An Improved Greedy Parameter Stateless Routing in Vehicular Ad Hoc Network

International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences (IJAAS)
Vol. 7, No. 1, March 2018, pp. 73~77
ISSN: 2252-8814, DOI: 10.11591/ijaas.v7.i1.pp73-77  73
Journal homepage: http://iaescore.com/online/index.php/IJAAS
An Improved Greedy Parameter Stateless Routing in Vehicular
Ad Hoc Network
Kavita, Neera Batra, Rishi Pal Singh
CSE Department, MMU Mullana, Ambala, India
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received May 26, 2017
Revised Dec 20, 2017
Accepted Feb 26, 2018
Congestion problem and packet delivery related issues in the vehicular ad
hoc network environment is a widely researched problem in recent years.
Many network designers utilize various algorithms for the design of ad hoc
networks and compare their results with the existing approaches. The design
of efficient network protocol is a major challenge in vehicular ad hoc
network which utilizes the value of GPS and other parameters associated
with the vehicles. In this paper GPSR protocol is improved and compared
with the existing GPSR protocol and AODV protocol on the basis of various
performance parameters like throughput of the network, delay and packet
delivery ratio. The results also validate the performance of the proposed
approach.
Keyword:
AODV
GPSR
Improved GPSR
VANET
Copyright © 2018 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science.
All rights reserved.
Corresponding Author:
Kavita,
Department of Computer Science and Engineering,
Maharishi Markandeshwar University,
Mullana, Ambala, India.
Email: kavi4009@gmail.com
1. INTRODUCTION
VANET (Vehicular Ad hoc networks) is a type of Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET). Each node
acting as router to transfer information from one node to another node. In the VANET network, movement of
node is based on the geographical area [1].VANET has given birth to many attractive applications.“Collision
Avoidance” is one of its applications. Most of the road accidents are resulting from vehicles parting the road
or traveling rashly through intersections. Inter vehicular communications and infrastructure to vehicular
communication as discussed above can save many road accidents and therefore can save many human lives.
The worst traffic accident occurs when a number of vehicles strike each other after a single accident suddenly
halts traffic. In collision avoidance technique whenever a single vehicle lower its speed because of any
reason, it broadcasts its position and other related information to all other vehicles. Furthermore, long waiting
hours in traffic increase time wastage for the drivers. An important decline in numbers may be attained
during VANET [5]. In this approach vehicles collect the desired information about the current traffic from
surrounding environment and send it over network. Using this uploaded information traffic agencies helps in
controlling congestion. In this approach, each vehicle calculates the number of its neighbor vehicles and their
averages speeds and then sends this information to other vehicles in order to prevent them approaching the
busy location. Moreover in some cases, the message may be communicated by those vehicles which are
moving in anotherpath thus it can be communicated earlier to the anyautomobile mediumin the direction of
the overcrowdingsite. Information like climate, road surface, manufacture zones, railways lines, and
emergency vehicle signal is also collected by vehicles.
Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR) is a routing protocol that depends on the
geologicallocation of nodes which is also required for vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) [2]. GPRS attains
neighbor vehicle message by using GPS positioning apparatus instead of obtaining huge routing information

