Unit 8 & 9, BASICS OF TECHINICAL ENGLISH CODE 6465
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The document discusses various aspects of technical writing such as formatting styles, footnotes, plagiarism, citations, and bibliographies. It provides guidelines on how to properly format footnotes and references in different styles like MLA, APA, Chicago etc. It also explains what constitutes plagiarism and provides tips to avoid it such as taking effective notes, citing sources, and paraphrasing text in one's own words. Additionally, it discusses how to structure a bibliography and provides examples of citing different sources like books, essays, websites.
![ Blog Post
A blog post, or weblog post, is cited
similarly to an online forum for discussion
group post
E-Book
Maushart, S. (2011). The winter of our
disconnect [Kindle version]. Retrieved from
http://www.amazon.com](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/unit89-211006164242/85/Unit-8-9-BASICS-OF-TECHINICAL-ENGLISH-CODE-6465-9-320.jpg)
Unit 8 & 9, BASICS OF TECHINICAL ENGLISH CODE 6465
- 2. You will be able to learn at the end of Unit. To enunciate different formatting styles including APA/MLA, Chicago. Etc. To be able to understand writing footnotes and endnotes To learn different techniques of avoiding plagiarism To distinguish between referencing and bibliography
- 3. Footnotes/endnotes A footnote is a constant style that should be followed throughout the document of the thesis or research proposal FIXING TEXT AND/OR LAYOUT ISSUES IN YOUR FOOTNOTES Choose View, Draft (or click the respective icon at the bottom right of the Word screen) Find a footnote reference number in your document and double-click it. Your screen will split, and all the footnotes will appear in the bottom window Choose View, Print Layout to return to exit the split screen. Make the formatting uniform:
- 4. How in-text Citation Works The author places certain important items of information in the text to tell the reader which entry in the bibliography is the source of the quotation or paraphrase.
- 5. MLA Method The MLA method of citing the passage requires that you should include at least the author’s last name with the page number. Book with One Author Crystal, D. (2008). Txtng: The gr8 db8. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Capitalize the first word after the colon. Use postal abbreviations for states
- 6. Book with Editors St. Amant, K., &Sapienza, F. (Eds.). (2011). Culture, communication, and cyberspace: Rethinking technical communication for international online environments. Amityville, NY: Baywood. Essay in an Anthology Cacho, L. (2011). Racialized hauntings or the devalued dead. In G. K. Hong & R. A. Ferguson (Eds.), Strange affinities: The sexual and gender politics of comparative radicalization. (pp. 25– 52). Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Capitalize only the first word of the essay title and subtitle (and all proper nouns). Use p. with inclusive page numbers.
- 7. Brochure or Pamphlet Treat brochures like books. Place any identification number after the title. Place the word Brochure in brackets. This entry could also read Article in a Monthly or Weekly Magazine Kiplinger, K. (2012, April). Straight Talk on Taxes. Kiplinger’s Personal Finance, 22. If the article has discontinuous pages, a comma indicates a break in sequence (4, 22–23).
- 8. Newspaper Article Melo, F. (2012, April 12). Echos of the old roar: The renovation of Union Depot nears completion, with officials hoping it can be a transit hub again. St. Paul Pioneer Press, p. B1. Professional or Personal Website—Homepage Essential for citing webpages is that you give the URL where you retrieved the site. Give as much other information as possible. Henry, T. (n.d.). Accidental Creative. Retrieved from: http://www.accidentalcreative.com
- 9. Blog Post A blog post, or weblog post, is cited similarly to an online forum for discussion group post E-Book Maushart, S. (2011). The winter of our disconnect [Kindle version]. Retrieved from http://www.amazon.com
- 10. The author’s name appears as part of the introduction to the quotation or paraphrase. As Warne notes, “Overfishing, pollution, seabed dredging, and massive coastal modification are crippling marine ecosystems by degrading water quality and exacerbating toxic algal blooms” (73). Author is not named in introduction to quotation. What seems quite evident is that “Overfishing, pollution, seabed dredging, and massive coastal modification are crippling marine ecosystems by degrading water quality and exacerbating toxic algal blooms” (Warne 73).
- 11. Paraphrases are usually handled like quotations. Give the author’s last name and the appropriate page numbers. Warne states that human activity is having negative impacts on Arabia’s seas (73). In block quotations (more than four typed lines), place the period before the page parentheses. Do not place quotation marks before and after the block quotation. Indent the left margin 10 spaces and double-space. Do not indent the right margin.
- 12. Follow these guidelines: Begin the list on a new page Present information for all the entries in this order: Author’s name. Title. Publication information (including date). Capitalize the first letter of every important word in the title. Enclose article titles in quotation marks. Double-space an entry if it has two or more lines. Indent the second and succeeding lines one half inch. If the author appears in the Works Cited list two or more times, type three hyphens and a period instead of repeating the name for the second and succeeding entries. Alphabetize the entries by the first word of the title
- 13. What is plagiarism? According to Merriam Webster to ‘plagiarise’ is to: Steal and pass off others’ ideas as one’s own Use someone material without mentioning source Commit literary theft Present an idea or concept as new which is derived or taken from an already existing source Once can say that it is an act of committing fraud, which involves taking or stealing others work and not giving its due credit to original author.
