The Ring programming language version 1.4 book - Part 6 of 30

Ring Documentation, Release 1.4
substr(string,substring,newsubstring) ---> Transformed string (Match case)
substr(string,substring,newsubstring,1) ---> Transformed string (Ignore case)
Example:
cStr = "Welcome to the New programming language"
see substr(cStr,"New","Ring") + nl # print Welcome to the Ring programming language
see substr(cStr,"new","Ring",1)+ nl # print Welcome to the Ring programming language
24.15 strcmp() Function
We can compare between two strings using the strcmp() function.
Syntax:
strcmp(cString1,cString2) ---> value = 0 if cString1 = cString2
value < 0 if cString1 < cString2
value > 0 if cString1 > cString2
Example:
see strcmp("hello","hello") + nl +
strcmp("abc","bcd") + nl +
strcmp("bcd","abc") + nl
Output:
0
-1
1
24.16 str2list() and list2str() Functions
We can convert string lines to list items using the str2list() function. Also we can convert the list to a string using
list2str() function.
Syntax:
str2list(string) ---> list contains the string lines
list2str(list) ---> string contains the list items
Example:
/* output:
** Items : 4
** Item : Hello
** Item : How are you ?
** Item : are you fine ?
** Item : ok
** list2Str result = Hello
** How are you ?
** are you fine ?
** ok
** Done
*/
24.15. strcmp() Function 128

mystr = "Hello
How are you ?
are you fine ?
ok"
mylist = str2list(mystr)
see "Items : " + len(mylist) + nl
for x in mylist
see "Item : " + x + nl
next
newstr = list2str(mylist)
see "list2Str result = " + newstr
if mystr = newstr
see nl + "Done"
else
see nl + "Error!"
ok
24.16. str2list() and list2str() Functions 129

CHAPTER
TWENTYFIVE
DATE AND TIME
In this chapter we are going to learn about the date and time functions.
25.1 Clock() Function
Syntax:
Clock() ---> The number of clock ticks from program start
Example:
See "Calculate performance" + nl
t1 = clock()
for x = 1 to 1000000 next
see clock() - t1
25.2 ClocksPerSecond() Function
Return how many clocks in one second
Syntax:
clockspersecond() ---> Number of clocks in one second
Example:
# Wait 1 second
t = clock()
while clock() - t <= clockspersecond() end
25.3 Time() Function
We can get the system time using the Time() function.
Example:
See "Time : " + time()
130

25.4 Date() Function
We can get the date using the Date() function.
Syntax:
Date() ---> String represent the date "dd/mm/yyyy"
Example:
See "Date : " + date() # Date : 24/05/2015
25.5 TimeList() Function
We can print the date and the time information using the TimeList() function.
Syntax:
TimeList() ---> List contains the time and date information.
The next table presents the list items
index value
1 abbreviated weekday name
2 full weekday name
3 abbreviated month name
4 full month name
5 Date & Time
6 Day of the month
7 Hour (24)
8 Hour (12)
9 Day of the year
10 Month of the year
11 Minutes after hour
12 AM or PM
13 Seconds after the hour
14 Week of the year (sun-sat)
15 day of the week
16 date
17 time
18 year of the century
19 year
20 time zone
21 percent sign
Example:
/* Output:
** Sun abbreviated weekday name
** Sunday full weekday name
** May abbreviated month name
** May full month name
** 05/24/15 09:58:38 Date & Time
** 24 Day of the month
** 09 Hour (24)
25.4. Date() Function 131

** 09 Hour (12)
** 144 Day of the year
** 05 Month of the year
** 58 Minutes after hour
** AM AM or PM
** 38 Seconds after the hour
** 21 Week of the year (sun-sat)
** 0 day of the week
** 05/24/15 date
** 09:58:38 time
** 15 year of the century
** 2015 year
** Arab Standard Time time zone
** % percent sign
*/
See TimeList()
Example:
See "Day Name : " + TimeList()[2] # Sunday
Example:
See "Month Name : " + TimeList()[4] # May
25.6 AddDays() Function
Syntax:
AddDays(cDate,nDays) ---> Date from cDate and after nDays
Example:
cDate = date()
see cDate + nl # 24/05/2015
cDate = adddays(cDate,10)
see cDate + nl # 03/06/2015
25.7 DiffDays() Function
Syntax:
DiffDays(cDate1,cDate2) ---> number of days (Date1 - Date2)
Example:
cDate1 = date()
see cDate1 + nl # 24/05/2015
cDate2 = adddays(cDate1,10)
see cDate2 + nl # 03/06/2015
see "DiffDays = " + diffdays(cDate1,cDate2) + nl # -10
see "DiffDays = " + diffdays(cDate2,cDate1) + nl # 10
25.6. AddDays() Function 132

