April 2020: Top Read Articles in VLSI design & Communication Systems

April 2020: Top Read Articles
in VLSI design &
Communication Systems
International Journal of VLSI design & Communication
Systems (VLSICS)
ISSN : 0976 - 1357 (Online); 0976 - 1527(print)
http://airccse.org/journal/vlsi/vlsics.html

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CAR PARKING SYSTEM ON
FPGA
Ramneet Kaur1
and Balwinder Singh2
1,2
Academic and Consultancy Services-Division, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing(C-
DAC), Mohali, India
ABSTRACT
As, the number of vehicles are increased day by day in rapid manner. It causes the problem of traffic
congestion, pollution (noise and air). To overcome this problem A FPGA based parking system has been
proposed. In this paper, parking system is implemented using Finite State Machine modelling. The system
has two main modules i.e. identification module and slot checking module. Identification module
identifies the visitor. Slot checking module checks the slot status. These modules are modelled in HDL
and implemented on FPGA. A prototype of parking system is designed with various interfaces like sensor
interfacing, stepper motor and LCD.
KEYWORDS
Finite State Machine; Parking System; Virtex- 5;
Original Source URL : https://aircconline.com/vlsics/V4N3/4313vlsics07.pdf
http://airccse.org/journal/vlsi/vol4.html

REFERENCES
[1] Du Shaobo; Sun Shibao;,(2012) "The research and design of intellectual parking system based on
RFID," Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery (FSKD), 2012 9th International Conference on,
pp.2427-2430.
[2] Gongjun Yan; Weiming Yang; Rawat, D.B.; Olariu, S.,(2011) "SmartParking: A Secure and
Intelligent Parking System," Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine, IEEE , vol.3, no.1, pp.18-
30.
[3] Liu Liang; Zhang Lei; Xiao Jin; ,(2011) "The simulation of an auto-parking system," Industrial
Electronics and Applications (ICIEA), 2011 6th IEEE Conference on , pp.249-253.
[4] Soh Chun Khang; Teoh Jie Hong; Tan Saw Chin; Shengqiong Wang;(2010) , "Wireless MobileBased
Shopping Mall Car Parking System (WMCPS)," Services Computing Conference (APSCC), 2010 IEEE
Asia-Pacific , pp.573-577.
[5] Gupta, A.; Divekar, R.; Agrawal, M.; ,(2010) "Autonomous parallel parking system for Ackerman
steering four wheelers," Computational Intelligence and Computing Research (ICCIC), 2010 IEEE
International Conference on , pp.1-6.
[6] Hua-Chun Tan; Jie Zhang; Xin-Chen Ye; Hui-Ze Li; Pei Zhu; Qing-Hua Zhao;(2009) , "Intelligent
car-searching system for large park," Machine Learning and Cybernetics, 2009 International Conference
on , vol.6, no., pp.3134-3138.
[7] Srikanth, S.V.; Pramod, P.J.; Dileep, K.P.; Tapas, S.; Patil, M.U.; Sarat, C.B.N.;(2009) , "Design and
Implementation of a Prototype Smart PARKing (SPARK) System Using Wireless Sensor Networks,"
Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops, 2009. WAINA '09. International
Conference on , pp.401-406.
[8] Gongjun Yan; Olariu, S.; Weigle, M.C.; Abuelela, M.; ,(2008) "SmartParking: A Secure and
Intelligent Parking System Using NOTICE," Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2008. ITSC 2008. 11th
International IEEE Conference on , pp.569-574.
[9] Tsung-hua Hsu; Jing-Fu Liu; Pen-Ning Yu; Wang-Shuan Lee; Jia-Sing Hsu; ,(2008) "Development of
an automatic parking system for vehicle," Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, 2008. VPPC '08.
IEEE , pp.1-6.
[10] Insop Song; Gowan, K.; Nery, J.; Han, H.; Sheng, T.; Li, H.; Karray, F.; ,(2006) "Intelligent Parking
System Design Using FPGA," Field Programmable Logic and Applications, 2006. FPL '06. International
Conference on , pp.1-6.
[11] http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/congestion_report/chapter3.htm#footer14

AUTHORS BIOGRAPHY
Balwinder Singh has obtained his Bachelor of Technology degree from National
Institute of Technology, Jalandhar and Master of Technology degree from University
Centre for Inst. & Microelectronics (UCIM), Punjab University, and Chandigarh in
2002 and 2004 respectively. He is currently serving as Senior Engineer in Centre for
Development of Advanced Computing (CDAC), Mohali and is a part of the teaching
faculty and also pursuing Phd from GNDU Amritsar. He has 8+ years of teaching
experience to both undergraduate and postgraduate students. Singh has published three
books and many papers in the International & National Journal and Conferences. His current interest
includes Genetic algorithms, Low Power techniques, VLSI Design & Testing, and System on Chip.
Ramneet kaur has received the B.Tech. (Electronics and Communication Engineering)
degree from the CTIEMT, Jalandhar affiliated to Punjab Technical University,
Jalandhar in 2011, and presently she is doing M.Tech (VLSI design) degree from
Centre for of Advanced Computing (CDAC), Mohali and working on her thesis work.
Her area of interest is FPGA Implementation and VLSI Design.

