Unit 6 & 7, BASICS OF TECHINICAL ENGLISH CODE 6465
Download as PPTX, PDF0 likes330 views
The document provides guidance on writing a research proposal. It outlines the key sections needed in a research proposal, including an introduction, literature review, methodology, and timeline. The introduction would state the research topic and provide background on the problem being addressed. The literature review summarizes previous work on the subject. The methodology section describes the research design, population, sampling, and tools that will be used to collect and analyze data. Overall, the document serves to familiarize readers with the components of a strong research proposal.
Unit 6 & 7, BASICS OF TECHINICAL ENGLISH CODE 6465
- 1. PRESENTED BY ZAHID MEHMOOD PHD SCHOLOAR NAROWAL Technical writing
- 2. OBJECTIVES After reading this unit you will be able to: Get familiar with the concept of memorandum Get the basics of reports Know the requirements of job application Design a resume
- 3. MEMORANDUM A memorandum, commonly known as ‘memo’ is a note, document or other communication that helps the memory by recording events or observations on a topic. The purpose of a memo may be to: Ask for information Give information Request decision or action Convey information about action or decision
- 4. Memos have just two sections: the heading and the body. The heading of the memo contains four points: To, From, Date and Subject. To This space is for the name of the person(s) to whom the memo is sent From The writer's own name is written on this line. One's own name is always written without any courtesy title or professional title
- 5. Date Write the full name of the month or its standard abbreviation but do not write a number for the month Subject The subject should be stated concisely and accurately. The subject line often determines where the memo is to be filed
- 6. PREPARATION You need to decide the exact objective of your memorandum. What is to be achieved by sending this memo? It should be possible to state the objective in a single sentence ORGANIZATION Organize the material to suit the purpose of the memo. The content can be organized in chronological order or by order of importance (emphatic order) STYLE OF MEMO A memo is always brief. Make every effort to be plain, direct and concise while using a comfortable, natural style.
- 7. REPORTS A report is written for a clear purpose and to a particular audience. Specific information and evidence are presented, analyzed and applied to a particular problem or issue. A report must have following sections: Introduction Method of data collection (optional) Facts/ Findings / Data Discussion Conclusions Recommendations
- 8. INTRODUCTION we normally begin the introduction section by referring to letter number and date in which you were requested to prepare report on a certain topic. METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION In this section you tell your reader about the method and procedure that you adopted to collect data. FACTS/FINDINGS This section provides the facts and findings that have been collected.
- 9. DISCUSSION Bare facts are nothing but a series of information and numbers. They give their meanings when they are discussed and interpreted for the facts. CONCLUSION Just like discussion conclusion are also general statements based on the facts. However, the function of conclusion is to encapsulate the whole discussion and also tell the reader about significance of discussion and facts RECOMMENDATIONS Conclusion is drawn from the facts and data that have collected as a result of research for report. Recommendations are drawn from conclusion.
- 10. JOB APPLICATION The following sections present a series of steps to guide you toward focused, personalized, and correct job application documents. Résumés and application (or cover) letters are common job documents KNOW YOURSELF As you begin the process of finding and applying for employment in your chosen field, it is important to take stock of your education, technical skills, and the experiences and characteristics that make you an ideal employee and co-worker. This self-assessment is the foundation for building strong job materials. Organizations and conferences. Connecting with and simply being aware of the national organizations will expose you to current ideas and developments in the field.
- 11. SOCIAL MEDIA Following both companies and individual professionals will introduce you to their work, concerns, and developments in the industry LOCAL NETWORKING OR MEET UP GROUP Professionals often hold events at a local level to meet each other and learn about what other companies in the area are doing. BUILD A VOCABULARY prepare yourself for your career is learning a language DESIGNING AN EFFECTIVE RÉSUMÉ A résumé, from the French word for “summary,” is a concise, standardized document that introduces you as a professional, most often for the purposes of seeking employment.
- 12. LEARN THE CONVENTIONS OF YOUR DISCIPLINE Not every professional context is the same – it is invaluable for you to have someone in the field or even the specific companies to which you are applying review your résumé UPDATE ON A REGULAR BASIS ELIMINATE ERRORS FROM THE DOCUMENT WHAT TO INCLUDE IN YOUR RÉSUMÉ The content in your résumé should be carefully selected to present the best, most applicable qualifications for a particular employer or purpose.
- 13. STRONG ACTION VERBS TO EMPHASIZE RESULTS VISUAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS CLEAR HEADINGS WHITE SPACE BALANCE VERTICAL ALIGNMENT COHERENCE AND CONSISTENCY FONTS AND TYPOGRAPHY
- 14. WRITING THE APPLICATION LETTER Traditionally, the application letter or cover letter is a formal letter that accompanies your résumé when you apply for a position. Its purpose is to support your résumé, providing more specific details, and to explain in writing why you are a strong candidate for the specific position to which you are applying. WHAT TO INCLUDE IN THE APPLICATION LETTER Introductory Paragraph Open the letter with a concise, functional, and personable introduction to you as a job candidate. Education & Academics Paragraph(s)
- 15. Employment Paragraph (if applicable) It is important for employers to feel that they are hiring responsible, reliable people who know how to hold down a job Activities Paragraph (if applicable) Activities and involvement in things outside of your coursework and work experiences such as student organizations, clubs Concluding Paragraph As you conclude the letter, tie everything together, acknowledge the next steps, and end on a positive note.