CHAPTER
TWENTYSIX
CHECK DATA TYPE AND CONVERSION
In this chapter we are going to learn about the functions that can be used for
• Checking Data Type
• Checking Character
• Conversion
26.1 Check Data Type
The next functions can be used to check the data type
• isstring()
• isnumber()
• islist()
• type()
• isnull()
26.2 IsString() Function
Using the IsString() function we can know if the value is a string or not
Syntax:
IsString(value) ---> 1 if the value is a string or 0 if not
Example:
see isstring(5) + nl + # print 0
isstring("hello") + nl # print 1
26.3 IsNumber() Function
Using the IsNumber() function we can know if the value is a number or not
Syntax:
133

IsNumber(value) ---> 1 if the value is a number or 0 if not
Example:
see isnumber(5) + nl + # print 1
isnumber("hello") + nl # print 0
26.4 IsList() Function
Using the IsList() function we can know if the value is a list or not
Syntax:
IsList(value) ---> 1 if the value is a list or 0 if not
Example:
see islist(5) + nl + # print 0
islist("hello") + nl + # print 0
islist([1,3,5]) # print 1
26.5 Type() Function
We can know the type of a value using the Type() Function.
Syntax:
Type(value) ---> The Type as String
Example:
see Type(5) + nl + # print NUMBER
Type("hello") + nl + # print STRING
Type([1,3,5]) # print LIST
26.6 IsNULL() Function
We can check the value to know if it’s null or not using the IsNULL() function
Syntax:
IsNULL(value) ---> 1 if the value is NULL or 0 if not
Example:
see isnull(5) + nl + # print 0
isnull("hello") + nl + # print 0
isnull([1,3,5]) + nl + # print 0
isnull("") + nl + # print 1
isnull("NULL") # print 1
26.4. IsList() Function 134

26.7 Check Character
The next functions can be used to check character
• isalnum()
• isalpha()
• iscntrl()
• isdigit()
• isgraph()
• islower()
• isprint()
• ispunct()
• isspace()
• isupper()
• isxdigit()
26.8 IsAlNum() Function
We can test a character or a string using the IsAlNum() Function
Syntax:
IsAlNum(value) ---> 1 if the value is digit/letter or 0 if not
Example:
see isalnum("Hello") + nl + # print 1
isalnum("123456") + nl + # print 1
isalnum("ABCabc123") + nl + # print 1
isalnum("How are you") # print 0 because of spaces
26.9 IsAlpha() Function
We can test a character or a string using the IsAlpha() Function
Syntax:
IsAlpha(value) ---> 1 if the value is a letter or 0 if not
Example:
see isalpha("Hello") + nl + # print 1
isalpha("123456") + nl + # print 0
isalpha("ABCabc123") + nl + # print 0
isalpha("How are you") # print 0
26.7. Check Character 135

26.10 IsCntrl() Function
We can test a character or a string using the IsCntrl() Function
Syntax:
IsCntrl(value) ---> 1 if the value is a control character (no printing position) or 0 if not
Example:
See iscntrl("hello") + nl + # print 0
iscntrl(nl) # print 1
26.11 IsDigit() Function
We can test a character or a string using the IsDigit() Function
Syntax:
IsDigit(value) ---> 1 if the value is a digit or 0 if not
Example:
see isdigit("0123456789") + nl + # print 1
isdigit("0123a") # print 0
26.12 IsGraph() Function
We can test a character or a string using the IsGraph() Function
Syntax:
IsGraph(value) ---> 1 if the value can be printed (Except space) or 0 if not
Example:
see isgraph("abcdef") + nl + # print 1
isgraph("abc def") # print 0
26.13 IsLower() Function
We can test a character or a string using the IsLower() Function
Syntax:
IsLower(value) ---> 1 if the value is lowercase letter or 0 if not
Example:
see islower("abcDEF") + nl + # print 0
islower("ghi") # print 1
26.10. IsCntrl() Function 136