VERIFICATION OF DRIVER LOGIC USING AMBAAXI UVM
Bijal Thakkar1
and V Jayashree2
1
Research Scholar, Electronics Dept., D.K.T.E. Society's Textile and Engineering Institute, Ichalkaranji,
Maharashtra, India.
2
Professor, Electronics Dept ., D.K.T.E. Society's Textile and Engineering Institute, Ichalkaranji,
Maharashtra, India.
ABSTRACT
Advanced Extensible Interface (AXI) is the most commonly used bus protocols in the day-to-day because
of its high performance and high-frequency operation without using complex bridges. AXI is also
backwardcompatible with existing AHB and APB interfaces. So verification of driver logic using
AMBA-AXI UVM is presented in this paper. The AXI is used for multiple outstanding operations which
is only possible in the other protocol but it is possible in AXI because it contains different write address
and data channels and AXI also supports out of order transfer based on the transaction ID which is
generated at the start of the transfer. The driver logic for the AXI has been designed and implemented
using the Universal Verification Methodology (UVM).The signaling of the five channels such as write
address, write data, write response, read address, read data channel of AXI protocol are considered for
verification. According to the AXI protocol,the signals of these channels are driven to the interconnect
and results are observed for single master and single slave. The driver logic has been implemented and
verified successfully according to AXI protocol using the Rivera Pro. The results observed for single
master and single slave have shown the correctness of AMBA-AXI design in Verilog.
KEYWORDS
AMBA(Advance Microcontroller Bus Architecture),AXI(Advanced Extensible
Interface),UVM(Universal Verification Methodology),channel.
Original Source URL : https://aircconline.com/vlsics/V9N3/9318vlsi03.pdf

REFERENCES
[1] Amba axi protocol specification, arm, 2011.
[2] Gayathri m, rini sebastian, silpa rose mary, anoop thomas, “a sv-uvm framework verification of sgmii
ip core with reusable axi to wb bridge uvc”, ieee ,3rd international on advance computing and
communication systems,jan 22 & 23 ,2016 ,coimbatore, india.
[3] Rini sebastian, silpa rose mary, gayathri m, anoop thomas, “assertion based verification of sgmii ip
core incorporating axi transaction verification model”, ieee,international conference on control,
communication & computing india (iccc), 19-21 november 2015 , trivandrum.
[4] Golla mahesh, sakthivel.s.m, verification ip for an amba-axi protocol using system verilog,
international journal ofengineering research and general science, volume 3, issue 1, januaryfebruary,
2015.
[5] Mahendra.b.m,ramachandra.a.c, bus functional model verification ip development of axi protocol,
international journal ofengineeringresearch andgeneral science, volume 3, special issue 1, february, 2014
[6] Anusharanga, l. harivenkatesh, venkanna, design and implementation of amba-axi protocol using vhdl
for soc integration, international journal of engineering research and general science, vol. 2, issue4, july-
august 20,2012.
AUTHORS
Bijal Thakkar is currently pursuing her M.Tech in Electronics from Shivaji University,
Ichalkarnji .Doing project in DKTE Society’s Textile & Engineering Institute. She
Obtained her bachelor’s degree in Electronics and communication engineering from
Shivaji University,Kolhapur.Her interest includes,digital circuits design and
Verification.

VLSI DESIGN OF AMBA BASED AHB2APB BRIDGE
Aparna Kharade1
and V. Jayashree2
1
Research Scholar, Electronics Dept., D.K.T.E. Society's Textile and Engineering Institute, Ichalkaranji,
Maharashtra, India.
2
Professor, Electronics Dept ., D.K.T.E. Society's Textile and Engineering Institute, Ichalkaranji,
Maharashtra, India.
ABSTRACT
The Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA) is an open System-on-Chip bus protocol for
highperformance buses to communicate with low-power devices. In the AMBA Advanced High
Performance bus (AHB) a system bus is used to connect a processor, a DSP, and high-performance
memory controllers where as the AMBA Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB) is used to connect (Universal
Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter) UART. It also contains a Bridge, which connects the AHB and APB
buses. Bridges are standard bus-to-bus interfaces that allow IPs connected to different buses to
communicate with each other in a standardized way. So AHB2APB bridge is designed, implemented
using VERILOG tool and tested using Verilog testbench and is reported in this paper. A synthesizable
RTL code of a complex interface bridge between AHB and APB is developed and known as AHB2APB
Bridge. The simulated AHB2APB Bridge results are promising and can be further tested for its verstality
by writing a verification program using UVM in future.
KEYWORDS
AMBA; AHB2APB; SOC; VERILOG; XILINX