 ISSN: 2252-8814
IJAAS Vol. 7, No. 1, March 2018: 73 – 77
74
to maintain the message in routing table. In this routing protocol, every node transmits its location
information periodically to the neighboring nodes. The information received by neighboring nodes is stored
in the form of tables stored at those nodes. In order to promote the desired packet effectively, GPSR utilizes
the information of nearest neighbor of destination [3]. Every node in GPSR has information of its location
and his neighbors. The information about location of node provides helps to obtain better routing. All the
neighboring nodes facilitate in making the forwarding decision in suitable way without snooping with the
information related to topology. The benefit of GPSR is that it keeps the currently existing location of the
forwarding node. This can helps to send the packet in shot time interval and also reduce the distance among
destination nodes. Moreover, there are some demerits as well. In this GPSR protocol, few topologies results
in decreasing the packet from moving to specific range from the destination [4]. Also, this protocol will not
work if there will no nearest neighbor present to destination. GPSR is not appropriate for those ad-hoc
networks where nodes are moving highly and the node will be unable to maintain its one hop neighbor’s
information as the other node can move out of its coverage area or range because of the higher mobility of
dynamic nodes. It can result in loss of data packets.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
In [1] geo AODV routing protocol has been proposed. This proposed protocol is similar with
location aided routing which deploys GPS coordinates to reduce the area of search which is utilized through
the meansof discovery process. GeoAODV is used to dynamically distribute the position data between the
nodes in the network. Also, in this work, performance of proposed protocol is compared with other LAR,
AODV routing protocol. In [2] location aided protocol has been proposed. The proposed approach is utilizing
the position information in order to enhance the routing protocol performance for any kind of ad-hoc
network. The proposed protocol reduces the area of search by utilizing the position data. The proposed
protocol moves in the direction where the final node is supposed to be located. Also, location aided routing
modifies the process of finding the route, so that only those nodes will rebroadcast the request message that
belongs to the search area. Due to this, routing message are reduces.
Shen et al. [3] proposed Location-based Efficient Routing protocol has been presented. The
proposed protocol divides the network field into separate zones and arbitrarily selects the node which may act
as intermediate relay nodes and these nodes makes non traceable anonymous route. Furthermore, it conceal
the data receiver between several receivers to make stronger destination and source ambiguitysafety. In [4], a
novel routing scheme depending on GPSR routing protocol has been presented. The simulation has been
executed by using VANET MobiSim. The comparison has been presented among the proposed protocol and
AODV on network simulator NS2. The result demonstrates that the proposed GPSR routing scheme performs
better in terms of end to end delay andpacket delivery ratio. OLSR and DSDV protocols have been presented
in [5]. For simulation purposes, network simulator 3 and 802.11p standard and Two Ray Ground Propagation
Loss Model are used. The performance is compared by already existing protocol and result demonstrated that
the proposed OLSR protocol is better. In this analysis [6], it involves the two types of MAC /PHY
specifications that isIEEE 802.11g and the IEEE 802.11a. In the first experimental design, signal strength has
been calculated which is produced by analyzed devices. The second design illustrates the quality of service of
V2V communications of these devices.
The study in [7] analyzes the delay in the delivery the information only for the purpose of roadside
unit (RSU) deployment in VANET network. Also in this paper, a model has been designed which helps to
explain the relation among delay and deployment distancebetween roadside neighbor units. Furthermore, the
designed model considers the speed of vehicle, its density and some other parameters. The correctness and
accuracy of the proposed model is confirmed and the effectsseveral parameters on the average delay are
investigated through simulation results.
In [8], new scheme has been presented which is depends on the prediction of velocity and selective
forwarding. The sender choices the best candidate which will rebroadcast the message to other vehicle.
In this technique, low overhead has been generated. This work proposed a broadcasting algorithm for
VANETs. The proposed algorithm is depending on the kalman filtering. The simulations results indicate that
the proposed technique may improve the delivery ratio and decrease the end to end delay
3. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
In the proposed approach the link between source and destination is computed considering various
parameters. These parameters are acceleration of the target vehicle, velocity of source and target vehicle,
distance between the source and the target vehicle and the direction of the target vehicle. For the calculation