26.14 IsPrint() Function
We can test a character or a string using the IsPrint() Function
Syntax:
IsPrint(value) ---> 1 if the value occupies a printing position or 0 if not
Example:
see isprint("Hello") + nl + # print 1
isprint("Nice to see you") + nl + # print 1
isprint(nl) # print 0
26.15 IsPunct() Function
We can test a character or a string using the IsPunct() Function
Syntax:
IsPunct(value) ---> 1 if the value is a punctuation character or 0 if not
Example:
see ispunct("hello") + nl + # print 0
ispunct(",") # print 1
26.16 IsSpace() Function
We can test a character or a string using the IsSpace() Function
Syntax:
IsSpace(value) ---> 1 if the value is a white-space or 0 if not
Example:
see isspace(" ") + nl + # print 1
isspace("test") # print 0
26.17 IsUpper() Function
We can test a character or a string using the IsUpper() Function
Syntax:
IsUpper(value) ---> 1 if the value is an uppercase alphabetic letter or 0 if not
Example:
see isupper("welcome") + nl + # print 0
isupper("WELCOME") # print 1
26.14. IsPrint() Function 137

26.18 IsXdigit() Function
We can test a character or a string using the IsXdigit() Function
Syntax:
IsXdigit(value) ---> 1 if the value is a hexdecimal digit character or 0 if not
Example:
see isxdigit("0123456789abcdef") + nl + # print 1
isxdigit("123z") # print 0
26.19 Conversion
The next functions can be used for conversion
• number()
• string()
• ascii()
• char()
• hex()
• dec()
• str2hex()
• hex2str()
26.20 Number() Function
We can convert strings to numbers using the Number() function or the + operator.
Syntax:
Number(string) ---> Number
0 + string ---> Number
Example:
see number("5") + 5 + nl # print 10
see 0 + "10" + 2 # print 12
26.21 String() Function
We can convert numbers to strings using the String() function or the + operator.
Syntax:
String(number) ---> String
"" + number ---> String
26.18. IsXdigit() Function 138

Example:
see string(5) + 5 + nl # print 55
see "" + 10 + 2 # print 102
26.22 Ascii() Function
We can get the ASCII code for a letter using the Ascii() function
Syntax:
Ascii(character) ---> ASCII Code
Example:
See ascii("m") + nl + # print 109
ascii("M") # print 77
26.23 Char() Function
We can convert the ASCII code to character using the Char() function.
Syntax:
Char(ASCII Code) ---> character
Example:
See char(109) + nl + # print m
char(77) # print M
26.24 Hex() Function
We can convert decimal to hexadecimal using the Hex() function.
Syntax:
Hex(decimal) ---> hexadecimal
Example:
See hex(10) + nl + # print a
hex(200) # print c8
26.25 Dec() Function
We can convert hexadecimal to decimal using the Dec() function
Syntax:
Dec(hexadecimal) ---> decimal
26.22. Ascii() Function 139

Example:
See dec("a") + nl + # print 10
dec("c8") # print 200
26.26 Str2hex() Function
We can convert string characters to hexadecimal characters using the Str2hex() function.
Syntax:
Str2hex(string) ---> hexadecimal string
Example:
See str2hex("hello") # print 68656c6c6f
26.27 Hex2str() Function
We can convert hexadecimal characters to string using the Hex2str() function
Syntax:
Hex2Str(Hexadecimal string) ---> string
Example:
See hex2str("68656c6c6f") # print hello
26.26. Str2hex() Function 140