REFERENCES
[1] Jaehoon Song, Student member, IEEE et al.,” An Efficient SOC Test Technique by Reusing
On/OffChip Bus Bridge”. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems-I: Regular Papers, Vol. 56, No.3,
March 2009.
[2] Krishna Sekar, Member, IEEE et al.” Dynamically Configurable Bus Topologies for
HighPerformance On-Chip Communication”. IEEE transactions on very large-scale integration (Vlsi)
systems, vol. 16, no. 10, October 2008.
[3] G. Geetha Reddy et al.,” Implementation of bus bridge between AHB and OCP”. Global Journal of
Advanced Engineering Technologies, Vol 1, Issue4-2012 ISSN: 2277-6370.
[4] Kalluri Usha and T. Ashok Kumar,” AXI To Apb Interface Design Using Verilog”. IOSR Journal of
Electronics and Communication Engineering, p- ISSN: 2278-8735.Volume 8, Issue 5 (Nov. - Dec. 2013),
pg. 01-09.
[5] Vani.R.M and Merope,” Design of AMBA based AHB2APB bridge” IJCSNS international journal of
computer science and network security, vol.10, no.11, November 2010
[6] Priyanka M Shettar1, Ashwin Kumar “Verification IP of AMBA AXI V1.0 Using UVM”. IOSR
Journal of VLSI and Signal Processing (IOSR-JVSP) Volume 6, Issue 3, Ver. II (May -Jun. 2016),
pg. 54-58.
AUTHORS
Aparna Ramesh Kharade is currently pursuing Mtech in electronics from Shivaji
University Kolhapur.completing the project in DKTE Society’s Textile &
Enginnering Institute She obtained her bachelor’s degree in Electronics from
Shivaji University, Kolhapur. She obtained her diploma in Medical Electronics
from Government Polytechnic Miraj. Her research interests are VLSI based
SOC design and verification.

FIVE-TRANSISTOR SINGLE-PORT SRAM BIT CELL WITH HIGH
SPEED AND LOW STANDBY CURRENT
Chien-Cheng Yu1,3*
, Ming-Chuen Shiau2
, and Ching-Chih Tsai3
1
Department of Electronic Engineering, Hsiuping University of Science and Technology, Taichung City,
Taiwan
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, Hsiuping University of Science and Technology, Taichung City,
Taiwan
3
Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University Taichung City, Taiwan
ABSTRACT
In this paper, a new five-transistor (5T) single-port Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) cell with
voltage assist is proposed. Amongst them, a word line suppression circuit is designed to provide a voltage
of the respective connected word line signal in a selected row cells lower than the power supply voltage
VDD by a threshold voltage during a read operation, thereby to improve the read/write-ability of the cell.
In addition, a voltage control circuit is coupled to the sources corresponding to driver transistors of each
row memory cells. This configuration is aimed to control the source voltages of driver transistors under
different operating modes. Specifically, during a read operation, a two-stage reading mechanism is
engaged to increase the reading speed. Simulation results for the proposed cell design confirm that there
is a conspicuous improvement in reading speed and power saving over the conventional SRAM cells, and
fast writing also can be achieved.
KEYWORDS
Single-port, Static random access memory, Assist circuitry, Voltage control circuit, Standby start-up
circuit

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[16] H. Jeong, et al., "Switching pMOS Sense Amplifier for High-Density Low-Voltage Single-Ended
SRAM," IEEE Trans. Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, vol. 62, no. 6, pp. 1555-1563, 2015.
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cell for low-power operation," in Proc. 2016 11th Int. Conf. Industrial and Information Systems (ICIIS),
2016, pp. 178-181.
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twophase write and split bitline differential sensing for low voltage operation,” in Proc. 11th Int. Symp.
Quality Electronic Design (ISQED), Mar. 2010, pp. 139-146.
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[24] M. C. Shiau, C. C. Yu, and K. T. Chen, “Single port SRAM having a lower power voltage in writing
operation”, TW pat. I426514 B, Feb. 11, 2014.
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Dec.11, 2013.
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no. 12, pp. 3039- 3047, Dec. 2010.
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AUTHORS
Chien-Cheng Yu received the B.S. and M.S. degrees from Feng Chia University and National Taiwan
Normal University, respectively. He is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree in electrical
engineering at National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan. In 1986, he joined Hsiuping
University of Science and Technology, Taichung City, Taiwan, where he is now an Associate Professor.
His current research interests include design and analysis of high-speed, low-power integrated circuits and
low-voltage low-power embedded SRAM circuit design.
Ming-Chuen Shiau received the B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Electronic Engineering from National
Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan. He is currently a Professor with the Department of Electrical
Engineering at Hsiuping University of Science and Technology, Taichung City, Taiwan. His current
research interests include low-power digital circuit design, SRAM design and low-voltage embedded
memory circuit design.
Ching-Chih Tsai received the Diplomat in electrical engineering from National Taipei Institute of
Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, in 1981, the M.S. degree in control engineering from National Chiao Tung
University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, in 1986, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from Northwestern
University, Evanston, IL, in 1991. He is currently a Distinguished Professor in the Department of
Electrical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan. His current research
interests include ultrasonics, mechatronics, mobile robotics, advanced control methods, embedded control
systems, and their applications to mobile robots and industrial control systems.

