule : BitOrXOR --> BitAnd Rule : Compare --> BitOrXOR Rule : EqualOrNot --> Compare Rule : LogicNot -> EqualOrNot 67.2. Printing Rules 770
- 10. Ring Documentation, Release 1.7 Rule : Expr --> LogicNot Rule : Statement --> Expr Rule : Factor --> Number Rule : Range --> Factor Rule : Term --> Range Rule : Arithmetic --> Term Rule : BitShift --> Arithmetic Rule : BitAnd --> BitShift Rule : BitOrXOR --> BitAnd Rule : Compare --> BitOrXOR Rule : EqualOrNot --> Compare Rule : LogicNot -> EqualOrNot Rule : Expr --> LogicNot Rule : Assignment -> '=' Expr Rule : Factor --> Identifier [ {Mixer} | Assignment | PlusPlus | MinusMinus] Rule : Range --> Factor Rule : Term --> Range Rule : Arithmetic --> Term Rule : BitShift --> Arithmetic Rule : BitAnd --> BitShift Rule : BitOrXOR --> BitAnd Rule : Compare --> BitOrXOR Rule : EqualOrNot --> Compare Rule : LogicNot -> EqualOrNot Rule : Expr --> LogicNot Rule : Statement --> Expr Rule : BraceEnd --> '}' Rule : Range --> Factor Rule : Term --> Range Rule : Arithmetic --> Term Rule : BitShift --> Arithmetic Rule : BitAnd --> BitShift Rule : BitOrXOR --> BitAnd Rule : Compare --> BitOrXOR Rule : EqualOrNot --> Compare Rule : LogicNot -> EqualOrNot Rule : Expr --> LogicNot Rule : Assignment -> '=' Expr Rule : Factor --> Identifier [ {Mixer} | Assignment | PlusPlus | MinusMinus] Rule : Range --> Factor Rule : Term --> Range Rule : Arithmetic --> Term Rule : BitShift --> Arithmetic Rule : BitAnd --> BitShift Rule : BitOrXOR --> BitAnd Rule : Compare --> BitOrXOR Rule : EqualOrNot --> Compare Rule : LogicNot -> EqualOrNot Rule : Expr --> LogicNot Rule : Statement --> Expr Line 11 Rule : Factor --> Identifier [ {Mixer} | Assignment | PlusPlus | MinusMinus] Rule : Range --> Factor Rule : Term --> Range Rule : Arithmetic --> Term Rule : BitShift --> Arithmetic Rule : BitAnd --> BitShift 67.2. Printing Rules 771