CHAPTER
TWENTYSEVEN
MATHEMATICAL FUNCTIONS
In this chapter we are going to learn about the mathematical functions
27.1 List of functions
The Ring programming language comes with the next mathematical functions
Function Description
sin(x) Returns the sine of an angle of x radians
cos(x) Returns the cosine of an angle of x radians
tan(x) Returns the tangent of an angle of x radians
asin(x) Returns the principal value of the arc sine of x, expressed in radians
acos(x) Returns the principal value of the arc cosine of x, expressed in radians
atan(x) Returns the principal value of the arc tangent of x, expressed in radians
atan2(y,x) Returns the principal arc tangent of y/x, in the interval [-pi,+pi] radians
sinh(x) Returns the hyperbolic sine of x radians
cosh(x) Returns the hyperbolic cosine of x radians
tanh(x) Returns the hyperbolic tangent of x radians
exp(x) Returns the value of e raised to the xth power
log(x) Returns the natural logarithm of x
log10(x) Returns the common logarithm (base-10 logarithm) of x
ceil(x) Returns the smallest integer value greater than or equal to x
ﬂoor(x) Returns the largest integer value less than or equal to x
fabs(x) Returns the absolute value of x.
pow(x,y) Returns x raised to the power of y
sqrt(x) Returns the square root of x
random(x) Returns a random number in the range [0,x]
unsigned(n,n,c) Perform operation using unsigned numbers
decimals(n) Determine the decimals digits after the point in ﬂoat/double numbers
27.2 Example
See "Mathematical Functions" + nl
See "Sin(0) = " + sin(0) + nl
See "Sin(90) radians = " + sin(90) + nl
See "Sin(90) degree = " + sin(90*3.14/180) + nl
See "Cos(0) = " + cos(0) + nl
See "Cos(90) radians = " + cos(90) + nl
141

See "Cos(90) degree = " + cos(90*3.14/180) + nl
See "Tan(0) = " + tan(0) + nl
See "Tan(90) radians = " + tan(90) + nl
See "Tan(90) degree = " + tan(90*3.14/180) + nl
See "asin(0) = " + asin(0) + nl
See "acos(0) = " + acos(0) + nl
See "atan(0) = " + atan(0) + nl
See "atan2(1,1) = " + atan2(1,1) + nl
See "sinh(0) = " + sinh(0) + nl
See "sinh(1) = " + sinh(1) + nl
See "cosh(0) = " + cosh(0) + nl
See "cosh(1) = " + cosh(1) + nl
See "tanh(0) = " + tanh(0) + nl
See "tanh(1) = " + tanh(1) + nl
See "exp(0) = " + exp(0) + nl
See "exp(1) = " + exp(1) + nl
See "log(1) = " + log(1) + nl
See "log(2) = " + log(2) + nl
See "log10(1) = " + log10(1) + nl
See "log10(2) = " + log10(2) + nl
See "log10(10) = " + log10(10) + nl
See "Ceil(1.12) = " + Ceil(1.12) + nl
See "Ceil(1.72) = " + Ceil(1.72) + nl
See "Floor(1.12) = " + floor(1.12) + nl
See "Floor(1.72) = " + floor(1.72) + nl
See "fabs(1.12) = " + fabs(1.12) + nl
See "fabs(1.72) = " + fabs(1.72) + nl
See "pow(2,3) = " + pow(2,3) + nl
see "sqrt(16) = " + sqrt(16) + nl
Program Output:
Mathematical Functions
Sin(0) = 0
Sin(90) radians = 0.89
Sin(90) degree = 1.00
Cos(0) = 1
Cos(90) radians = -0.45
Cos(90) degree = 0.00
Tan(0) = 0
Tan(90) radians = -2.00
Tan(90) degree = 1255.77
asin(0) = 0
acos(0) = 1.57
atan(0) = 0
atan2(1,1) = 0.79
sinh(0) = 0
sinh(1) = 1.18
cosh(0) = 1
27.2. Example 142

cosh(1) = 1.54
tanh(0) = 0
tanh(1) = 0.76
exp(0) = 1
exp(1) = 2.72
log(1) = 0
log(2) = 0.69
log10(1) = 0
log10(2) = 0.30
log10(10) = 1
Ceil(1.12) = 2
Ceil(1.72) = 2
Floor(1.12) = 1
Floor(1.72) = 1
fabs(1.12) = 1.12
fabs(1.72) = 1.72
pow(2,3) = 8
sqrt(16) = 4
27.3 Random() Function
The Random() function generate a random number and we can set the maximum value (optional).
Syntax:
Random(x) ---> Random number in the range [0,x]
Example:
for x = 1 to 20
see "Random number : " + random() + nl +
"Random number Max (100) : " + random(100) + nl
next
Program Output:
Random number : 31881
Random number Max (100) : 80
27.3. Random() Function 143