STATIC NOISE MARGIN OPTIMIZED 11NM SHORTED-GATE AND
INDEPENDENT-GATE LOW POWER 6T FINFET SRAM TOPOLOGIES
Dusten Vernor, Santosh Koppa and Eugene John
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Texas at San Antonio, Texas, USA
ABSTRACT
This paper investigates the leakage current, static noise margin (SNM), delay and energy consumption of
a 6 transistor FinFET based static random-access memory (SRAM) cell due to the variation in design and
operating parameters of the SRAM cell. The SRAM design and operating parameters considered in this
investigation are transistor sizing, supply voltage, word-line voltage, temperature and PFET and NFET
back gate biasing. This investigation is performed using a 11nm FinFET shorted gate and low power
technology models. Based on the investigation results, we propose a robust 6 transistor SRAM cells with
optimized performance using shorted gate and independent gate low power FinFET models. By
optimizing the design parameters of the cell, the shorted-gate design shows an improvement of read SNM
of 261.56mV and an improvement of hold SNM of 87.68mV when compared to a shorted-gate cell with
standard design parameters. The low-power design shows an improvement of read SNM of 146.18mV
and a marginal decrease in hold SNM of 22.84mV when compared to a low-power cell with standard
design parameters. Both the cells with the new optimized design parameters are shown to improve the
overall SNM of the cells with minimal impact on the subthreshold leakage currents, performance and
energy consumption.
KEYWORDS
SRAM, Leakage Power, Write Delay, Read Delay, FinFET, Static Noise Margin, SNM, Back Gate
Biasing.

REFERENCES
[1] B. Dipert. Fundamentals Of Volatile Memory Technologies. Electronic Products, 2011.
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[6] University Of Florida. Process/Physics-Based Generic Double-Gate Mosfet Model, Oct 2011.
[7] C. Hill. Definitions Of Noise Margin In Logic Systems. Mullard Technology Communications, Pages
239–245, Sept 1967.
[8] E. S. Et Al. Static-Noise Margin Analysis Of Mos Sram Cells. Ieee Journal Of Solid State Circuits,
Sc-22(5):748–754, 1987.
[9] B. H. Et. Al. Calhoun. Analyzing Static Noise Margin For Sub-Threshold Sram In 65nm Cmos. Proc.
Esscirc, Pages 363–366, Sept 2005.
[10] S. Koppa And E. B. John “Performance Tradeoffs In The Design Of Low-Power Sram Arrays For
Implantable Devices”, Journal Of Low Power Electronics, Vol 14, No. 1, March 2018.
[11] Monica M And P. Chandramohan, "Characterization Of 8t Sram Cells Using 16 Nm Finfet
Technology," 2016 International Conference On Signal Processing And Communication (Icsc), Noida,
2016, Pp. 403-406.
[12] T. S. Copetti, T. R. Balen, G. C. Medeiros And L. M. B. Poehls, "Analyzing The Behavior Of Finfet
Srams With Resistive Defects," 2017 Ifip/Ieee International Conference On Very Large Scale Integration
(Vlsi-Soc), Abu Dhabi, 2017, Pp. 1-6.
AUTHORS
Dusten Vernor received his B.S. and M.S degrees, both in Computer Engineering, from the University of
Texas at San Antonio. Currently he is an engineer at Broadcom Inc. in Austin, Texas. His research
interests include, Efficient VLSI System Design and Low Power VLSI Systems.
Santosh Koppa received his Ph. D. in Electrical Engineering from the University of Texas at San
Antonio. He is currently working in Global Foundries US Inc. His research interests include, ultra-low
power analog and digital circuits, Internet of Things, low power VLSI systems.
Eugene John received his Ph. D. in Electrical Engineering from the Pennsylvania State University. He is
currently a professor in the department of Electrical and Computer Engineering. His research interests
include, ultra-low power computing, energy efficient hardware for deep learning, low power VLSI
systems, integrated circuit IP security and trust and computer architecture and performance evaluation.

