13. Architecture of Internet of Things (IoT)
Architecture of IoT
The architecture of IoT is divided into 4 different layers i.e.
1. Sensing Layer,
The sensing layer is the first layer of the Internet of Things architecture and is
responsible for collecting data from different sources.
2. Network Layer,
It is responsible for providing communication and connectivity between devices in the
IoT system
3.Data processing Layer,
software and hardware components that are responsible for collecting, analyzing, and
interpreting data from IoT devices.
4.Application Layer.
is the topmost layer that interacts directly with the end-user. It is responsible for
providing user-friendly interfaces and functionalities that enable users to access and
control IoT devices.
15. The IoT World Forum (IoTWF) Standardized Architecture
IoTWF architecture
consists of seven layers,
each layer specifying a
different purpose. These
recommendations were
developed in 2014 by a
consortium of large
corporations, including
Cisco and IBM
Machine and
equipment
Transportation system
Cloud gateway
Protocol conversion
routing and decision making
Data storage warehouse
Prepare data for a
verity of application
Real action
happen here
This layer connects technology to real world
16. Communication Models in IoT (Internet of Things )
It is important and useful to understand how various IoT devices communicate with
each other.
Communication models used in IoT have great value.
The IoTs allow people and things to be connected any time, any space, with anything
and anyone, using any network and any service.
Types of Communication Model :
1. Request & Response Model
2. Publisher-Subscriber Model
3. Push-Pull Model
4. Exclusive Pair
18. This model follows a client-server architecture.
The client, when required, requests the information from the server. This request is
usually in the encoded format.
This model is stateless since the data between the requests is not retained and each
request is independently handled.
The server Categories the request, and fetches the data from the database and its
resource representation. This data is converted to response and is transferred in an
encoded format to the client. The client, in turn, receives the response.
On the other hand — In Request-Response communication model client sends a request
to the server and the server responds to the request. When the server receives the request
it decides how to respond, fetches the data retrieves resources, and prepares the response,
and sends it to the client.
20. This model comprises three entities: Publishers, Brokers, and Consumers.
Publishers are the source of data. It sends the data to the topic which are managed by
the broker. They are not aware of consumers.
Consumers subscribe to the topics which are managed by the broker.
Hence, Brokers responsibility is to accept data from publishers and send it to the
appropriate consumers. The broker only has the information regarding the consumer to
which a particular topic belongs to which the publisher is unaware of.
22. The push-pull model constitutes data publishers, data consumers, and data queues.
Publishers and Consumers are not aware of each other.
Publishers publish the message/data and push it into the queue. The consumers,
present on the other side, pull the data out of the queue. Thus, the queue acts as the
buffer for the message when the difference occurs in the rate of push or pull of data on
the side of a publisher and consumer.
Queues help in decoupling the messaging between the producer and consumer.
Queues also act as a buffer which helps in situations where there is a mismatch between
the rate at which the producers push the data and consumers pull the data.
24. Exclusive Pair is the bi-directional model, including full-duplex communication
among client and server. The connection is constant and remains open till the client
sends a request to close the connection.
The Server has the record of all the connections which has been opened.
This is a state-full connection model and the server is aware of all open connections.
WebSocket based communication API is fully based on this model.
25. M2M:THE INTERNET OF DEVICES
Machine-to-Machine (M2M) is the ability of devices
to communicate with each other without human
intervention. It is a subset of the Internet of Things
(IoT).
32. IoT networks are built around the concept of “things,” or smart objects
performing functions and delivering new connected services.
The IoT stack consists of the following layers: devices that include
hardware,
hardware software,
sensors and actuators,
gateways and
communication technologies,
IoT platform that comprises a cloud platform and application software.
34. Fog computing is a decentralized computing model that
processes data closer to the source (such as IoT
devices) instead of relying entirely on cloud servers.
This reduces latency, improves efficiency, and enhances
real-time processing.
Fog computing
37. Edge computing is a distributed computing model that processes
data near the data source (such as sensors, IoT devices, or edge
servers) instead of sending it to a centralized cloud. This reduces
latency, improves response time, and enhances real-time data
processing.
Edge computing