27.4 Unsigned() Function
We can use unsigned numbers using the Unsigned() function.
Syntax:
Unsigned(nNum1,nNum2,cOperator) --> result of cOperator operation on nNum1,nNum2
Example:
see oat_hash("hello") + nl
# Jenkins hash function - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenkins_hash_function
func oat_hash cKey
h = 0
for x in cKey
h = unsigned(h,ascii(x),"+")
h = unsigned(h,unsigned(h,10,"<<"),"+")
r = unsigned(h,6,">>")
h = unsigned(h, r,"^")
next
h = unsigned(h,unsigned(h,11,">>"),"^")
return h
Output:
3372029979.00
27.5 Decimals() Functions
We can determine the decimals numbers count after the point in ﬂoat/double numbers using the decimals() function.
Syntax:
27.4. Unsigned() Function 144

Decimals(nDecimalsCount)
Example:
x = 1.1234567890123
for d = 0 to 14
decimals(d)
see x + nl
next
Output:
1
1.1
1.12
1.123
1.1235
1.12346
1.123457
1.1234568
1.12345679
1.123456789
1.1234567890
1.12345678901
1.123456789012
1.1234567890123
1.12345678901230
27.5. Decimals() Functions 145

CHAPTER
TWENTYEIGHT
FILES
In this chapter we are going to learn about files functions.
• Read()
• Write()
• Dir()
• Rename()
• Remove()
• fopen()
• fclose()
• fflush()
• freopen()
• tempfile()
• tempname()
• fseek()
• ftell()
• rewind()
• fgetpos()
• fsetpos()
• clearerr()
• feof()
• ferror()
• perror()
• fgetc()
• fgets()
• fputc()
• fputs()
• ungetc()
• fread()
146

• fwrite()
• fexists()
• Numbers and Bytes
28.1 Read() Function
We can read the file content using the Read() function
Syntax:
Read(cFileName) ---> String contains the file content
Example:
see read("myfile.txt")
The read function can read binary files too
Example:
see read("myapp.exe")
28.2 Write() Function
We can write string to file using the Write() function
The write function can write binary data to binary files.
Syntax:
Write(cFileName,cString) # write string cString to file cFileName
Example:
# copy file
cFile = read("ring.exe")
write("ring2.exe",cFile)
28.3 Dir() Function
We can get the folder contents (files & sub folders) using the Dir() function.
Syntax:
Dir(cFolderPath) ---> List contains files & sub folders.
This function returns a list and each list item is a list of two items
• File/sub folder name
• Type (0 = File , 1 = Folder/Directory)
Example:
28.1. Read() Function 147

see "Testing DIR() " + nl
mylist = dir("C:myfolder")
for x in mylist
if x[2]
see "Directory : " + x[1] + nl
else
see "File : " + x[1] + nl
ok
next
see "Files count : " + len(mylist)
28.4 Rename() Function
We can rename files using the Rename() function
Syntax:
Rename(cOldFileName,cNewFileName)
Example:
rename("file.txt","help.txt")
28.5 Remove() Function
We can delete a file using the Remove() function
Syntax:
Remove(cFileName)
Example:
remove("test.txt")
28.6 Fopen() Function
We can open a file using the Fopen() function
Syntax:
Fopen(cFileName,cMode) ---> File Handle
Mode Description
“r” Reading (The file must exist)
“w” Writing (create empty file / overwrite)
“a” Appends (create file if it doesn’t exist)
“r+” update (reading/writing)
“w+” Create empty file (reading/writing)
“a+” reading & appending
28.4. Rename() Function 148

28.7 Fclose() Function
When we open a file using fopen() function, we can close it using the Fclose() function
Syntax:
Fclose(file handle)
28.8 Fflush() Function
We can flushes the output buffer of a stream using the Fflush() function
Syntax:
Fflush(file handle)
28.9 Freopen() Function
We can open another file using the same file handle and at the same file close the old file
Syntax:
Freopen(cFileName,cMode,file handle) ---> file handle
Example:
freopen("myprogoutput.txt","w+",stdout)
see "welcome" + nl
for x = 1 to 10
see x + nl
next
/*
** Read : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_file#Device_files
** The next code is not portable, we can use iswindows() before
** using it and we can write special code for each operating system.
*/
freopen("CON","w",stdout) # For Microsoft Windows
see "Done" + nl # print to stdout again
Output:
# Output to stdout
Done
# Output to file : myprogoutput.txt
welcome
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
28.7. Fclose() Function 149