SINGLE ELECTRON TRANSISTOR: APPLICATIONS & PROBLEMS
Om Kumar1
and Manjit Kaur2
1,2
VLSI-ES Department, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Mohali, India
ABSTRACT
The goal of this paper is to review in brief the basic physics of nanoelectronic device single-electron
transistor [SET] as well as prospective applications and problems in their applications. SET functioning
based on the controllable transfer of single electrons between small conducting "islands". The device
properties dominated by the quantum mechanical properties of matter and provide new characteristics
coulomb oscillation, coulomb blockade that is helpful in a number of applications. SET is able to shear
domain with silicon transistor in near future and enhance the device density. Recent research in SET gives
new ideas which are going to revolutionize the random access memory and digital data storage
technologies.
KEYWORDS
Nanoelectronics; Single-electron transistor; Coulomb blockade, Coulomb oscillation, Quantum dot

REFERENCES
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Memory operating at room temperature”, Science Vol. 275, pp. 649-651, 1997.
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based on the single electron Transistor” , Journal of Low Temperature Physics, Vol. 93, Nos. 3/4, pp.767-
772, 1993.
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Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 81, No. 3, pp. 532-534, July 2002.

AUTHORS
Om Kumar
I am a Student of Masters in Technology in VLSI Design, Centre for Development of
Advanced Computing(C-DAC), Mohali, India. My research interests include
Semiconductor Device Physics, Nano electronics.
Manjit Kaur
I am Bachelor in Electronics and communication Engineering, BECT
Gurdaspur,Punjab, India and Masters in Technology in Microelectronics from Punjab
University, Chandigarh, India. Presently working as Design Engineer at Centre for
Development of Advanced Computing(C-DAC), Mohali, India. This institute is a
scientific society of the Ministry of Communications & Information Technology, Govt.
of India, involved in Research and Development with an objective to create focus on Advanced
Information Technologies, High-end Academics & Training relevant to R & D societies. I am associated
with Masters in Technology in VLSI Des ign. My research interests include VLSI design, Low power
VLSI Design techniques, Semiconductor Device Physics, Nano electronics.

EVALUATION OF ATM FUNCTIONING USING VHDL AND FPGA
Manali Dhar1
, Debolina Roy2
and Tamosha Saha3
1
Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering,
DSCSDEC, Kolkata, India
2,3
UG Student, Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering,
DSCSDEC, Kolkata, India
ABSTRACT
It has been almost four decades that banks and other financial organizations have been gradually
computerised, in order to improve service and efficiency and to reduce cost. The birth of Electronic Fund
Transfer and Automated Teller Machines has given rise to 24-hour banking and a greater variety of
services for the customer. This method uses a computer to transfer debits and credits, with the help of
electronic pulses, which are carried through wires either to a magnetic disk or tape. ATM (Automated
Teller Machine) has become an important part in our daily lives. People use ATM for various purposes
such as money withdrawal, checking balance, changing password etc. Since it mainly deals with people's
money, it has to be a secure system on which we can rely. We have taken a step towards increasing this
security and integrity by trying to implement the functioning of an ATM using VLSI-based programming,
HDL(Hardware Description Language).The conventional coding languages such as C,C++ are replaced
by VHDL(Very High Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description Language) so that the code cannot
be easily hacked or changed. This article consists of an insight into the various functions that can be
performed using an ATM, a brief description of the Coding and the obtained simulation results. It also
consists of the implementation of the code using FPGA Kit (Spartan3; Model no.-XC 3S50).
KEYWORDS
ATM (Automated Teller Machine), Security, HDL (Hardware Description Language), FPGA (Field
Programmable Gate Array).

REFERENCES
[1] Yingxu Wang and Yanan Zhang, “The Formal Design Model of an Automatic Teller Machine
(ATM)” University of Calgary, Canada, International Journal of Software Science and Computational
Intelligence, 2(1), 102-131, January-March 2010.
[2] Avenet Avenue, user’s guide, Xilinx® Spartan™-3 Development Kit.
[3] Stanley MAZOR and Patricia LINGSTRAAT, "A guide to VHDL (2nd Edition)", copyright 1993,
Kluwer Achedamic Publishers, pp no: 1-1 to 7-16.
[4] http://www.fpga.com.cn/hdl/training/Vhdl_Golden_Reference_Guide.pdf
[5] Peter J. Ashenden and Jim Lewis, "The Designer's Guide to VHDL (3rd Edition)" copyright 2008,
Morgan KJaufmann Publication, pp no:207-225.
[6] Pong P. Chu "RTL Hardware Design Using VHDL, Coding For Efficiency, portability and
Scalability", Willy Interscience a john wilay & sons, inc., Publication, pp no:23-160.
[7] Hardware Implementation of Watchdog Timer for Application in ATM Machine Using Verilog and
FPGA Iqbalur Rahman Rokon, Toufiq Rahman, Md. Murtoza Ali Quader, and Mukit Alam,International
Conference on Electronics, Biomedical Engineering and its Applications (ICEBEA'2012) Jan. 7-8, 2012
Dubai
AUTHORS
[1] First Author – Manali Dhar, M.Tech (Microelectronics & VLSI Design), Dr.
Sudhir Chandra Sur Degree Engineering College, Assistant Professor, Dept. of ECE,
JIS Group and madhuja4u@gmail.com
[2] Second Author – Debolina Roy, Final Year B.Tech Student (Electronics &
Communication Engineering), Dr. Sudhir Chandra Sur Degree Engineering College,
JIS Group
[3] Third Author – Tamosha Saha, Final Year B.Tech Student (Electronics &
Communication Engineering), Dr. Sudhir Chandra Sur Degree Engineering College,
JIS Group

COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF XORXNOR
FUNCTION BASED HIGH-SPEED CMOS FULL ADDER CIRCUITS FOR
LOW VOLTAGE VLSI DESIGN
Subodh Wairya1
, Rajendra Kumar Nagaria2
and Sudarshan Tiwari2
1
Department of Electronics Engineering, Institute of Engineering & Technology (I.E.T), Lucknow, India,
226021
2
Department of ECED, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology (MNNIT), Allahabad, India,
211004
ABSTRACT
This paper presents comparative study of high-speed, low-power and low voltage full adder circuits. Our
approach is based on XOR-XNOR design full adder circuits in a single unit. A low power and high
performance 9T full adder cell using a design style called “XOR (3T)” is discussed. The designed circuit
commands a high degree of regularity and symmetric higher density than the conventional CMOS design
style as well as it lowers power consumption by using XOR (3T) logic circuits. Gate Diffusion Input
(GDI) technique of low-power digital combinatorial circuit design is also described. This technique helps
in reducing the power consumption and the area of digital circuits while maintaining low complexity of
logic design. This paper analyses, evaluates and compares the performance of various adder circuits.
Several simulations conducted using different voltage supplies, load capacitors and temperature variation
demonstrate the superiority of the XOR (3T) based full adder designs in term of delay, power and power
delay product (PDP) compared to the other full adder circuits. Simulation results illustrate the superiority
of the designed adder circuits against the conventional CMOS, TG and Hybrid full adder circuits in terms
of power, delay and power delay product (PDP). .
KEYWORDS
Hybrid full adder, XOR-XNOR circuit, High Speed, Low Power, Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI)
Circuits,

REFERENCES
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[17] Abdulkarim Al-Sheraidah, Yingtao Jiang, Yuke Wang and Edwin Sha, (2001) “A Novel Low Power
Multiplexer-Based Full Adder,” European Conference on Circuit Theory and Design, Espoo, Finland,
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Transistor Full Adders Using Novel XOR-XNOR Gates,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems
II: Analog and Digital Signal Processing, Vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 25-30.
[26] S. Wairya, Himanshu Pandey, R. K. Nagaria and S. Tiwari, (2010) “Ultra Low Voltage High Speed
1- Bit CMOS Adder,” in Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Power, Control and Embedded
System (ICPCES’10), India, pp. 1-6.
[27] Chip-Hong Chang, Jiangmin Gu, Mingyan Zhang, (2005) “A Review of 0.18µm Full Adder
Performances for Tree Structured Arithmetic Circuits,” IEEE Transaction on Very Large Scale
Integration (VLSI) Systems, Vol. 13, No. 6, pp. 686-694.
[28] Sumeer Goel, Mohammed A. Elgamel, Magdy A. Bayoumi, Yasser Hanafy, (2006) “Design
Methodologies for High-Performance Noise-Tolerant XOR-XNOR Circuits,” IEEE Transactions on
Circuits and Systems- I, Vol. 53, No. 4, pp. 867-878.
[29] Jin-Fa-Lin, Yin-Tsung Hwang, Ming-Hwa Sheu, and Cheng-Che Ho, (2007) “A Novel High-Speed
and Energy Efficient 10-Transistor Full Adder Design,” IEEE Transaction on Circuits and Systems I,
Vol. 54, No. 5, pp. 1050-1059.
[30] S. Veeramachaneni, M. B. Srinivas, (2008) “New Improved 1-Bit Full Adder Cells,” CCECE
/CCGEI, May 5-7, 2008, Niagara Falls, Ontano, Canada, pp. 735-738,.