- 14. All the mentioned ideas comes under plagiarism Claiming someone else ideas/work as your own Taking someone else ideas and copying them without credit the original author Failing to cite reference in text or failing to use quotation marks Putting incorrect information about original source Changing the original words and coping other’s sentence structure without mentioning original author
- 15. If there is a need to include external sources in your paper/thesis then you should know how to include them and you should plan it. Consult your instructor Taking notes One of the best methods to avoid plagiarism is to take effective notes from the material the researcher has collected. In case of doubts, cite source Making it clear who said what
- 16. The aim of a paraphrase is to restate the original in your own words This means that the vocabulary and the sentence structure used in the paraphrase must differ significantly from the used in original. For this reason paraphrasing requires a good vocabulary and a good understanding of sentence structure
- 19. PRESENTED BY GHAZANFAR ALI SUBJECT SPECIALIST (QAED) NAROWAL
- 20. After going through this unit, you will be able to: Organize the writing Read the reader Overcome the lengthy sentences and big words Understands the writer’s block
- 21. Here are most common problems in technical writing and a technique provides tips on how to recognize them and how to solve them. Poor Organization The poor organization is the most common problem in writing. It is observed that poorly organizaed content is dull and boring for the reader It is better to plan before start writing. You create a rough outline that spells out the contents and organization of your paper or report.
- 22. Order based on location. Order based on increasing difficulty Alphabetical order Chronological order Problem solution
- 23. Inductive order. Another approach is to begin with specific in stances, and then leads the reader to the idea or general principles the instances suggest. This is an excellent way to approach trade journal feature stones.
- 24. Writing in “Technicalese” Anyone who reads technical documents knows the danger of “technicalese” the pompous, overblown style that leaves your writing sounding as if it were written by a computer or a corporation instead of a human being. “Technicalese,” is language more complex than the concepts it serves to communicate.
- 25. Lengthy Sentences Lengthy sentences confuse the reader and make your writing hard to read. The sentences become difficult to understand when they exceed 34 words in length. Big Word People sometimes prefer to use big, important- sounding words instead of short, simple words. This is a mistake; fancy language just frustrates the reader. Write in plain, ordinary. English and your readers will love your for it.
- 26. Be as specific as possible in technical descriptions. General Specific A Tall spray dryer A 40-ft-tall spray dryer Plant Petroleum refinery Unit Evaporator Unfavorable weather conditions Rain Structural degradation A leaky roof High performance 95% efficiency
- 27. Table 5. Keep it simple by using an informal conversational style. Formal Technical Style Informal Conversational Style The data provide by direct examination of samples under the lens of the microscope are insufficient for the purpose of making a proper identification of the components of the substance. We can’t tell what it is made of by looking at it under the microscope. We have found during conversations with customers that even the most experienced of extruder specialists have a tendency to avoid the extrusion of silicone profiles or hoses. Our customers tell us that experienced extruder specialists avoid extruding silicone profiles or hoses. The corporation terminated the employment of Mr. Joseph Smith. Joe was fired.
- 28. Here are a few tips to help you overcome writer’s block : Break the writing up into short sections, and write one section at a time. Write the easy sections first Write abstracts, introductions, and summaries last Avoid grammar-book rules that inhibit writers Sleep on it
- 29. Effective writing begins with a clear definition of the specific topic you want to write about. The big mistake many writers make is to tackle a topic that’s too broad. Inadequate Content You have defined your topic, audience, and purpose. The next step is to do some homework, and to gather information on the topic at hand.
- 30. Once you gather facts and decide how to organize the piece, the next step is to sit down and write. When you do, keep in mind that the secret to successful writing is rewriting. Inconsistent Usage inconsistencies in technical writing will confuse your readers and convince them that your scientific work and reasoning are as sloppy and unorganized as your prose
- 31. Table . Substitute simple words for wordy phrases Wordy Phrase Suggested substitute During the course of During In the form of As In Many cases Often In the event of If Exhibits the ability to Can
- 32. CLOSING THOUGHTS keep in mind that success in writing or any form of communication is largely a matter of attitude; If you don’t think writing is important’ enough to take the time to do it right, and you don’t really care about improving, you probably won’t. However, if you behieve that writing is important and you want to improve, you will.
- 33. For effective technical writing the following should be followed: Keep sentences short and to the point. Use simple subject-verb-object sentence structure. Avoid the use of embedded or dependent clauses. Use shortparagraphs to allow for easier paragraph-by-paragraph interpretation. Avoid regional idioms or turns of phrase.
- 34. Define technical terms as directly as possible, avoiding elaborate metaphor whenever possible. If you have any doubt about users’ knowledge of a specific term, define it. Accompany all graphical buttons with a verb- based identifier (e.g., left- pointing arrow with “Go Back”). Use the top-down strategy (tell them what you will say, then say it).