IJAAS ISSN: 2252-8814 
An Improved Greedy Parameter Stateless Routing in Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (Kavita)
75
of the path, firstly a virtual line among the destination and source is considered using the two point line
equation.
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = [(𝑦2 − 𝑦1)/(𝑥2 − 𝑥1)] (𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) (1)
Now, the distance of each neighbor of the source node is calculated from the destination node using
equation 2 and compared the distance with the source to destination distance. Nodes satisfying the following
criterion will only be considered for the path selection process:
1. Velocity of the source node is less than destination node
2. Acceleration of destination node is more than source node
3. Destination or target node lies within the range of source node
4. Direction of both source node and the target node are same
After the initial selection of nodes, the perpendicular distance of the node with the virtual line is
calculated using equation 3 and the node with the least distance is selected for route discovery and the source
node is updated with the selected node and process continues until destination is reached. This is because the
angle among the destination and sourcenode is minimized in order to make the GPSR protocol to be angle
aware.
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = √((𝑥2 − 𝑥1)2
+ (𝑦2 − 𝑦1)2
) (2)
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 =
|𝐴𝐴+𝐵𝐵+𝐶|
√(𝐴2+𝐵2)
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑎 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵 + 𝐶 = 0 (3)
𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑚 𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑛 𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑥 𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑦 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑜𝑜 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
Figure 1 show the path selection procedure based on the perpendicular distance of the nodes from
the virtual line.
Figure 1. Path Calculation
Algorithm
1: 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺
2: 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑛𝑖 ← 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑛𝑖 𝑖𝑖 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖 𝑡ℎ
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
3: 𝑑1 ← 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷(𝑛 𝑠, 𝑛 𝑑), /𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑛 𝑠 𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑛 𝑑,
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑛 𝑠 𝑖𝑖 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑒 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑛 𝑑 𝑖𝑖 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
4: 𝑑𝑑𝑑 ← 𝐷𝐷𝐷(𝑛 𝑑), 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝑜𝑜 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
5: 𝑆𝑠, 𝑆 𝑑 ← 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆(𝑛 𝑠 , 𝑛 𝑑), 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑐𝑐
6: 𝐴 ← 𝐴𝐴𝐴(𝑛 𝑑), 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑜𝑜 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
7: 𝑙 ← 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿(𝑛 𝑠, 𝑛 𝑑),/ 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
8: 𝒇𝒇𝒇 𝒊 ≔ 𝟎: 𝑵, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑁 𝑖𝑖 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑛𝑛. 𝑜𝑜 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛ℎ𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
9: 𝑑2 ← 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷(𝑛𝑖, 𝑛 𝑑)
10: 𝒊𝒊 ( 𝑆𝑠 < 𝑆 𝑑&𝐴 𝑠 < 𝐴 𝑑& 𝑑𝑑𝑟𝑠 = 𝑑𝑑𝑟𝑑 )
11: 𝒊𝒊(𝑑1 > 𝑑2)
12: 𝑑𝑑 ← 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(𝑛𝑖, 𝑙)
13: 𝒊𝒊 (𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)
14: 𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈 𝑛 𝑆 ← 𝑛𝑖
15: 𝒆𝒆𝒆 𝒊𝒊
17: 𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅(𝑛 𝑠, 𝑛 𝑑)
19: 𝒆𝒆𝒆 𝒇𝒇𝒇
20: 𝒆𝒆𝒆

 ISSN: 2252-8814
IJAAS Vol. 7, No. 1, March 2018: 73 – 77
76
4. SIMULATION ENVIRONMENT
Table 1 shows the parameters set up for creating the simulation environment.
Table 1: Simulation Parameters
Channel Wireless Channel
Propagation Model Two Ray Ground
Mac IEEE 802.11
Antenna Omni Directional Antenna
Number of Vehicles 10~ 50
Simulation Time 50 s
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The proposed methodology is implemented using the network simulator ns2.35. The Vehicular Ad
hoc Network environment is created and performance of GPSR and Improved GPSR is compared with the
AODV protocol on parameters like throughput of the network, packet delivery ratio and end to end delay.
Figure 2 to 4 shows the graphs of comparison between these protocols on the basis of various performance
parameters varies accordingto the number of nodes.
Figure 2. End to End Delay Figure 3. Packet Delivery Ratio
Figure 4. Throughput of the Network
6. CONCLUSION
The paper tries to present a comparative analysis of existing AODV and GPSR protocol and
improved GPSR protocol in terms of their performance. A VANET environment was created and vehicular
movement were simulated. The above discussed protocols were used for communication and the performance
of the system was analyzed. For a similar environment, it was found that the improved GPSR protocol
outperforms the other two protocols in terms of throughput, network delay and packet delivery ratio. This
encourages us to further explore the proposed improved GPSR protocol in other environment. In future,
hybrid protocols can be developed by exploiting the better features of improved GPSR and the traditional
algorithms.

IJAAS ISSN: 2252-8814 
An Improved Greedy Parameter Stateless Routing in Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (Kavita)
77
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An Improved Greedy Parameter Stateless Routing in Vehicular Ad Hoc Network

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