8
9
10
28.10 Tempfile() Function
The function Tempfile() creates a temp. file (binary).
The file will be deleted automatically when the stream is closed
Syntax:
TempFile() ---> file handle
28.11 Tempname() Function
We can generate temp. file name using the Tempname() function
The generated name will be different from the name of any existing file
Syntax:
Tempname() ---> generated file name as string
28.12 Fseek() Function
We can set the file position of the stream using the Fseek() function
Syntax:
Fseek(file handle, nOffset, nWhence) ---> zero if successful
The next table presents the nWhence values
Value Description
0 Beginning of file
1 Current position
2 End of file
28.13 Ftell() Function
We can know the current file position of a stream using the Ftell() function
Syntax:
Ftell(file handle) ---> file position as number
28.10. Tempfile() Function 150

28.14 Rewind() Function
We can set the file position to the beginning of the file using the Rewind() function
Syntax:
Rewind(file handle)
28.15 Fgetpos() Function
We can get handle to the current file position using the Fgetpos() function
Syntax:
Fgetpos(file handle) ---> position handle
28.16 Fsetpos() Function
We can set the current file position using the Fgetpos() function
Syntax:
Fsetpos(file handle,position handle)
28.17 Clearerr() Function
We can clear the EOF error and the error indicators of a stream using the clearerr() function
Syntax:
Clearerr(file handle)
28.18 Feof() Function
We can test the end-of-file indicator using the Feof() function
Syntax:
Feof(file handle) ---> returns 1 if EOF and 0 if not
28.19 Ferror() Function
We can test the error indicator of a given stream using the Ferror() function
Syntax:
Ferror(file handle) ---> returns 1 if error and 0 if not
28.14. Rewind() Function 151

28.20 Perror() Function
We can print error message to the stderr using the Perror() function
Syntax:
Perror(cErrorMessage)
28.21 Fgetc() Function
We can get the next character from the stream using the Fgetc() function
Syntax:
Fgetc(file handle) ---> returns character or EOF
28.22 Fgets() Function
We can read new line from the stream using the Fgets() function
Syntax:
Fgets(file handle,nSize) ---> string
The function stop when nSize characters are read, new line character is read or EOF.
28.23 Fputc() Function
We can write a character to the stream using the Fputc() function
Syntax:
Fputc(file handle,cChar)
28.24 Fputs() Function
We can write a string to the stream using the Fputs() function
Syntax:
Fputs(file handle,cString)
28.25 Ungetc() Function
We can push a character to the stream using the Ungetc() function
The character will be available for the next read
Syntax:
28.20. Perror() Function 152

Ungetc(file handle,character)
28.26 Fread() Function
We can read data from a stream using the Fread() function
Syntax:
Fread(file handle,nSize)
28.27 Fwrite() Function
We can write data to a stream using the Fwrite() function
Syntax:
Fwrite(file handle,cString)
28.28 Fexists() Function
We can check if a ﬁle exists using the Fexists() function
Syntax:
Fexists(cFileName) ---> returns 1 if the file exists
Example:
see fexists("b:mahmoudappsringring.exe") + nl +
fexists("b:mahmoudappsringring2.exe") + nl
Output:
1
0
28.29 Example
The next program test some of the ﬁle functions
See "testing file functions" + nl
See "open file" + nl
fp = fopen(exefolder() + "../tests/scripts/s65.ring","r")
See "reopen" + nl
fp = freopen(exefolder() + "../tests/scripts/s78.ring","r",fp)
See "close file" + nl
fclose(fp)
see "temp file" + nl
28.26. Fread() Function 153

