Lipisids presentation

DPT-FA12-036
Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT)
The University of Faisalabad

 Lipids
 Classification of lipids
 Fatty Acids: Chemistery, classification, occurance,
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and function
Triglycerols: structure and properties
Eicosanoids: classification and function
Cholesterol: Chemistry function and Clainical
significance
Bile acids/Salts

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Any of a group of organic compounds,
including the fats, oils, waxes, sterols, and
triglycerides, that are insoluble in water but
soluble in nonpolar organic solvents.
Oily to the touch.
And together with carbohydrates and
proteins constitute the principal structural
material of living cells.

I.

Simple Lipids
Fats
2. Waxes
1.

II.

Compound or complex lipids
Glycolipids
2. Gangliosides
3. phospholipids
1.

III.

Derived, precursor and associated lipids



Fats
 Esters of fatty acids with glycerol
 Also called neutral fats, triglyceride or

triacylglycerol
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Waxes
 Esters of fatty acids with alcohols other than

glycerol
 Heigher mol. wt. monohydric alcohols

Esters of fatty acids containing group in addition
to an alcohol and fatty acid
 Glycolipids
 Also called glycosphingolipids
 Contain sphingosine, fatty acid and a

mono/oligosacharide



Gangliosides

 Complex molecules
 Hydrolitic products are sphingosine, fatty acids,

sugar units N-acetylehexosamine and Nacetyleneuraminic acid



Phospholipids

 Contain alcohol, fatty acids, phosphoric acid residue

and N-containing base

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Hydrolitic compounds of simple and
compund lipids
Include diglycerols, fattyacids, alcohols,
sterols, vitamen D, E, K, Carotenoids, and v

fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with a
long aliphatic tail (chain)
 Chemistry:
 carboxylic acid with a long aliphatic tail (chain)
 Mostly have chain of even number of carbon atom

between 4 to28
 derived from triglycerides or phospholipids.
 When not attached to other molecules, known as
"free" fatty acids.

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Classification:
 Saturated fatty acid
▪ Have no double bond between carbon atoms.
▪ saturated fatty acids are saturated with hydrogen
 Unsaturated fatty acid
▪ have one or more double bonds between carbon atoms.
▪ can be saturated by adding hydrogen atoms to them,
converting the double bonds to single bond

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Occurance:
 Free fatty acids in organisms come

from breakdown of Triglycerides
 Fatty acid is present in dietary fats i.e
Duck fat
soya oil
Butter
olive oil
Coconut oil
corn oil
Palm oil
sunflower oil
Cottonseed oil
canola oil
Wheet germ oil

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Function
 Fatty acids are important sources of fuel because,

when metabolized, they yield large quantities of
ATP.
 Many cell types can use either glucose or fatty
acids for this purpose.
 In particular, heart and skeletal muscle prefer
fatty acids

Triglycerol or trigliceride is an ester derived
from glycerol and three fatty acids.
 Structure:
 formed by combining glycerol with three

molecules of fatty acid
 glycerol molecule has three hydroxyl (HO-)
groups.
 Each fatty acid has a carboxyl group (-COOH).
 hydroxyl groups of the glycerol join the
carboxyl groups of the fatty acid to
form ester bonds:

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Properties:
 Main fuel store in body
 Triglycerols are esters of the alcohol glycerol

reacting with fatty acids.
 Triglycerols are the major form of Neutral Fat
found in nature.
 Principal Fat found in foods, body tissues and
blood.

Eicosanoids are signaling molecules made
by oxidation of 20-carbon fatty acids.
 Classification:
They are clasified as,
 A. Prostanoids▪ 1. Prostaglandins (PGs)
▪ 2. Prostacyclins (PGIs)
▪ 3. Thromboxanes (Txs)
 B. Leukotriens (LTs)
 C. Lipoxins

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Function
 A. Prostanoids▪ 1. Prostaglandins (PGs)
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Promotion of sleep
Smooth muscle contraction
inducing pain, heat, fever
bronchoconstriction
Adipocyte differentiation
Uterine contraction

▪ 2. Prostacyclins (PGIs)
 Inhibition of platelet aggregation;
 vasodilation;
 embryo implantation

▪ 3. Thromboxanes (Txs)
 Stimulation of platelet
aggregation; vasoconstriction

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Function cont..
 B. Leukotriens (LTs)
 Leukocyte chemotaxis
 bronchial smooth
muscle contraction.
 C. Lipoxins
 Immunity modulation
 Anti inflamatory action

A soft, waxy substance found among the fats in the
bloodstream and in all the body's cells.
 Chemistery:
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Organic compound
Belong to steroid family
molecular formula is C27H46O
three regions: a hydrocarbon tail, a ring structure region
with 4 hydrocarbon rings, and a hydroxyl group
The hydroxyl (OH) group is polar, which makes it soluble in
water
4 hydrocarbon rings is signature of all steroids
Hydrocarbon tail is fat soluble region
Cholesterol is called amphipathic due to presence of both
water and fat soluble regions

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Functions:
 required to build and maintain membranes.
 modulates membrane fluidity over the range of
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physiological temperatures.
increases membrane packing, which reduces membrane
fluidity
functions in intracellular transport, cell signaling and nerve
conduction.
myelin sheath is rich in cholesterol that provide insulation
for effective impulse conduction
In the liver, cholesterol is converted to bile that aid in the
intestinal absorption of fat as well as fat soluble vitamens
A, D, E and K
Cholesterol is an important precursor molecule for the
synthesis of vitamin D and the steroid hormones

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Clainical significance:
 Hypercholesterolemia
▪ strongly associated with cardiovascular diseas eg
atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction (heart
attack) stroke, and peripheral vascular disease
▪ Elevated cholesterol levels are usually treated with a
strict diet consisting of low saturated fat and low
cholesterol foods
 Hypocholesterolemia
▪ Abnormally low levels of cholesterol are
termed hypocholesterolemia
▪ linked with depression, cancer, and cerebral
hemorrhage.



Bile acids and salts
 In the liver, cholesterol is converted to bile
 stored in the gallbladder.
 Bile contains bile salts
 solubilize fats in the digestive tract
 aid in the intestinal absorption of fat molecules as

well as the fat-soluble vitamins, A, D, E, and K.

Lipisids presentation

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Lipisids presentation