[31] Arkadiy Morgenshtein, , Alexander Fish and Israel A. Wagner, (2002) “Gate-Diffusion Input (GDI):
A Power Efficient Method for Digital Combinatorial Circuits,” IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale
Integration (VLSI) Systems, Vol. 10 No. 5, pp. 566 -581
[32] Adarsh Kumar Agrawal, S. Wairya, R. K. Nagaria and S. Tiwari, (2009) “A New Mixed Gate
Diffusion Input Full Adder Topology for High Speed Low Power Digital Circuits,” World Applied
Sciences Journal (WASJ) 7 (Special Issue of Computer & IT): pp. 138-144.
[33] Mohammad Hossein Moaiyeri and Reza Faghih Mirzaee, (2009) “Two New Low-Power and
HighPerformance Full Adders,” Journal of Computers, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 119-126.
[34] MA Elgmal, S. Goel and M.A. Bayoumi, (2003) “Noise Tolerant Low Voltage XOR-XNOR for Fast
Arithmetic,” in Proceeding of IEEE Great Lakes Symposium on VLSI (GLSVLSI’ 03), 2003,Wasting
D.C., pp. 285-288.
[35] Shiv Shankar Mishra, S. Wairya, R.K. Nagaria and S. Tiwari, (2009) “New Design Methodologies
for High Speed Low Power XOR-XNOR Circuits,” Journal of World Academy Science, Engineering and
Technology (WASET), Vol. 55, No. 35, pp. 200-206.
[36] S. Wairya, R. K. Nagaria and S. Tiwari, (2010) “A Novel CMOS Full Adder Topology for Low
Voltage VLSI Applications,” in Proceeding of International Conference on Emerging Trends in Signal
Processing & VLSI Design (SPVL’10)’, Hyderabad, India, pp. 1142-1146.
[37] Shubhajit Roy Chowdhury, Aritra Banerjee, Aniruddha Roy and H. Saha, (2008) “A high Speed 8
Transistor Full Adder Design using Novel 3 Transistor XOR Gates,” International Journal of Electronics,
Circuits and Systems, WASET Fall, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 217-223.
[38] Mariano Aguirre-Hernandez and Monico Linares-Aranda, (2011) “CMOS Full Adders for
EnergyEfficient Arithmetic Application,” IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI)
System, Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 718-721.
[39] M. Hosseinghadiry, H. Mohammadi, M. Nadisenejani, (2009) “Two New Low Power High
Performance Full Adders with Minimum Gates,” International Journal of Electronics, Circuits and
Systems, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 124-131.
[40] Subodh Wairya, Rajendra Kumar Nagaria and Sudarshan Tiwari, (2011) “New Design
Methodologies for High-Speed Low-Voltage 1 Bit CMOS Full Adder Circuits,” Journal of Computer
Technology and Application, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 190-198.
[41] Subodh Wairya, Rajendra Kumar Nagaria and Sudarshan Tiwari, (2011) “New Design
Methodologies for High Speed Mixed Mode Full Adder Circuits,” International Journal of VLSI and
Communication Systems, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 78-98.
[42] Subodh Wairya , Garima Singh, Vishant, R. K. Nagaria and S. Tiwari (2011), “Design Analysis of
XOR (4T) based Low Voltage CMOS Full Adder Cell,” In Proceeding of IEEE International Conference
on Current Trends In Technology (NUiCONE’11), Ahmedabad, India pp. 1-7.
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High Speed Hybrid CMOS Full Adder Circuits for Low Voltage VLSI Design,” VLSI Design, Vol. 2012,
Article ID 173079, 18 pages.

MULTISIM DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF 2.2GHz LNA FOR
WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
Oluwajobi F. I, Lawalwasiu
Department of Electrical/Electronic Engineering, RUFUS GIWA Polytechnic, OWO, P.M.B 1019,
Nigeria
ABSRACT
This paper presents the work done on the design and simulation of a high frequency low noise amplifier
for wireless communication. The purpose of the amplifier is to amplify the received RF path of a wireless
network. With high gain, high sensitivity and low noise using Bipolar Junction transistor (BJT). The
design methodology requires analysis of the transistor for stability, proper matching, network selection
and fabrication. The BJT transistor was chosen for the design of the LNA due to its low noise and good
gain at high frequency. These properties were confirmed using some measurement techniques including
Network Analyzer, frequency analyzer Probe and Oscilloscope for the simulation and practical testing of
the amplifier to verify the performance of the designed High frequency Low noise amplifier. The design
goals of noise figure of 0.52dB-0.7dB and bias conditions are Vcc = 3.5 V and Icc= 55 mA to produce
16.8 dB gain across the 0.4–2.2GHz band.
KEYWORDS
Amplifier, Bipolar Junction Transistor, Stability, LNA, Fabrication, Multism