fp = tempfile()
fclose(fp)
see "temp name" + nl
see tempname() + nl
remove(exefolder() + "../tests/scripts/mytest2.txt")
write(exefolder() + "../tests/scripts/tests1.txt","hello")
rename(exefolder() + "../tests/scripts/test1.txt",exefolder() +
"../tests/scripts/mytests2.txt")
see "print file" + nl
fp = fopen(exefolder() + "../samples/fromdoc/filefuncs.ring","r")
r = fgetc(fp)
while isstring(r)
see r
r = fgetc(fp)
end
fclose(fp)
see nl+"print line from the file" + nl
fp = fopen(exefolder() + "../samples/fromdoc/filefuncs.ring","r")
r = fgets(fp,33)
see r + nl
fclose(fp)
fp = fopen(exefolder() + "../tests/scripts/test78.txt","w+")
fseek(fp,0,2) # goto end of file
fputc(fp,"t")
fputc(fp,"e")
fputc(fp,"s")
fputc(fp,"t")
fputs(fp,"tests2")
fclose(fp)
see "print file" + nl
see read(exefolder() + "../tests/scripts/test78.txt")
fp = fopen(exefolder() + "../tests/scripts/test78.txt","r")
see "testing ungetc() " + nl
for x = 1 to 3
r = fgetc(fp)
see r + nl
ungetc(fp,r)
next
fclose(fp)
see "testing fread() " + nl
fp = fopen(exefilename(),"rb")
r = fread(fp,100)
see r + nl
fclose(fp)
see "testing fwrite() " + nl
fp = fopen(exefolder() + "../tests/scripts/test1.txt","wb")
fwrite(fp,r)
fclose(fp)
The next example print part of the content of a binary ﬁle
28.29. Example 154

see "Testing: fread()" +" FileName: "+ exefilename() +nl +nl
fp = fopen(exefilename(),"rb")
r = fread(fp,800)
for n =1 to len(r)
if isprint(substr(r, n, 1))
see substr(r, n, 1)
else
see "."
ok
### 80 char per line
if n % 80 = 0
see nl
ok
next
fclose(fp)
28.30 Numbers and Bytes
The next functions to convert between Numbers and Bytes.
• Int2Bytes()
• Float2Bytes()
• Double2Bytes()
• Bytes2Int()
• Bytes2Float()
• Bytes2Double()
Example:
see "Test Int2Bytes() and Bytes2Int() - Value : 77" + nl
r = Int2Bytes(77)
see "Int Size : " + len(r) + nl
see r + nl
see Bytes2Int(r) + nl
see "Test Float2Bytes() and Bytes2Float() - Value 77.12" + nl
r = Float2Bytes(77.12)
see "Float Size : " + len(r) + nl
see r + nl
see Bytes2Float(r) + nl
see "Test Double2Bytes() and Bytes2Double() - Value 9999977.12345" + nl
r = Double2Bytes(9999977.12345)
see "Double Size : " + len(r) + nl
see r + nl
decimals(5)
see Bytes2Double(r) + nl
28.30. Numbers and Bytes 155

CHAPTER
TWENTYNINE
SYSTEM FUNCTIONS
In this chapter we are going to learn about the system functions
• System()
• SysGet()
• IsMSDOS()
• IsWindows()
• IsWindows64()
• IsUnix()
• IsMacOSX()
• IsLinux()
• IsFreeBSD()
• IsAndroid()
• Windowsnl()
• Get Command Line Arguments
• Get Active Source File Name
• CurrentDir()
• ExeFileName()
• ChDir()
• ExeFolder()
• Version()
29.1 System() Function
We can execute system commands using the system() function
Syntax:
System(cCommand)
Example:
System("myapp.exe") # Run myapp.exe
System("ls") # print list of files
156

29.2 SysGet() Function
We can get environment variables using the Get() function
Syntax:
SysGet(cVariable)
Example:
see sysget("path") # print system path information
29.3 IsMSDOS() Function
We can check if the operating system is MSDOS or not using the IsMSDOS() function
Syntax:
IsMSDOS() ---> Returns 1 if the operating system is MS-DOS, Returns 0 if it's not
29.4 IsWindows() Function
We can check if the operating system is Windows or not using the IsWindows() function
Syntax:
IsWindows() ---> Returns 1 if the operating system is Windows, Returns 0 if it's not
29.5 IsWindows64() Function
We can check if the operating system is Windows 64bit or not using the IsWindows64() function
Syntax:
IsWindows64() ---> Returns 1 if the operating system is Windows64, Returns 0 if it's not
29.6 IsUnix() Function
We can check if the operating system is Unix or not using the IsUnix() function
Syntax:
IsUnix() ---> Returns 1 if the operating system is Unix, Returns 0 if it's not
29.7 IsMacOSX() Function
We can check if the operating system is Mac OS X or not using the IsMacOSX() function
Syntax:
29.2. SysGet() Function 157

The Ring programming language version 1.4 book - Part 6 of 30

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