- 18. UNIT NO. 7 WRITING A RESEARCH PROPOSAL Presented by GHAZANFAR ALI SUBJECT SPECIALIST(ENGLISH) QAED NAROWAL
- 19. OBJECTIVES After reading this unit you will be able to: Get familiar with the concept of research proposal Get the basics of research writings Exhibit different mechanics of research Know the philosophical dimension involved in research Master research template/format
- 20. WHAT IS A RESEARCH PROPOSAL? A research proposal should be coherent and concise summary of you upcoming research project COMMON SECTIONS IN WRITING A RESEARCH PROPOSAL Title of research proposal The first and foremost step is to search out a tentative topic of your intended research Topic should include two things; dependent variable and independent variable. It means it should include your subject area and the population you intend to include in your research
- 21. ABSTRACT An abstract will follow the main body of research. An abstract is a written concise statement which tells the whole study in a nut shell Introduction: The next step in writing a research proposal is to introduce your topic to the reader/audience Background of the study After introducing your study, the next step is to give a little bit background so that the readers’ can get a clearer Statements of the problem Usually a statement of problem is given under this heading. In this statement the researcher define the problem at length, and try to capitalize it under the given circumstances. understanding of research proposal.
- 22. Objectives of the study After giving a problem statement, the next step of a research proposal is to state its objectives Research questions/Hypothesis There is no research proposal which does not include research questions or hypothesis in the study. Research questions are guiding principles of the study that are necessary to be defined in the beginning of any research Significance of the study In this section the researcher should highlight the sociological, economic and cultural importance of the proposed research. What kind of impact this research would have, and what it could achieve?
- 23. Delimitation of the study In this section the research would delimit the already selected area. What could be achieved remaining in the limited time period and having required resources? Time scale The last step in this section is giving a time scale, which would elaborate a tentative time period for each chapter Literature Review A literature review must contain the summary of what kind of knowledge is already available on a particular subject. It must be gathered through secondary sources, which have been already written by other theorists and researchers.
- 24. There are two main tenants in the chapter of literature review, which are discussed below. Theoretical framework Conceptual framework Methodology: In this section, the researcher will answer the question ‘how’, what ways and means to be adopted to bring out expected result. Design Research design is an organised approach that a researcher can use in the research proposal. There are different types of research design which are mentioned below:- Descriptive Research Descriptive research is a kind of in depth study that can answer the question, ‘what’ and ‘how’
- 25. Exploratory Research As the name suggests, descriptive research explores by finding out something and answer the question of ‘what’ and ‘how’. Explanatory research This research type explain the subject matter under study and answer the question, ‘what’, ‘how’ and ‘why’. Evaluation research This type of study is used to measure the effectiveness of a phenomenon in an extensive manner. Population A population is generally considered a huge collection of subjects and individuals who are main focus of the research proposal.
- 26. SAMPLE Total # of Speakers 12 No. of Male Speakers 1 No. of Female Speakers 11 Early Bilinguals 10 Late Bilinguals 2 Educational Background of all Speakers B.A/B.Sc, M.A Eng, M.A Political Science, LLB.
- 27. TOOLS There are different kinds of tools used in a research to elicit data from the subjects/population. Some of the tools are listed below:- Questionnaire It is one of the main tool or instrument to collect data from the respondents in a research Types of Questionnaires There are following types of questionnaires. Open Ended Format In open ended questions the respondents are free to answer in their own words.
- 28. Open ended questions are best because: All the respondents are at liberty to express their views and share ideas They are used in intensive research studies for a limited number of respondents There is no built-in structure on the questionnaire Questions are prepared in advanced and their order is determined beforehand Closed Format In closed format the respondents did not have a choice for their own. They are bound to answer in a fixed format.
- 29. Multiple Choice In multiple choice questionnaires the respondents are required to choose from more than one alternative. Which could range from the best to the worst? For example, EXCELLENT, GOOD, OK, POOR, and VERY POOR. Matrix Questions In this type of questionnaire, the answers of test items are arranged in a matrix. The answer choices are placed at the top space and test items are listed on the right side opposite of which there is matrix list for the respondents to be choose from.
- 30. Interview Interview is a systematic way of listening and talking to people and a way to collect data from research population through conversation. TYPES OF INTERVIEW Structured Interviews Structured interviews contain questions which are made in advance and all the interviewees have to answer the question in the same order Unstructured Interviews These interviews are less reliable in research owing to the fact that questions are not prepared in advance and the interview is conducted in an informal style.
- 31. FOCUS GROUP It is a group of discussion on an assigned topic which is arranged for research proposal. This discussion must be navigated, monitored and can be recorded by the researcher Data Analysis: This chapter is reserved for data presentation, tabulation and analysis. There are various issues the research should be aware of while doing data analysis. These are:- The researcher must possess necessary skills of analysis Awareness of data selection methods and data analysis methods
- 32. Conducting Unbiased Inference The researcher should follow standardized format Awareness of data recording mechanism Presentation of analysed data in a suitable style Training of the co-author or other staff involved in data collection/analysis Codification of the text Computer assisted data analysis software’s The following software’s are available which can assist while analysing the data. ATLAS.ti CLAN Coding Analysis Toolkit ELAN NVIVO Quantitative Discourse Analysis AntConc Wordsmith
- 33. Discussion This section is reserved for discussion on the various themes emerged from the data analysis chapter. The sole purpose of discussion is interpretation and description keeping in view the significance of the known findings of the proposed research study Conclusion The main goal of your proposal is to let the board know what you will be writing your paper on. It is a research idea that needs to be original and add to the overall knowledge on the subject. It needs to convince the board that your paper has enough information on it to conduct a study on
- 34. How to Include these Points In your conclusion, you will want to make sure that you restate your problem. This will help show the board why your study is important. Content of the Conclusion The entire purpose of the conclusion is to summarize the important points in your paper. You don’t want to present information that you already talked about.