REFERENCES
[1] Dixit, N.: Design And Performance Of Low Voltage, Low Noise 900MHz Amplifier, No. 43-51, Pp.
26,2006
[2] A.O. Fadamiro1 and E.O. Ogunti Design of a High Frequency and High Sensitive Low Noise
Amplifier Asian Journal of Engineering and Technology (ISSN: 2321 – 2462) Volume 01– Issue 02,
June 2013
[3] Yu Lin Wei and Jun De Jin, “A low power low noise amplifier for K-band applications,” IEEE
Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 116-118, Feb. 2009
[4] Bonghyuk Park, Sangsungs Choi, and Songcheol Hong, “A low noise amplifier with tunable
interference rejection for 3.1 to 10.6 GHz UWB systems,” IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components
Letters, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 40-42, Jan 2010.
[5] Mercer, S.: An Introduction to Low-Noise Amplifier Design, RF Design, Pp.4 2008
[6] Viranjay M. Srivastava, K. S. Yadav, and G. Singh, “Design and performance analysis of cylindrical
surrounding double-gate MOSFET for RF switch,” Microelectronics Journal, vol. 42, no. 10, pp. 1124-
1135, Oct. 2011
[7] Shouxian, M.: Dival Band Low Noise Amplifier Design For Bluetooth And Hiper Law Application.
PhD Dissertation In Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University.2006
[8] H. W. Chiu, “A 2.17 dB NF 5 GHz band monolithic CMOS LNA with 10 mW DC power
consumption,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 813-824, March 2005.
[9] Aniket, P.J., Mahaya, S.P., Joshi, B.C.s, Design and Development of Low Noise Amplifier for
RF/MW Receiver. Journal of Scientific Research, Vol.2 Issue 6.2013

SMART MULTICROSSBAR ROUTER DESIGN IN NOC
Bhavana Prakash Shrivastava1
and Kavita Khare2
1
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of
Technology, Bhopal, India
2
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute Of
Technology, Bhopal, India
ABSTRACT
This paper gives the innovative idea of designing a router using multicrossbar switch in Network on
Chip(NoC) . In Network-on-Chip architectures the input buffer can consume a large portion of the total
power. Eliminating all input buffer would result in increased power consumption at high load, while
reducing the size of input buffer degrades the performance. In this paper we have proposed a muticrossbar
router design using elastic buffer by combining the advantage of both buffered and buffer less network. In
the proposed design Power Delay Product is reduced by around 37 .91% as compared to baseline router.
KEYWORDS
Network on chip, Virtual Channel, Virtual Allocator, Elastic Buffer, Power Delay Product (PDP).

REFERENCES
[1] R. Ho, K. W. Mai, and M. A. Horowitz (2001) “The future of wires,” Proceedings of the IEEE, vol.
89, pp. 490–504.
[2] L. Benini and G. D. Micheli (2002) “Networks on chips: A new so paradigm,” IEEE Computer, vol.
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[3] W. J. Dally and B. Towles(2001) “Route packets, not wires,” in Proceedings of the Design
Automation Conference (DAC), Las Vegas, NV, USA,June 18-22.
[4] J. D. Owens, W. J. Dally, R. Ho, D. N. Jayasimha, S. W. Keckler, and L. S. Peh(2007) “Research
challenges for on-chip interconnection networks,”IEEE Micro, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 96–108.
[5] S. Heo and K. Asanovic(2005) “Replacing global wires with an on-chip network: A power analysis,”
in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design (ISLPED), San
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[6] George Michelogiannakis, James Balfour and William J. Dally(2008) “Elastic-Buffer Flow Control
for On-Chip Networks,”IEEE micro pp.151-162
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[13] D. U. Becker and W. J. Dally, “Allocator implementations for networkon-chip routers,” in SC ’09:
Proceedings of the Conference on High Performance Computing Networking, Storage and Analysis,
2009, pp.1–12.
[14] R. Mullins, A. West, and S. Moore, “Low-latency virtual-channel routers for on-chip networks,”
in ISCA ’04: Proceedings of the 31st Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture,Jun.
2004, pp. 188–197.

AUTHORS BIOGRAPHY
Bhavana Prakash Shrivatava received her degree in Electronics and
Communication Engineering in 2003, M.Tech. degree in Digital Communication
Systems in2007.Now she is persuing her Ph.D degree in VLSI design under the
guidance of Dr.Kavita Khare. She is working as Assistant Professor in Electronics
and Communication Engineering in MANIT, Bhopal. Her fields of interest are
VLSI design and Communication Systems and networking. She is fellow of IEEE
(India).
Kavita Khare received her B.Tech degree in Electronics and Communication
Engineering in 1989, M.Tech. degree in Digital Communication Systems in 1993
and Ph.D. degree in the field of VLSI Design in 2005. She has nearly 100
publications in various international conferences and journals. Currently, she is
working as Professor of Electronics and Communication Engineering in MANIT,
Bhopal. Her fields of interest are VLSI design and Communication Systems. Her
research mainly includes design of arithmetic circuits and various communication
algorithms related to synchronization, estimation and routing. Dr. Khare is a
Fellow IETE (India) and Life Member ISTE.

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